Syringopais temperatella

Last updated

Syringopais temperatella
Syringopais temperatella.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Autostichidae
Genus: Syringopais
Species:
S. temperatella
Binomial name
Syringopais temperatella
(Lederer, 1855)
Synonyms [1]
  • Oecophora temperatellaLederer, 1855
  • Scythris temperatella(Lederer, 1855) [2]
  • Nochelodes temperatella(Lederer, 1855) [3]
  • Oecophora fuscofasciata Stainton, 1867
  • Butalis ochrolitella Staudinger, 1871 [4]
  • Nochelodes xenicopa Meyrick, 1920

Syringopais temperatella, the cereal leaf miner [5] [6] or wheat leaf miner, is a very small sized moth of the family Pterolonchidae. [7] It is found on Cyprus and in Greece and the Near East. [1] It is an important pest in cereal grain fields in some areas. [3] [5] [8]

Contents

Taxonomy

It was first described in 1855 by Julius Lederer as Oecophora temperatella, from two males collected by Franz Zach in Beirut in Lebanon. [9] [10] [11] These are the syntypes. [11] The first female was collected in Palestine as a single specimen and described as a different species, O. fuscofasciata, by Henry Tibbats Stainton in his Tineina of Syria and Asia Minor of 1867. [10] [11] Stainton also mentions examining and coming across specimens of O. temperatella from Palestine, and that he was "strongly disposed to think that this is the female of O. temperatella". [10] A rather damaged female specimen collected in "Smyrna" (Izmir), Turkey, was described as the synonym Butalis ochrolitella by Otto Staudinger in 1871. Staudinger also mentions that the specimen might be the female counterpart to Lederer's Oecophora temperatella. [4] [11] [12]

The species was moved to the monotypic genus Syringopais by Erich Martin Hering in 1919. Hering synonymised Butalis ochrolitella and Oecophora fuscofasciata with Syringopais temperatella in the same paper. [12] [13] Edward Meyrick then re-described the same species as the synonym Nochelodes xenicopa in 1920 from a single male specimen collected in Nazareth, Palestine, by Barraud in April. [13] [14]

It has been classified in the genus Scythris as S. temperatella before the 1920s, at least in German sources. [2] [11] In the early 1920s it was also known as Nochelodes temperatella in Cyprus, at least in British sources. [3]

Etymology

Lederer does not state why he chose the specific epithet "temperatella". [9]

Intergeneric classification

Meyrick included it in the Oecophoridae in 1920 (as Nochelodes xenicopa). [14] In 1999 Ronald W. Hodges was the first to classify this moth in its own monotypic subfamily, the Syringopainae, which he classified in the family Deoclonidae. [11] [15]

In Zhi-Qiang Zhang's 2011 attempt to number all the known animal species of Earth, van Nieukerken et al., the authors of the section on Lepidoptera, recognised the Syringopaidae as an independent, monotypic family within the Gelechioidea superfamily. [16]

It has also been placed in the Gelechiidae (in 2013), [17] as well as the subfamily Deocloninae of the family Autostichidae. [1]

In 2014 the moth was placed in the subfamily Syringopainae of the family Pterolonchidae following a cladistics analysis by Heikkilä et al. [7]

Description

The species is sexually dimorphic. The male is decidedly larger than the female, especially regarding wingspan. [12]

The length of the body is 12-15mm. [6] The fore-wings are shiny greenish-yellow and the hind-wings are ash-grey. [6] [8] The head and back of the abdomen are brownish-yellow. [9] There are appressed scales on the head. The tongue is developed. The labial palpi are long, curved upwards, slender, with smooth scales on the second joint, and the last segment almost as long as the second, and ending in an acute point, while the maxillary palpi are very short, thread-like and appressed to the tongue. [14]

The larvae, or caterpillars, are pale [18] or yellow-pink [6] with a dark brown head, [6] [18] and covered with many tubercles. They grow to 10mm. [6]

Similar species

In his original description, Lederer compares it to Crassa tinctella , of which it is about the same size. [9] In his re-analysis Hering compares it to Scythris cuspidella , considering the genus Scythris the most closely resembling group to this odd moth, but remarks on the very different wing venation, the fore-wings having more and more pronounced veins, the hind-wings somewhat less but more pronounced veins, as well as differences in the genitalia. [12] Meyrick mentions a resemblance to the genus Promalactis . [14] The adults can be found with similar moths in the genus Pleurota in May in Turkey, but are said to be easily distinguished by the "naked and curved palpus labialis". [11]

