Pterolonchidae

Last updated

Pterolonchidae
Homaledra heptathalama (17174702479).jpg
Homaledra heptathalama is sometimes known as the "exclamation moth" - see the wing pattern
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Infraorder: Heteroneura
Clade: Eulepidoptera
Clade: Ditrysia
Clade: Apoditrysia
Superfamily: Gelechioidea
Family: Pterolonchidae
Meyrick, 1918 ex. T.B. Fletcher, 1929
Synonyms [1]
  • Coelopoetidae
  • Syringopaidae

Pterolonchidae is a small family of very small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. [2] There are species native to every continent except Australia and Antarctica.

Contents

Taxonomy and systematics

As of 2014 the family may be considered to consist of the following seven genera: [3] [1] [4]

The family Pterolonchidae was first named by Edward Meyrick in 1918. Meyrick omitted a description, thus the family was a nomen nudum , until Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher provided the first description of the family in 1929. [5]

In 1987 (the journal volume is dated to 1986, but this issue was published the following year) Antonio Vives Moreno published a revision of the family. Vives included seven species in two genera in the family (Pterolonche and the monotypic Anathyrsa), describing two new species and synonymising one species within the genus Pterolonche. He also published a new subgeneric classification for Pterolonche: the subgenera Agenjius and Gomezbustillus to classify respectively two species native to southern Andalucia and the northwestern Maghreb, and one species native to Sicily. [5]

In 1999 Ron Hodges classified the group as the subfamily Pterolonchinae of the family Coleophoridae, including eight species in two genera (still Pterolonche and Anathyrsa). His classification was based on morphology (as all other classifications had been constructed up until this time). [4] [6]

Adults of Pterolonche inspersa Pterolonche inspersa adult1.jpg
Adults of Pterolonche inspersa

In WikiSpecies in 2008, the Pterolonchidae mysteriously included: [2]

In Zhi-Qiang Zhang's 2011 attempt to number all the known animal species of earth, van Nieukerken et al., the authors of the section on Lepidoptera, followed the works of Vives in 1987 and Hodges in 1999 regarding the Pterolonchidae. They recognised the Coelopoetidae and Syringopaidae as distinct families. In their taxonomic interpretation, the family Pterolonchidae was circumscribed by Edward Meyrick in 1918, and comprised eight species in two genera. [3]

Plexippica had originally been described as an independent monotypic genus by Edward Meyrick in 1912, but the single species was moved to the genus Pterolonche by him in 1924 (making Plexippica a synonym of Pterolonche). Nonetheless the lone taxon found itself classified as a member of the Yponomeutinae subfamily of the Yponomeutidae family in the Yponomeutoidea superfamily under its old name. The species was then rediscovered in South Africa and described as the new genus Kruegerius by Vives in 1999, and was placed in the Pterolonchidae by him, but in 2011 Wolfram Mey re-recognised Plexippica, synonymised Kruegerius with Plexippica, moved the genus to the Pterolonchidae yet again, and described a new second species in the genus. [7] [8] [9]

Three years later, in 2014, a cladistic analysis by Heikkilä et al. added the genera Homaledra and Houdinia to the Pterolonchidae from the family Batrachedridae, moved the two enigmatic genera Coelopoeta and Syringopais from respectively the Elachistidae and the Deoclonidae as monotypic subfamilies within the Pterolonchidae, and two genera were included besides the type genus within a new subfamily Pterolonchinae: [1] [8]

Distribution

A drawing of Syringopais temperatella Syringopais temperatella.jpg
A drawing of Syringopais temperatella

The genus Pterolonche is found around the Mediterranean Sea, occurring in Portugal, Spain (including the Islas de Cabreras), France, Italy (Sicily, Sardinia), Malta, Hungary, Romania, areas within the territory of the former Yugoslavia, Crete, Cyprus, Anatolia, Iraq (Kurdistan Region), Lower Egypt, eastern Tunisia, northwestern Algeria and northern Morocco. [5] Anathyrsa is restricted to southern South Africa. [5] [7] The two Plexippica species are found in Southern Africa. [7] [9]

Coelopoeta is native to western North America, from California to the Yukon. [10] [11] The only species of Syringopais, [3] S. temperatella, is found on Cyprus, in Greece and the Near East from Israel and Turkey to western Iran. [12] [13]

Two species of Homaledra are known from South America, and two are from North America. [14] [15] Houdinia is restricted to an area in the north of the North Island of New Zealand. [16]

Ecology

Both genera Anathyrsa and Pterolonche are nocturnal. In Pterolonche both sexes are attracted to lamps at night and are easy to collect. [5] Syringopais temperatella imagoes are active both day and night in May in Turkey, [13] and lay their eggs in the summer, with the caterpillars emerging in the winter and early spring. [17] Homaledra builds elaborate feeding chambers of silk under which the caterpillars hide. [18]

Pterolonche inspersa larvae infesting the roots of a Centaurea species. Pterolonche inspersa larva2.jpg
Pterolonche inspersa larvae infesting the roots of a Centaurea species.

