Eumicrotremus pacificus

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Eumicrotremus pacificus
Eumicrotremus pacificus.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Cyclopteridae
Genus: Eumicrotremus
Species:
E. pacificus
Binomial name
Eumicrotremus pacificus
Schmidt, 1904

Eumicrotremus pacificus, sometimes known as the spotted lumpsucker [1] or the balloon lumpfish, [2] is a species of lumpfish native to the Northwest Pacific. It can be found in the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, and the Pacific Ocean off Hokkaido and the Kuril Islands. [3] It may be confused with the closely related Eumicrotremus orbis ,[ citation needed ] which overlaps with E. pacificus in range, although E. pacificus is larger, reaching 20 cm (7.9 inches) TL. [3] This fish is generally yellow to orange in color with small dark spots and its tubercles are usually smaller and less pronounced than E. orbis, giving it a less spiny appearance.

Contents

Taxonomy

The Spotted Lumpsucker is one species part of the family Cyclopteridae, alongside 23 other species. [4] They are part of the genus Eumicrotremus which include species such as: Eumicrotremus Orbis (Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker), Eumicrotremus taranetzi, Eumicrotremus awae, and 15 other described species. [4] This genus is mainly characterized by their distribution in Northern regions of oceans, spiny external skeleton, and lack of a swim bladder. Eumicrotremus pacificus was first described by The Spotted Lumpsucker and is often confused with E. Orbis (Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker) because of similar coloration, size, tubercles, and habitat range. [5] However the Spotted Lumpsucker is typically smaller than the Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker and has distinct dark spots present all over its body. [6]

Description

Spotted Lumpsucker (E. Pacificus) and Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker (E. Orbis) Spotted Lumpsucker & Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker.png
Spotted Lumpsucker (E. Pacificus) and Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker (E. Orbis)

The Spotted Lemonsucker (Eumicrotremus pacificus) is part of the family Cyclopteridae. E. Pacificus gets often confused with the Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker (E. Orbis) because of their spiny appearance and overlapping range in the Pacific. Like other species of Cyclopteridae, Spotted Lumpsuckers possess a sucker at the bottom of their body. This sucker is a highly modified pair of pelvic fins [7] and is an important anatomical feature for the Cyclopteridae. The Spotted Lumpsucker has a globiform body plan, with an armored external skeleton. They have a ventral mouth and lack of a swim bladder. Most adult E. Pacificus are yellow and orange toned with small brown to black dots scattered all over its body. [8] There are observations of juvenile E. Pacificus have a darker head and body, and then slowly transition into their yellow and orange hues as they develop into adults.

In addition to the vibrant coloration, E. Pacificus have body armor that is made up of bony tubercles and grows from different plaques on their body. [8] These plaques are much less pronounced than the Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker (Eumicrotremus orbis). The structure of the individual spines are set into circular bases within the bony plaques. [9] These bases form into the spines of the E. Pacificus. This armor serves multiple purposes such as camouflage, environmental protection, and reducing drag from water currents. [10] [11]

Bony plaques of E. Pacificus and M. Fedorovi Bony plaques of different Lumpsucker species.png
Bony plaques of E. Pacificus and M. Fedorovi

There are morphological differences between female and male E. Pacificus. A noticeable difference between the two is the anteanal distance. [8] The anteanal distance is the distance from the anal fins and the fish vent/anus.[ citation needed ] Female E. Pacificus have a greater anteanal distance since they need to have more space to develop gonads and eggs for reproduction.