Distribution

It is found in the European Union on Cyprus and in Greece, and it is also found in Asia in the Near East [1] [5] in southern Turkey, Lebanon, [11] Israel, [19] Palestine, [14] Lorestan in Iran, Iraq (both in lowlands as well as highlands), [11] Jordan and perhaps elsewhere. [8]

Ecology

The larvae feed on Hordeum , barley, and Triticum , wheat, species. [18] It has also been found more rarely on oats, Avena sativa . [8] They are thought to likely be native to grassy places in degraded oak woodland habitat, and mountain steppe in rocky places, but to have adapted to human grain fields over the ages. [11]

The caterpillars mine the leaves of their host plant. [18] After hatching in the early summer, the young larvae feed for a while before entering the soil, spinning a special cocoon called a "cyst", and entering summer diapause. [6] [18] Mining larvae can be found in winter and early spring. [18] Pupation and overwintering takes place in the soil. [8]

The imagoes, the adults, have a very weak flight ability, and flutter low among the grasses. They are active day and night in May in southern Turkey. [11] Adult moths are active from late spring to early summer in Cyprus. [3] The males have been observed feeding diurnally on the nectar of clover, Trifolium , flowers. [11] Both males and females have been observed on clover in Israel, with four times as many females appearing than males. [19] There is a single annual generation. [11] [6] The eggs are laid in the soil before the heat of summer, [3] with females laying 50-120 eggs each on [6] or in the soil. [3]

Parasitoids

A number of parasitoids have recently been recorded from this species, from southeast Turkey Habrobracon stabilis and a species of Apanteles , and the eulophid wasps Diglyphus chabrias , Necremnus tidius and Sympiesis euspilapterygis from Lorestan in Iran. [11] In Israel caterpillars collected in a field of durum wheat were reared in the laboratory and the following parasitoids were all raised from them: Eulophidae ( Cirrospilus vittatus , Diglyphus chabrias, D. isaea, D. sensilis, D. pusztensis, Necremnus tidius , Neochrysocharis formosus , Pnigalio gyamiensis , P. pectinicornis), Pteromalidae ( Norbanus sp.), Braconidae (Habrobracon stabilis, Apanteles sp.); and Ichneumonidae ( Campoplex sp.). In all of these species the parasitoids emerged significantly earlier than the moths. Most species of ectoparasitoids hatched ahead of the endoparasitoids. Male moths emerge slightly earlier from their cocoons than the females, and are significantly more often infected, with a higher mortality. [19] Parasitoids may cause up to 50% mortality in the moth population. [6]

Uses

These moths are important pests of cereals in Cyprus, Turkey, Jordan and elsewhere. In 2013 in Jordan, Al-Zyoud states that the "pest has been recognized since 2001 as the most destructive insect pest limiting the production of wheat and barley". [8] It was a major agricultural pest in Cyprus in the mid-1920s, when "sometimes whole areas of wheat are virtually destroyed". [3] It remained a pest in Cyrus in the 1970s. [5] In Turkey crop losses of up to 60% have been reported, and higher in Jordan. [6] It is also reported as a pest in Lorestan in Iran, and in Iraq in the 1950s. [11] Drought years cause worse damage from this pest. [6]

Insecticides were considered the most effective control method (in Cyprus in 1977) provided the timing of the spraying was carried out at the right times in the development of the insect. [5] Organophosphates are the most effective to date, destroying 90-100% of the pest when applied early. In some countries the moth has begun to develop a resistance to some pesticides. [6]

Mechanical methods of control are deep ploughing to 40 cm to expose the cocoons, crop rotation with legumes, burning crop stubble and leaving the soil fallow for at least two years. [6]

Some research has gone into biological control. [8] Trials with formulations containing the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have shown up to 80% reduction of the infestation in wheat in Jordan. Several strains of barley appear resistant, and there is some breeding being done in various countries to explore this trait. [6]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elachistidae</span> Family of moths

The Elachistidae are a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. Some authors lump about 3,300 species in eight subfamilies here, but this arrangement almost certainly results in a massively paraphyletic and completely unnatural assemblage, united merely by symplesiomorphies retained from the first gelechioid moths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gelechiidae</span> Family of moths