Coelopoeta caterpillars mine in the leaves of Boraginaceae, which in one species creates a gall-like deformation. [10] [11] Homaledra feeds on the undersides of the leaves of palms. [18] Houdinia mines in Restionaceae [16] and Syringopais in grasses. [13]

Uses

Pterolonche inspersa was released as a biological control agent for knapweed, Centaurea diffusa , in Colorado, Montana, and Oregon in the mid to late 1980s, although there was no known establishment of the species in the United States initially, it has since spread to Idaho and British Columbia. [19] [20] Syringopais temperatella is sometimes a major agricultural pest of wheat and barley in Cyprus, Jordan, Iraq and Iran. [13] [17] [21] [22]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oecophoridae</span> Family of moths

Oecophoridae is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. The phylogeny and systematics of gelechoid moths are still not fully resolved, and the circumscription of the Oecophoridae is strongly affected by this.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elachistidae</span> Family of moths

The Elachistidae are a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. Some authors lump about 3,300 species in eight subfamilies here, but this arrangement almost certainly results in a massively paraphyletic and completely unnatural assemblage, united merely by symplesiomorphies retained from the first gelechioid moths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gelechioidea</span> Superfamily of moths

Gelechioidea is the superfamily of moths that contains the case-bearers, twirler moths, and relatives, also simply called curved-horn moths or gelechioid moths. It is a large and poorly understood '"micromoth" superfamily, constituting one of the basal lineages of the Ditrysia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Batrachedridae</span> Family of moths

The Batrachedridae are a small family of tiny moths. These are small, slender moths which rest with their wings wrapped tightly around their bodies.

<i>Chedra</i> Moth genus in family Batrachedridae

Chedra is a genus of tiny moths, belonging to the family Batrachedridae.

<i>Homaledra</i> Moth genus in family Batrachedridae

Homaledra is a small genus of at least four species small moth of the family Pterolonchidae native to North and South America.

<i>Elachista</i> Genus of moths

Elachista is a genus of gelechioid moths described by Georg Friedrich Treitschke in 1833. It is the type genus of the grass-miner moth family (Elachistidae). This family is sometimes circumscribed very loosely, including for example the Agonoxenidae and Ethmiidae which seem to be quite distinct among the Gelechioidea, as well as other lineages which are widely held to be closer to Oecophora than to Elachista and are thus placed in the concealer moth family Oecophoridae here.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Depressariidae</span> Family of moths

Depressariidae is a family of moths. It was formerly treated as a subfamily of Gelechiidae, but is now recognised as a separate family, comprising about 2,300 species worldwide.

<i>Stephensia</i> (moth) Genus of moths

Stephensia is a genus of the small and very small moths of the family Elachistidae.

<i>Pterolonche inspersa</i> Species of moth

Pterolonche inspersa, sometimes called the brown-winged knapweed root moth, is a small moth of the family Pterolonchidae.

<i>Perittia</i> Genus of moths

Perittia is a genus of moths of the family Elachistidae.

Coelopoeta is a relatively divergent genus of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea, which have only been found in western North America.

Coelopoeta glutinosi is a tiny species of moth in the superfamily Gelechioidea. It is found in California in the United States.

<i>Syringopais temperatella</i> Species of moth

Syringopais temperatella, the cereal leaf miner or wheat leaf miner, is a very small sized moth of the family Pterolonchidae. It is found on Cyprus and in Greece and the Near East. It is an important pest in cereal grain fields in some areas.

<i>Homaledra heptathalama</i> Moth species in family Batrachedridae

Homaledra heptathalama, the exclamation moth or palm leaf housemaker, is a moth in the family Pterolonchidae. It was described by August Busck in 1900. It is found in the United States, where it has been recorded from Alabama, Florida and South Carolina.

<i>Elachista antipodensis</i> Species of moth endemic to New Zealand

Elachista antipodensis is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was first described by John S. Dugdale in 1971. It is found on the Antipodes Islands.

<i>Elachista eurychora</i> Species of moth endemic to New Zealand

Elachista eurychora is a species of moth in the family Elachistidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand and has only been collected at Paekākāriki. The habitat where the adult moth was originally collected was in rough vegetation on coastal sandhills or dunes but the collection locality has been significantly modified since that time. It has been hypothesised that the host of the larvae of this species is a grass. Adults are on the wing in March. It is classified as "Data Deficient" by the Department of Conservation.

