Acanthopteroctetidae

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Acanthopteroctetidae
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Clade: Coelolepida
Infraorder: Acanthoctesia
Superfamily: Acanthopteroctetoidea
Family: Acanthopteroctetidae
Davis, 1978
Genera and species

AcanthopteroctetesBraun, 1921

Catapterix Zagulajev & Sinev, 1988

Diversity
7 described species in 2 genera + 2 undescribed species

Acanthopteroctetidae is a small family of moths with two described genera, Acanthopteroctetes and Catapterix , a total of seven described species, and two undescribed species. [1] [2] They are known as the archaic sun moths.

Contents

The Acanthopteroctetidae have been classified as the sole family in the superfamily Acanthopteroctetoidea and the infraorder Acanthoctesia; [3] however, based on molecular phylogenetic evidence, they may instead be classified in the superfamily Neopseustoidea, together with the Neopseustidae and Aenigmatineidae. [4] : 675, 681 

Morphology

Moths in this superfamily are usually small (but one is 15 mm. in wingspan) and iridescent. Like other "homoneurous" Coelolepida and non-ditrysian Heteroneura, the ocelli are lost. There are a variety of unique structural characteristics, [5] and they are evolutionary distinctive. [6] The female adults of both Catapterix crimaea [7] and C. tianshanica [8] are unknown.

Diversity and distribution

Four of the species of type genus Acanthopteroctetes ( A. aurulenta , A. bimaculata , A. tripunctata and A. unifascia ) are very localised in Western North America, [9] while its fifth species ( A. nepticuloides ) was described from South Africa. [10] Genus Catapterix has two species, of which Catapterix crimaea has been observed in Crimea and southern France, [7] while Catapterix tianshanica is known from Kyrgyzstan. [8]

In addition, two taxa are known to exist but have so far not been formally described: one from the Andes in Peru, [5] : 54  [4] : 691  and one from China. [4] : 691 

Taxonomy

Around the start of the century, they were considered the sister group to all other members of the group Coelolepida [11] [12] , in part based on scale morphology. [5] : 53–54 

However, modern molecular phylogenetic evidence indicates that Acanthopteroctetidae is most closely related to Neopseustidae, and may even fall within Neopseustidae, rendering it nonmonophyletic. [1]

of the Lepidoptera since then has indicated a close relation between the Acanthopteroctetidae, the Neopseustidae and the Aenigmatineidae, [4] : 672–681  and the three may be considered part of a single superfamily Neopseustoidea rather than three separate, monobasic superfamilies. [4] : 681  Molecular data from the same research showed weak support for the clade Coelolepida, and weakly contradicted the placement of Acanthopteroctetidae as sister to the remaining Coelolepida. [4] : 676 

Genus Catapterix was originally described within its own family, Catapterigidae, [13] [14] which is considered a junior synonym of Acanthopteroctidae, [15] with which it shares specialised structural features including similar wing morphology (in A. unifascia). [6] : 1255 

Biology

Data on the species in Acanthopteroctetidae are scarce. Of the seven described species, only Acanthopteroctetes unifascia has a full description of the larval stage available. [4] : 691  [8] Other than a single record of a specimen tentatively identified as Acanthopteroctetes bimaculata, [4] : 691  the larvae of the remaining species in both genera are unknown.

Acanthopteroctetes unifascia larvae are leaf-miners on the shrub genus Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae). [5] They form blotch-shaped mines and overwinter as larva, after which feeding continues in spring. [4] Pupation occurs in a cocoon on the ground. [5] The adult moths emerge during spring and are diurnal.

The specimen tentatively identified as Acanthopteroctetes bimaculata was recorded from a leaf mine on a Ribes sp. (Grossulariaceae). [4] : 691 

Conservation

As of September 2022, none of the species in Acanthopteroctetidae have been evaluated by the IUCN. [16]