The Gelechiidae are a family of moths commonly referred to as twirler moths or gelechiid moths. They are the namesake family of the huge and little-studied superfamily Gelechioidea, and the family's taxonomy has been subject to considerable dispute. These are generally very small moths with narrow, fringed wings. The larvae of most species feed internally on various parts of their host plants, sometimes causing galls. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga) is a host plant common to many species of the family, particularly of the genus Chionodes, which as a result is more diverse in North America than usual for Gelechioidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gelechioidea</span> Superfamily of moths

Gelechioidea is the superfamily of moths that contains the case-bearers, twirler moths, and relatives, also simply called curved-horn moths or gelechioid moths. It is a large and poorly understood '"micromoth" superfamily, constituting one of the basal lineages of the Ditrysia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Batrachedridae</span> Family of moths

The Batrachedridae are a small family of tiny moths. These are small, slender moths which rest with their wings wrapped tightly around their bodies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pterolonchidae</span> Family of moths

Pterolonchidae is a small family of very small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. There are species native to every continent except Australia and Antarctica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angoumois grain moth</span> Species of moth

The Angoumois grain moth is a species of the Gelechiidae moth family, commonly referred to as the "rice grain moth". It is most abundant in the temperate or tropical climates of India, China, South Africa, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Egypt and Nigeria, with its location of origin being currently unknown. It is most commonly associated as a pest of field and stored cereal grains as they burrow within the kernel grains of crop plants, rendering them unusable for human consumption. By laying eggs between the grains themselves and hatching at a later time, often during the processing, transportation or storage stages, the moth can be transported to households or countries presently free of Angoumois grain moth infestations. Thus, constant protection against the Angoumois grain moth is required for grain up till the time of consumption.

<i>Coleophora ibipennella</i> Species of moth

Coleophora ibipennella is a moth of the case-bearer family (Coleophoridae). It was first described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1849 and is found in Asia, Europe and North Africa. The larva feed within a pistol case on oak leaves and in the past was confused with Coleophora betulella, whose larva feed from a similar looking pistol case on birch leaves.

Stigmella sorbi is a moth of the family Nepticulidae, described by Henry Tibbats Stainton in 1861. It is found in most of Europe, east to the eastern part of the Palearctic realm.

<i>Depressaria</i> Genus of moths

Depressaria is a genus of moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. It is the type genus of subfamily Depressariinae, which is often – particularly in older treatments – considered a distinct family Depressariidae or included in the Elachistidae, but actually seems to belong in the Oecophoridae.

<i>Elachista</i> Genus of moths

Elachista is a genus of gelechioid moths described by Georg Friedrich Treitschke in 1833. It is the type genus of the grass-miner moth family (Elachistidae). This family is sometimes circumscribed very loosely, including for example the Agonoxenidae and Ethmiidae which seem to be quite distinct among the Gelechioidea, as well as other lineages which are widely held to be closer to Oecophora than to Elachista and are thus placed in the concealer moth family Oecophoridae here.

<i>Izatha huttonii</i> Species of moth

Izatha huttonii is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is endemic to New Zealand, where it is known from the Wellington district of the North Island, the South Island, and Stewart Island. Although similar in appearance to related species I. huttonii can be distinguished as it has a distinctive M-shaped mark on its forewings. The larvae feed on the dead wood of makomako and karamu. Adult moths have been collected from October to March.

<i>Pterolonche inspersa</i> Species of moth

Pterolonche inspersa, sometimes called the brown-winged knapweed root moth, is a small moth of the family Pterolonchidae.

<i>Agonopterix</i> Genus of moths

Agonopterix is a moth genus of the superfamily Gelechioidea. It is placed in the family Depressariidae, which was often – particularly in older treatments – considered a subfamily of the Oecophoridae or included in the Elachistidae.

<i>Cadra calidella</i> Species of moth

Cadra calidella, the dried fruit or date moth, is a species of snout moth in the genus Cadra and commonly mistaken for the species Cadra figulilella. It thrives in warmer conditions and is found primarily in Mediterranean countries, although it can also be found in Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Transcaucasia, Caucasus, and the western part of Russia. It feeds on dried fruits, carobs, nuts and seeds, hence earning its colloquial name. This diet damages the food industry, and it is a common storage pest. Because of this, much research has been done to study ways to limit its reproduction rate and population size. It was first described by Achille Guenée in 1845.

<i>Cnephasia longana</i> Species of moth

Cnephasia longana, the omnivorous leaftier moth, long-winged shade or strawberry fruitworm, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It was described by Adrian Hardy Haworth in 1811. It is native to western Europe. It is an introduced species in western North America. The species has also been reported from north-western Africa and Asia. The habitat consists of downland and rough ground.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steniini</span> Tribe of moths

Steniini is a tribe of the species-rich subfamily Spilomelinae in the pyraloid moth family Crambidae. The tribe was erected by Achille Guenée in 1854.

