Erwin Rommel and the Bundeswehr

The Field Marshal Rommel Barracks' exercise field with the Teutoburg Forest, usually affiliated with Arminius, in the background. Critics note that the blend of the two figures, represented by the placing of a Rommel portrait and an Arminius statue together in the main building, seems to combine Germanic cults with veneration towards the Wehrmacht.

A significant controversy exists over the German Bundeswehr's use of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel as its role model. Numerous critics take issue with the Bundeswehr's reverence towards Rommel as its primary role model. ^{[2] [3] [4] [5] [1] [6] [7]} While recognising his great talents as a commander, they point out several problems, including Rommel's involvement with a criminal regime and his political naivete. However, there are also many supporters of the continued commemoration of Rommel by the Bundeswehr, and there remains military buildings and streets named after him and portraits of him displayed.

Critics of Rommel's commemoration by the Bundeswehr

Political scientist Ralph Rotte  [ de ] calls for his replacement with Manfred von Richthofen. ^[3] Cornelia Hecht opines that whatever judgement history will pass on Rommel – who was the idol of World War II as well as the integration figure of the post-war Republic – it is now the time in which the Bundeswehr should rely on its own history and tradition, and not any Wehrmacht commander. ^[8] Jürgen Heiducoff  [ de ], a retired Bundeswehr officer, writes that the maintenance of the Rommel barracks' names and the definition of Rommel as a German resistance fighter are capitulation before neo-Nazi tendencies. Heiducoff agrees with Bundeswehr generals that Rommel was one of the greatest strategists and tacticians, both in theory and practice, and a victim of contemporary jealous colleagues, but argues that such a talent for aggressive, destructive warfare is not a suitable model for the Bundeswehr, a primarily defensive army. Heiducoff criticises Bundeswehr generals for pressuring the Federal Ministry of Defence into making decisions in favour of the man who they openly admire. ^[5] The Green Party's position is that Rommel was not a war criminal but still had entanglements with war crimes, and that he cannot not be the Bundeswehr's role model. ^{[9] [1]} Political scientist and politician Alexander Neu criticises the Ministry's undeterred attitude to the fact Rommel was at least near-Nazi and did serve the unjust regime, and comments that the association of Rommel with the spirit of the Bundeswehr is not new, but they did not expect that the Federal Ministry of Defence, without providing at least a bibliography, would declare him a victim of the regime as well. ^[10]

Supporters

Historian Michael Wolffsohn supports the Ministry of Defence's decision to continue recognition of Rommel, although he thinks the focus should be put on the later stage of Rommel's life, when he began thinking more seriously about war and politics, and broke with the regime. Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR) reports that, "Wolffsohn declares the Bundeswehr wants to have politically thoughtful, responsible officers from the beginning, thus a tradition of 'swashbuckler' and 'humane rogue' is not intended". ^[11] According to authors like Ulrich vom Hagen and Sandra Mass though, the Bundeswehr (as well as NATO) deliberately endorses the ideas of chivalrous warfare and apolitical soldiering associated with Rommel. ^{[12] [13] [14]} According to Cornelia Hecht, the Bundeswehr believes that "chivalry and fairness", which Rommel embodied more than any other Wehrmacht generals, are timeless military virtues. ^{[8] [15]} At a Ministry conference soliciting input on the matter, Dutch general Ton van Loon advised the Ministry that, although there can be historical abuses hidden under the guise of military tradition, tradition is still essential for the esprit de corps , and part of that tradition should be the leadership and achievements of Rommel. ^[16] Historian Christian Hartmann opines that not only Rommel's legacy is worthy of tradition but the Bundeswehr "urgently needs to become more Rommel". ^[17] The Field Marshal Rommel Barracks, Augustdorf stresses his leadership and performance as worthy of tradition and identity, establishing, among other things, Rommel having committed no proven war crime as a reason to keep the name. ^[1] The Sanitary Regiment 3, stationed at the Rommel Barracks in Dornstadt, also desires (almost unanimously, as revealed by an interdepartmental opinion poll) to keep the name. ^[18] There has also been discussion regarding the Hammelburg Garrison ("the heart of German infantry", according to Ursula von der Leyen), which considers Rommel as "name patron" and "identification figure" together with Adolf Heusinger (the main street on which the garrison is located is named after Rommel while one of the barracks is named after Heusinger). The city council has defended the street's name. ^{[19] [20] [21]}

Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces Hans-Peter Bartels (SPD) supports the keeping of the name and the tradition associated with Rommel, but notes that the reasons should not be his initial successes in the North African campaign (1940-1943), or that the former adversary armies have continued to worship him until this day. Bartels adds that Rommel, who probably supported the resistance, is a borderline case, regarding which historians find it hard to ascertain, and German history is full of such ambiguities. ^{[22] [23]} In early 2017, the Federal Ministry of Defence, in response to a petition championed by historian Wolfgang Proske and backed by politicians from the Left Party, defended the naming of barracks after Rommel, with the justification that the current state of research does not support their allegations. In 2019, the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defence explained that although there are controversies regarding Rommel's role in the resistance against National Socialism, Rommel did disregard criminal orders and reject the enemy image enforced by the regime. Additionally, the Bundeswehr also finds his courage in trying to end the war meaningful and worthy of tradition. ^[24] Sönke Neitzel supports the commemoration, although he notes that Rommel "rode the waves of the regime" and only mustered the courage to break with it at the last minute, but in a way unlike any other general. He also considers Rommel's other virtues and military capability to be important, since membership of the resistance does not help modern soldiers in Mali. Historian Hannes Heer argues that Rommel was not a resistance fighter, and that membership of the resistance, instead of secondary virtues and military capability, should be the only touchstone of commemoration. ^{[25] [26]}

Alternative views

Historian Johannes Hürter opines that instead of being the symbol for an alternative Germany, Rommel should be the symbol for the willingness of the military elites to become instrumentalised by the Nazi authorities. As for whether he can be treated as a military role model, Hürter writes that each soldier can decide on that matter for themselves. ^[27] Historian Ernst Piper  [ de ] argues that it is totally conceivable that the resistance saw Rommel as someone with whom they could build a new Germany. According to Piper though, Rommel was a loyal National Socialist without crime rather than a democrat, thus unsuitable to hold a central place among role models, although he can be integrated as a major military leader. ^[28] Wolfgang Benz also comments "His fate gives an idea of the possibilities the military resistance could have offered had such a charismatic leader of troops been at the helm." ^[29]

References

Informational notes

Citations

1. Schnadwinkel 2017.
2. Knab 2017.
3. Rotte 2017.
4. Schmitt 2017.
5. Heiducoff 2017.
6. Kummer 2017.
7. Menne 2017.
8. Kanold 2017.
9. Böhmer 2012.
10. Wrobel 2017.
11. MDR 2017.
12. Hagen 2014, pp. 183–184.
13. Mass 2006, p. 254.
14. Knab 1999, pp. 16–17.
15. Hecht, Häußler & Linder 2008, p. 128.
16. Leithäuser 2017.
17. Sanches, Miguel (13 October 2017). "Wie viel Wehrmacht steckt noch in der Bundeswehr?". Berliner Morgenpost. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
18. SWP 2018.
19. Oppong, Marvin (19 September 2008). "Rommel soll weg". Frankfurter Rundschau. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
20. Dünnebier, Wolfgang (18 May 2017). "Wirbel um Hammelburger Kaserne in der Rommelstraße". Main Post. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
21. Czygan, Michael (24 July 2017). "Von der Leyen lobt Soldaten in Hammelburg". Main Post. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
22. Bartels 2017.
23. FAZ 2018.
24. Fuch, Carola (27 September 2019). "Trotz Kritik Rommel-Kasernen behalten den Namen". Stuttgarter Zeitung. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
25. Krauß, Bärbel (15 May 2017). "Militärhistoriker Neitzel zur Bundeswehr-Affäre "Von der Leyens Bildersturm ist Quatsch"". stuttgarter-nachrichten.de. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
26. Scholter, Judith; Werner, Frank (3 July 2018). "Von der Wehrmacht lernen?". No. ZEIT Geschichte Nr. 4/2018. Die Zeit. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
27. Hürter 2018.
28. Quanz 2018.
29. Schulz, Bernhard (17 April 2019). "Einsam in der Volksgemeinschaft". Der Tagesspiegel. Retrieved 27 April 2019.