Another morphological difference found in the Spotted Lumpsucker is the external skeleton between spawning and non-spawning male E. Pacificus. There is a significant decrease in the external skeleton based on if the males are in a spawning stage or not. [12] Spawning males showcase a lengthening in their upper and lower jaw, and their overall height is increased. [13]

Biology

Spotted Lumpsuckers are docile, solitary fish that have poor swimming abilities. There is no record of the average lifespan of Like other Cyclopteridae, but similar species have been recorded to live for about a year in aquariums.[ citation needed ] Spotted Lumpsuckers live most of their life attached to rocks, aquatic vegetation, and any other stable substrates. [14] [15] There is not a clear reason as to why the Cyclopteridae as a whole have their suction appendage besides sticking to their habitat. It has been observed that they use their suction ability to aid with their parental care and protection. [16]

There is not much information about the diet of E. Pacificus, specifically. Other Eumicrotremus species have been observed to feed on small crustaceans, mollusks, plankton and other small fish. [17] Juvenile Cyclopteridae have been observed to feed on crustacean larvae, and the larva of their own egg. [17] Spotted Lumpsuckers are vulnerable to the predation of Hermit Crabs, Red King Crabs, and other large fish. [18]

Distribution and habitat

Spotted Lumpsuckers are found in Northern regions of the Pacific Ocean among coasts and tidal regions. They have been recorded in the East China Sea, Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan and the Hokkaido and Kuril Islands. [19] There is no record of these fish preferring warm or cold water temperatures.

There is no research about where in these oceans Spotted Lumpsuckers inhabit. However, other Cyclopteridae species are typically found amongst rocks, stones, sea grass, algae growth and other solid substrate that they are able to stick onto. [17] [15] [14] Because of their poor swimming ability, it is most likely that the Spotted Lumpsucker can inhabit in deeper ranges of the ocean, shallow waters, and intertidal zones. [15] [20]

Conservation status

Eumicrotremus pacificus in an aquarium.

Spotted Lumpsuckers are not a threat to humans and are frequently kept in aquariums because of their docile nature. In the wild, they are under-researched and cryptic compared to other Lumpsucker species. Spotted Lumpsuckers have no conservation status on the IUCN Red List. They don't have any immediate threats to their population because more research is needed on their populations and life cycle. However, due to their range, activities such as habitat loss/degradation, bycatch, and climate change can potentially threaten their populations. [21] [22]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scorpaeniformes</span> Obsolete order of ray-finned fishes

The Scorpaeniformes are a diverse order of ray-finned fish, including the lionfishes and sculpins, but have also been called the Scleroparei. It is one of the five largest orders of bony fishes by number of species, with over 1,320.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclopteridae</span> Family of fishes

The Cyclopteridae are a family of marine fishes, commonly known as lumpsuckers or lumpfish, in the order Scorpaeniformes. They are found in the cold waters of the Arctic, North Atlantic, and North Pacific oceans. The greatest number of species are found in the North Pacific. The family name Cyclopteridae derives from the Greek words κύκλος (kyklos), meaning "circle", and πτέρυξ (pteryx), meaning "wing" or "fin", in reference to the circle-shaped pectoral fins of most of the fish in this family.

<i>Cyclopterus</i> Monotypic genus of fish

Cyclopterus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cyclopteridae, the lumpsuckers or lumpfish. Its only species is Cyclopterus lumpus, the lumpsucker or lumpfish. It is found in the North Atlantic and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean, ranging as far south as Chesapeake Bay on the North American coast and Spain on the European coast. The species has been reported twice in the Mediterranean Sea, off Croatia in 2004 and Cyprus in 2017.

Bathylutichthys a genus of marine ray-finned fishes which is the only genus in the monotypic family Bathylutichthyidae, known as the Antarctic sculpins. These fishes are found in the Southern Ocean.

Cyclopteropsis is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Cyclopteridae, the lumpfishes or lumpsuckers. These small lumpfishes are found in the North Pacific and Arctic Oceans.

<i>Eumicrotremus</i> Genus of fishes

Eumicrotremus is a genus of lumpfishes native to the northern oceans. The name for this genus comes from the Greek roots eu meaning "good", mikros meaning "small" or "little", and trema meaning "hole".