<i>Pterolonche</i> Genus of moth

Pterolonche is small genus of small moths of the family Pterolonchidae.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Syringopais temperatella (Lederer, 1855)". Fauna Europaea. Fauna Europaea Secretariat, Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz & Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  2. 1 2 Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). "Syringopais temperatella​". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index . Natural History Museum . Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wilkinson, D. S. (March 1927). "Some Notes on Syringopais temperatella, Led., in Cyprus". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 17 (3): 313–314. doi:10.1017/S0007485300019398 . Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  4. 1 2 Staudinger, Otto (1871). "Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna Griechenlands". Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, Variis Sermonibus in Rossia Usitatis Editae (in German). 7: 266. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Melifronides, I. D. (September 1977). "The Cereal Leaf Miner, Syringopais temperatella, and its control in Cyprus". Tropical Pest Management. 23 (3): 268–271. doi:10.1080/09670877709412449 . Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Gerson, Uri; Applebaum, Shalom (2017). "Syringopais temperatella". Plant Pests of the Middle East. Hebrew University of Jerusalem . Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  7. 1 2 Heikkilä, Maria; Mutanen, Marko; Kekkonen, Mari; Kaila, Lauri (November 2014). "Morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities: a revised classification for Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera)". Cladistics. 30 (6): 563–589. doi: 10.1111/cla.12064 . PMID   34794251. S2CID   84696495 . Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Syringopais Temperatella". Bestimmungshilfe des Lepiforums (in German). 1 July 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Lederer, Julius (1855). "Beitrag zu einer Schmetterlingsfauna von Cypern, Beirut und einem Theil Kleinasiens". Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien (in German). 5: 230. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  10. 1 2 3 Stainton, Henry Tibbats (1867). The Tineina of Syria and Asia Minor. London: John Van Voorst. p. 48.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Kemal, Muhabbet; Koçak, Ahmet Ömer (25 May 2015). "Syringopais temperatella (Led.) in South Turkey (Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea)". Cesa News - Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara. 105: 1–12. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Hering, Erich Martin (1919). "Zur Biologie und systematischen Stellung von Scythris temperatella Led". Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift Iris (in German). 32 (4–3): 122–129. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  13. 1 2 Savela, Markku (3 April 2014). "Syringopais". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Meyrick, Edward (December 1920). Exotic Microlepidoptera. Vol. 2. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 367.
  15. ↑ Hodges, Ronald W. (1999). "The Gelechioidea". In Kristensen, N.P. (ed.). Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology Vol. 4, part 35. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies Vol. 1. Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 131–158. ISBN   9783110157048.
  16. ↑ van Nieukerken EJ, Kaila L, Kitching IJ, Kristensen NP, Lees DC, Minet J, Mitter C, Mutanen M, Regier JC, Simonsen TJ, Wahlberg N, Yen S, Zahiri R, Adamski D, Baixeras J, Bartsch D, Bengtsson BÅ, Brown JW, Bucheli SR, Davis DR, de Prins J, de Prins W, Epstein ME, Gentili-Poole P, Gielis C, Hättenschwiler P, Hausmann A, Holloway JD, Kallies A, Karsholt O, Kawahara AY, Koster S, Kozlov MV, Lafontaine JD, Lamas G, Landry J, Lee S, Nuss M, Park K, Penz C, Rota J, Schintlmeister A, Schmidt BC, Sohn J, Alma Solis M, Tarmann GM, Warren AD, Weller S, Yaklovlev RV, Zolotuhin VV, Zwick A (2011). "Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758" (PDF). In Zhang ZQ (ed.). Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa. Vol. 3148. pp. 212–221. ISBN   978-1-86977-850-7 . Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  17. ↑ "Syringopais temperatella (Lederer, 1855)". Fauna Europaea. Fauna Europaea Secretariat, Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz & Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ellis, Willem N. "Syringopais temperatella". Bladmineerders. Archived from the original on 2014-04-25. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  19. 1 2 3 Yefremova, Zoya; Kravchenko, Vasiliy; Meltzer, Nikolay (December 2017). "The East-Mediterranean cereal leaf miner Syringopais temperatella Lederer and its larval parasitoids in Israel". Phytoparasitica. 45 (5): 707–713. doi:10.1007/s12600-017-0630-x. S2CID   37670680 . Retrieved 29 December 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.