<i>Phaeosaces</i> Genus of moths

Phaeosaces is a genus of moths belonging to the family Depressariidae, endemic to New Zealand. It has been considered to be a synonym of Cryptolechia until reinstated as a valid genus by John S. Dugdale (1988).

Epimarptidae was a former, or is a possible, monotypic family of moths in the moth superfamily Gelechioidea. It can now be seen as either a synonym of family Batrachedridae, or a monotypic subfamily of that family.

<i>Pterolonche</i> Genus of moth

Pterolonche is small genus of small moths of the family Pterolonchidae.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Heikkilä, Maria; Mutanen, Marko; Kekkonen, Mari; Kaila, Lauri (November 2014). "Morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities: a revised classification for Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera)". Cladistics. 30 (6): 563–589. doi: 10.1111/cla.12064 . PMID   34794251. S2CID   84696495 . Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  2. 1 2 Wikispecies (2008-NOV-06)
  3. 1 2 3
  4. 1 2 Hodges, Ronald W. (1999). "The Gelechioidea". In Kristensen, N.P. (ed.). Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology Vol. 4, part 35. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies Vol. 1. Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 131–158. ISBN   978-3-11-015704-8.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Vives Moreno, Antonio (27 February 1987). "La familia Pterolonchidae Meyrick, 1918, de España y Portugal (Insecta, Lepidoptera)" (PDF). Revista Española de Entomología (in Spanish). 62 (1–4): 319–337. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  6. ↑ Brown, Richard L. (19 August 2015). "Coleophoridae Overview". Gelechioidea - a Global Framework. Mississippi State University . Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  7. 1 2 3 de Prins, J.; de Prins, W. (2016). "Pterolonchidae (Meyrick, 1928)". AfroMoths. Belgian Biodiversity Platform. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  8. 1 2 Savela, Markku (4 February 2015). "Pterolonchidae". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  9. 1 2 Mey, Wolfram (December 2011). "Basic pattern of Lepidoptera diversity in southwestern Africa" (PDF). Esperiana Memoir. 6: 149. ISBN   978-3-938249-02-4 . Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  10. 1 2 Savela, Markku (9 February 2015). "Coelopoeta". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  11. 1 2 Kaila, Lauri (1995). "A review of Coelopoeta (Elachistidae), with descriptions of two new species" (PDF). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 49 (2): 171–178. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  12. ↑ "Syringopais temperatella (Lederer, 1855)". Fauna Europaea. Fauna Europaea Secretariat, Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz & Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Kemal, Muhabbet; Koçak, Ahmet Ömer (25 May 2015). "Syringopais temperatella (Led.) in South Turkey (Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea)". Cesa News - Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara. 105: 1–12. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  14. ↑ Savela, Markku (5 February 2015). "Homaledra". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  15. ↑ Hodges, Ronald W. (1997). "A new agonoxenine moth damaging Araucaria araucana needles in Western Argentina and notes on the Neotropical Agonoxenine fauna (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Elachistidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 99 (2): 272. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  16. 1 2 Hoare, Robert; Dugdale, John S.; Watts, Corinne (2006-11-02). "The world's thinnest caterpillar? A new genus and species of Batrachedridae (Lepidoptera) from Sporadanthus ferrugineus (Restionaceae), a threatened New Zealand plant". Invertebrate Systematics. 20 (5): 571–583. doi:10.1071/is06009. ISSN   1447-2600 – via Researchgate.
  17. 1 2 Wilkinson, D. S. (March 1927). "Some Notes on Syringopais temperatella, Led., in Cyprus". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 17 (3): 313–314. doi:10.1017/S0007485300019398.
  18. 1 2 Robin McLeod; Chuck Entz; Randy Hardy (18 June 2014). "Homaledra heptathalama - Exclamation Moth - Hodges#1421". Bug Guide. Iowa State University . Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  19. ↑ "Pterolonche inspersa". Weed-feeder. Department of Entomology, Cornell University . Retrieved 25 August 2011.
  20. ↑ "Pterolonche inspersa". BugWood. Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, University of Georgia. 19 January 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  21. ↑ Melifronides, I. D. (September 1977). "The Cereal Leaf Miner, Syringopais temperatella, and its control in Cyprus". Tropical Pest Management. 23 (3): 268–271. doi:10.1080/09670877709412449 . Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  22. ↑ "Syringopais Temperatella". Bestimmungshilfe des Lepiforums (in German). 1 July 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.

Wikispecies-logo.svg Data related to Pterolonchidae at Wikispecies See also Gelechioidea Talk page for comparison of some approaches to gelechioid systematics and taxonomy.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.