<i>Lethotremus</i> Genus of fishes

Lethotremus is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cyclopteridae, the lumpfishes or lumpsuckers. This genus is found in the northern Pacific Ocean. Following a 2017 taxonomic review by Lee et al., the species Lethotremus awae was reclassified as a species of Eumicrotremus, leaving the genus monotypic with Lethotremus muticus as its only species. Also known as the docked snailfish, is a species of lumpfish native to the Northeast Pacific. It is known from the Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands, where its range extends to Unimak Pass, and it occurs at a depth range of 58 to 330 m. It is a benthic species that reaches 11.5 cm in total length. It can be found on substrates of mud, rock, or gravel, and it is currently the only known species of Lethotremus, following a reclassification of the second described species in the genus as Eumicrotremus awae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cottoidei</span> Suborder of ray-finned fishes

Cottoidei is a suborder of ray-finned fishes which, according to the 5th edition of Fishes of the World, is placed within the order Scorpaeniformes, alongside the scorpionfishes, flatheads, eelpouts, sticklebacks and related fishes.

Eumicrotremus barbatus, the papillose lumpsucker, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cyclopteridae, the lumpfishes or lumpsuckers, found in the north Pacific Ocean. This species is characterized by the following unique apomorphies: teeth in the outer row at symphysis of premaxillae fuse with premaxillae, teeth at symphysis of dentary fuse among themselves and with dentary, forming the regular cutting edge; there are numerous barbs on the head and body; the bony plaques located in centers of connective tissue tubercles leaving the edges free. This species was originally classified in the monospecific genus Georgimarinus, but it is now regarded as a species within Eumicrotremus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific spiny lumpsucker</span> Species of fish

The Pacific spiny lumpsucker is a species of bony fish in the family Cyclopteridae.

Cyclopteropsis brashnikowi is a species of lumpfish native to the Sea of Okhotsk and the Northwest Pacific off of the Kuril Islands, where it is found at a depth of 30 to 303 metres. Adult individuals of the species have been noted to resemble the related species C. popovi, suggesting that the two species names may be synonymous. It is of disputed classification, being considered a species of Eumicrotremus by some authors, although sources such as FishBase, WoRMS, and ITIS do not follow this classification.

Eumicrotremus andriashevi, also known as the pimpled lumpsucker, is a species of lumpfish native to the Arctic and North Pacific. In addition to the Arctic Ocean, it may be found in the Chukchi and Bering Seas, where it occurs at a depth range of 20 to 83 m. It is a small bottom-dwelling fish that reaches 4.8 cm in standard length.

<i>Eumicrotremus spinosus</i> Species of lumpfish

Eumicrotremus spinosus, commonly known as the Atlantic spiny lumpsucker, is a species of lumpfish native to the Arctic and North Atlantic.

Eumicrotremus jindoensis is a species of lumpfish native to the Northwest Pacific, where it may be found off the coast of the Korean Peninsula and in the Yellow Sea. The specific name "jindoensis" is derived from the type locality, Jin-do Island. It occurs at a depth range of 20 to 30 metres, and it reaches 2.5 centimetres (1 in) SL. This species was described in 2017 as part of a review of "dwarf" species of Eumicrotremus, which reclassified the species then known as Lethotremus awae as a member of Eumicrotremus in addition to describing another similarly small new species, known as Eumicrotremus uenoi.

Proeumicrotrmus is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cyclopteridae, the lumpfishes or lumpsuckers. The only species in the genus is Proeumicrotremus soldatovi, Soldatov's lumpsucker. This species is found in the Northwest Pacific. It is known from the Sea of Okhotsk, where it can be found at depths of 10 to 350 m. It reaches 26 cm (10 in) in total length, making it larger than average for a lumpfish. It was previously considered a species of Eumicrotremus until a morphology-based revision in 2020 concluded that it represents the only known species of a distinct genus.

Eumicrotremus tartaricus is a species of lumpfish native to the Northwest Pacific. It is known from the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk, Peter the Great Bay, and the Pacific coast of the Kuril Islands, where it may be found at a depth range of 20 to 30 m. It has sometimes been considered a subspecies of the Pacific spiny lumpsucker, but it is generally agreed upon that E. tartaricus represents its own distinct species.