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Further reading

• Coetzee, Daniel (2013). Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers. ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-0-313-07033-4.
• Connelly, Mark (2014). "Rommel as icon". In I. F. W. Beckett (ed.). Rommel Reconsidered. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN   978-0-8117-1462-4.
• Connelly, Owen (2009). On War and Leadership: The Words of Combat Commanders from Frederick the Great to Norman Schwarzkopf. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN   978-1-4008-2516-5.
• Creveld, Martin van (1977). Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-21730-X.
• Däniker, Gustav; Keren, Michael; Sylvan, Donald A. (2002). International Intervention: Sovereignty Versus Responsibility. Psychology Press. p. 117. ISBN   978-0-7146-5192-7.
• Detsch, Roland (2002). "Die andere Wahrheit". context politik: wissenschaft: kultur. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
• Deuel, Wallace R. (1943). A 'Model' Teuton; MEET MR. BLANK. By R.G. Waldeck. 179 pp. New York: G.P. Putnam's Boris. $2.50. Mr. Blank -- The Model Teuton (The New York Times Book Review, Volume 2). Arno Press. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
• Dick, Bernard F. (13 Jan 2015). The Star-Spangled Screen: The American World War II Film. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN   978-0-813-14895-3.
• Dixon, Norman F. (2016). On the Psychology of Military Incompetence. Basic Books. ISBN   978-0-465-09780-7.
• Dowe, Christopher; Hecht, Cornelia (2016). "Von Mythen, Legenden und Manipulationen. David Irving und seine verzerrende Deutungen von Erwin Rommel, Hans Speidel und Cäsar von Hofacker". In Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg (ed.). Verräter? Vorbilder? Verbrecher? Kontroverse Deutungen des 20. Juli 1944 seit 1945. Frank & Timme GmbH. pp. 129–160. ISBN   9783732902767.
• Duffy, James P.; Ricci, Vincent L. (2013). Target Hitler: The Many Plots to Kill Adolf Hitler. Enigma Books. ISBN   978-1-936274-03-1.
• Echternkamp, Jörg (2010). Die 101 wichtigsten Fragen – der Zweite Weltkrieg. C. H. Beck. ISBN   978-3-406-59314-7.
• Edwards, Jill (2012). El Alamein and the Struggle for North Africa: International Perspectives from the Twenty-first Century. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-977-416-581-8.
• Evans, Richard J. (2009). The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin. ISBN   978-0-14-101548-4.
• Fischer, Thomas (2014). "Rommel und Hitler". SWR. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
• Fraser, David (1993). Knight's Cross: A Life of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. New York: HarperCollins . Retrieved 23 April 2016.
• Friedmann, Jan (23 May 2007). "World War II: New Research Taints Image of Desert Fox Rommel". Spiegel Online . Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
• Gabel, Christopher (2014). Great Commanders [Illustrated Edition]. Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN   978-1-78289-446-9.
• Giordano, Ralph (2000). Die Traditionslüge: vom Kriegerkult in der Bundeswehr. Kiepenheuer & Witsch. ISBN   978-3-462-02921-5.
• Giordano, Ralph (2010). Mein Leben ist so sündhaft lang: ein Tagebuch. Kiepenheuer & Witsch. ISBN   978-3-462-04240-5.
• Goldschmidt Waldeck, Rosie (1943). Meet Mr. Blank: The Leader of Tomorrow's Germans. G. P. Putnam's sons.
• Hachten Wee, Patricia; Wee, Robert James (2004). World War II in Literature for Youth: A Guide and Resource Book. Scarecrow Press. ISBN   978-0-8108-5301-0.
• Hamilton, Nigel (2012). "Defeating the Desert Fox". The National WWII Museum . Retrieved 8 October 2016.
• Hanley, Brian (2008). Planning for Conflict in the Twenty-first Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   978-0-313-34555-5.
• Hansen, Randall (2014). Disobeying Hitler: German Resistance After Valkyrie. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-992792-0.
• Hart, Russel A. (2014). "Rommel and the 20th July Bomb Plot". In F. W. Beckett (ed.). Rommel Reconsidered. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN   978-0-8117-1462-4.
• Hartmann, Bernd (2011). Panzers in the Sand: The History of Panzer-Regiment 5, 1942-45, Volume 2. Stackpole Books. p. 138. ISBN   9780811744324.
• Holles, Everett (1945). Unconditional Surrender. Howell, Soskin. p. 227.
• Kanold, Jurgen (28 February 2012). "Denkmal des Anstoßes". swp.de. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
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• Lieb, Peter (2014). "Rommel in Normandy". In I. F. W. Beckett (ed.). Rommel Reconsidered. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN   978-0-8117-1462-4.
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• Mearsheimer, John (1988). Liddell Hart and the Weight of History. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN   978-0-8014-2089-4.
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• Messenger, Charles (2009). Rommel: Leadership Lessons from the Desert Fox. Basingstoke, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   978-0-230-60908-2.
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• Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2009). A War To Be Won: fighting the Second World War. Harvard University Press. ISBN   978-0-674-04130-1.
• Murray, Williamson (2011). Military Adaptation in War: With Fear of Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-91586-1.
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• Neitzel, Sönke (2005). Abgehört. Deutsche Generäle in britischer Kriegsgefangenschaft 1942–1945. Berlin: Propyläen. ISBN   978-3-548-60760-3.
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