Footnotes and references

    1. 1 2 Regier, Jerome C.; Mitter, Charles; Kristensen, Niels P.; Davis, Donald R.; Van Nieukerken, Erik J.; Rota, Jadranka; Simonsen, Thomas J.; Mitter, Kim T.; Kawahara, Akito Y.; Yen, Shen‐Horn; Cummings, Michael P.; Zwick, Andreas (October 2015). "A molecular phylogeny for the oldest (nonditrysian) lineages of extant L epidoptera, with implications for classification, comparative morphology and life‐history evolution". Systematic Entomology. 40 (4): 671–704. doi:10.1111/syen.12129. ISSN   0307-6970.
    2. ↑ Eiseman, Charles S. (March 2016). "Notes on the Larval Hosts and Habits of Some North American Eriocraniidae and Acanthopteroctetidae". Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society. 70 (1): 79–81. doi:10.18473/lepi.70i1.a11. ISSN   0024-0966.
    3. ↑ Minet, Joël (2002). "Un nom d'infra-ordre pour les Acanthopteroctetidae (Lep.)". Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France (in French). 107 (3): 222. Bibcode:2002AnSEF.107..222M. doi:10.3406/bsef.2002.16845. ISSN   0037-928X. Archived from the original on 2024-05-17. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
    4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Regier, Jerome C.; Mitter, Charles; Kristensen, Niels P.; Davis, Donald R.; Van Nieukerken, Erik J.; Rota, Jadranka; Simonsen, Thomas J.; Mitter, Kim T.; Kawahara, Akito Y.; Yen, Shen-Horn; Cummings, Michael P.; Zwick, Andreas (October 2015). "A molecular phylogeny for the oldest (nonditrysian) lineages of extant Lepidoptera, with implications for classification, comparative morphology and life-history evolution: Molecular phylogeny for nonditrysian Lepidoptera". Systematic Entomology. 40 (4). doi:10.1111/syen.12129. S2CID   86213804.
    5. 1 2 3 4 5 Kristensen, Niels P. (1998-12-31). "5. The Homoneurous Glossata". In Kükenthal, Willy (ed.). Band 4: Arthropoda, 2 Hälfte: Insecta, Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, Teilband/Part 35, Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie. De Gruyter. pp. 51–64. doi:10.1515/9783110804744.51. ISBN   978-3-11-015704-8. Archived from the original on 2024-04-03. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
    6. 1 2 Nielsen, Es; Kristensen, Np (1996). "The Australian moth family Lophocoronidae and the basal phylogeny of the Lepidoptera – Glossata" . Invertebrate Systematics. 10 (6): 1199. doi:10.1071/IT9961199. ISSN   1445-5226. Archived from the original on 2024-05-17. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
    7. 1 2 Nel, J.; Varenne, T.; van Nieukerken, Erik (1 January 2016). "Découverte en France d'un lépidoptère "primitif", Catapterix crimaea Zagulajev & Sinev, 1988 (Lepidoptera, Neopseustoidea, Acanthopteroctetidae)". Revue de l'Association Roussillonnaise d'Entomologie. XXV (3): 153–156. ISSN   1288-5509. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
    8. 1 2 3 Mey, Wolfram; Rutjan, Evgeniy (28 September 2016). "Catapterix tianshanica sp. n. – the second species of the genus from the Palaearctic Region (Lepidoptera, Acanthopteroctetidae)". Nota Lepidopterologica. 39 (2): 145–150. doi: 10.3897/nl.39.9882 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
    9. ↑ Davis, Donald R. (1978). "A Revision of the North American Moths of the Superfamily Eriocranioidea with the proposal of a New Family, Acanthopteroctetidae (Lepidoptera)" . Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology (251): 1–131. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.251. hdl:10088/5499. Archived from the original on 2024-03-09. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
    10. ↑ Mey, Wolfram (2011). "Basic pattern of Lepidoptera diversity in southwestern Africa". Esperiana Memoir. 6: 151–152. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2022. [linked PDF is incomplete, but gives part of the relevant text]
    11. ↑ Wiegmann, Brian M.; Regier, Jerome C.; Mitter, Charles (February 2002). "Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages" . Zoologica Scripta. 31 (1): 67–81. doi:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00091.x. ISSN   0300-3256. Archived from the original on 2024-05-17. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
    12. ↑ Kristensen, Niels P.; Skalski, Andrzej W. (1998-12-31), Kükenthal, Willy (ed.), "2. Phylogeny and Palaeontology", Band 4: Arthropoda, 2 Hälfte: Insecta, Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, Teilband/Part 35, Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography, DE GRUYTER, pp. 7–26, doi:10.1515/9783110804744.7, ISBN   978-3-11-015704-8 , retrieved 2026-01-02
    13. ↑ Sinev, S.Y. (1988). Systematic position of the Catapterigidae (Lepidoptera) and the problem of the naturalness of the group Heteroneura. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 67: 602-614. In Russian [see Entomological Review (1990) 69: 1-14 for a translation].
    14. ↑ Zagulajev, A.K.; Sinev S.Y. (1988). Catapterigidae fam. n. - a new family of lower Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera, Dacnonypha). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 68: 35-43. In Russian [see Entomological Review (1989) 68: 35-43 for a translation].
    15. ↑ De Prins, J.; De Prins, W. (2011–2021). "Catapterigidae". Afromoths, online database of Afrotropical moth species (Lepidoptera). Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
    16. ↑ "IUCN Red List". Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2022.

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