Eumicrotremus uenoi is a species of lumpfish native to the Northwest Pacific. It is found off the Korean Peninsula and Japan, where it occurs at a depth range of 90 to 100 m. It is a very small demersal fish, reaching 2 cm SL. The species was named after Dr. Tatsuji Ueno, formerly of the Hokkaido Fisheries Experimental Station, in honor of his work with the systematics of Cyclopteridae, the lumpfishes. It was described in 2017 following a taxonomic review of "dwarf" lumpfishes that also resulted in the description of Eumicrotremus jindoensis and the reclassification of the species Lethotremus awae as Eumicrotremus awae.

Eumicrotremus tokranovi is a species of lumpfish native to the Northwest Pacific, and one of two species some authorities place in the genus Microancathus. It is known from the Kuril Islands. It is distinguished from the closely related E. fedorovi by a taller body and flatter and less developed bone plaques. FishBase does not recognize the genus Microancathus,. This species was described by the Russian ichthyologist Olga Stepanovna Voskoboinikova in 2015 in the proposed new genus, Microancathus and the reclassification of M. fedorovi in that genus. Catalog of Fishes does not recognize the new genus and classifies this species in Eumicrotremus. The specific name honors the ichthyologist Alexei Mikhailovich Tokranovof the Kamchatka Branch of the Pacific Institute of Geography and the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclopteroidea</span> Superfamily of ray-finned fishes

Cyclopteroidea is a superfamily of ray-finned fishes within the order Scorpaeniformes. The superfamily comprises 2 families, the Cyclopteridae, the lumpsuckers, of the cool northern seas and the widespread Liparidae, the snailfishes. A common feature shared by these families is that they typically have the pelvic fins modified to form a disc shaped sucker.

Eumicrotremus fedorovi is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cyclopteridae, the lumpfishes or lumpsuckers. This species is found in the northwestern Pacific Ocean around the Kuril Islands. It is a demersal fish that occurs at a depth range of 115 to 370 m. This species was first formally described in 1991 by Sergey Anatolyevich Mandritsa with its type locality given as the Rikord Strait. The specific name honours the Russian zoologist Vladimir Vladimirovich Fedorov who studied the holotype and suggested that it represented a new species.

References

  1. ↑ Voskoboinikova, O.S.; Balanov, A.A. (October 2019). "Morphological variability of the spotted lumpsucker Eumicrotremus pacificus (Cottoidei, Cyclopteridae)". Journal of Ichthyology. 59 (5): 658–663. Bibcode:2019JIch...59..656V. doi:10.1134/S0032945219050175 – via ResearchGate.
  2. ↑ "Eumicrotremus pacificus Schmidt, 1904". Global Biodiversity Information Facility . Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  3. 1 2 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Eumicrotremus pacificus". FishBase . June 2023 version.
  4. 1 2 "Eumicrotremus", Wikipedia, 2024-05-27, retrieved 2024-11-12
  5. ↑ Huie M., Jonathan (2022). "Sticky, stickier, and stickiest - a comparison of adhesive performance in clingfish, lumpsuckers, and snailfish" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 225 (22). doi:10.1242/jeb.244821. PMID   36342423.
  6. ↑ Voskoboinikova, O. S.; Balanov, A. A. (2019-09-01). "Morphological Variability of the Spotted Lumpsucker Eumicrotremus pacificus (Cottoidei, Cyclopteridae)". Journal of Ichthyology. 59 (5): 656–663. Bibcode:2019JIch...59..656V. doi:10.1134/S0032945219050175. ISSN   1555-6425.
  7. ↑ "Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker - Physical Characteristics". Aquarium of the Pacific . Retrieved 2024-11-13. Females have more tubercles than males. They have a squared dorsal fin, a caudal fin that is rounded, thin, and transparent pectoral fins and a specialized fringed sucker disk on their stomachs that has evolved is a modification of their pelvic fins.
  8. 1 2 3 Voskoboinikova, O. S.; Balanov, A. A. (2019-09-01). "Morphological Variability of the Spotted Lumpsucker Eumicrotremus pacificus (Cottoidei, Cyclopteridae)". Journal of Ichthyology. 59 (5): 656–663. doi:10.1134/S0032945219050175. ISSN   1555-6425.
  9. ↑ Voskoboinikova, O. S.; Kudryavtseva, O. Yu.; Orlov, A. M.; Orlova, S. Yu.; Nazarkin, M. V.; Chernova, N. V.; Maznikova, O. A. (2020-03-01). "Relationships and Evolution of Lumpsuckers of the Family Cyclopteridae (Cottoidei)". Journal of Ichthyology. 60 (2): 154–181. doi:10.1134/S0032945220020204. ISSN   1555-6425.
  10. ↑ "It Pays to Be Bumpy: Drag Reducing Armor in the Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker, Eumicrotremus orbis". academic.oup.com. doi:10.1093/icb/icad076 . Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  11. ↑ Woodruff, Eleanor C.; Huie, Jonathan M.; Summers, Adam P.; Cohen, Karly E. (2022). "Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker armor—Development, damage, and defense in the intertidal". Journal of Morphology. 283 (2): 164–173. doi:10.1002/jmor.21435. ISSN   0362-2525 – via Journal of Morphology.
  12. ↑ Voskoboinikova, O. S.; Balanov, A. A. (2019-09-01). "Morphological Variability of the Spotted Lumpsucker Eumicrotremus pacificus (Cottoidei, Cyclopteridae)". Journal of Ichthyology. 59 (5): 656–663. doi:10.1134/S0032945219050175. ISSN   1555-6425.
  13. ↑ Voskoboinikova, O. S.; Balanov, A. A. (2019-09-01). "Morphological Variability of the Spotted Lumpsucker Eumicrotremus pacificus (Cottoidei, Cyclopteridae)". Journal of Ichthyology. 59 (5): 656–663. doi:10.1134/S0032945219050175. ISSN   1555-6425.
  14. 1 2 "Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker". California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  15. 1 2 3 "Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker". Aquarium of the Pacific . Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  16. ↑ Zuyev, Yu. A.; Rusyaev, S. M. (2023-02-01). "Variability in Parental Behavior of Lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus (Cyclopteridae) under Changing Environmental Conditions". Journal of Ichthyology. 63 (1): 112–118. doi:10.1134/S0032945223010174. ISSN   1555-6425.
  17. 1 2 3 Ingólfsson, Agnar; Kristjánsson, Bjarni K. (May 2002). Schaefer, S. A. (ed.). "Diet of Juvenile Lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus (Cyclopteridae) in Floating Seaweed: Effects of Ontogeny and Prey Availability". Copeia . 2002 (2): 472–476. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0472:DOJLCL]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0045-8511.
  18. ↑ Mikkelsen, N; Pedersen, T (2012-11-26). "Invasive red king crab affects lumpsucker recruitment by egg consumption". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 469: 87–99. doi:10.3354/meps09917. hdl: 10037/5031 . ISSN   0171-8630.
  19. ↑ "Eumicrotremus pacificus summary page". FishBase. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  20. ↑ Gill, Theodore. "The Lumpsucker: Its Relationship and Habits" (PDF). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 50.
  21. ↑ Helmuth, Brian; Mieszkowska, Nova; Moore, Pippa; Hawkins, Stephen J. (2006-12-01). "Living on the Edge of Two Changing Worlds: Forecasting the Responses of Rocky Intertidal Ecosystems to Climate Change". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 37 (1): 373–404. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110149. ISSN   1543-592X.
  22. ↑ Wilson, S. K.; Fisher, R.; Pratchett, M. S.; Graham, N. A. J.; Dulvy, N. K.; Turner, R. A.; Cakacaka, A.; Polunin, N. V. C. (March 2010). "Habitat degradation and fishing effects on the size structure of coral reef fish communities". Ecological Applications. 20 (2): 442–451. doi:10.1890/08-2205.1. ISSN   1051-0761.
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