Exiguobacterium aurantiacum

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Exiguobacterium aurantiacum
Image 1 - Exiguobacterium aurantiacum.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Bacillati
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Exiguobacteriales
Family: Exiguobacteriaceae
Genus: Exiguobacterium
Species:
E. aurantiacum
Binomial name
Exiguobacterium aurantiacum
Collins et al. 1984 [1]

Exiguobacterium aurantiacum is a Gram-positive, alkaliphilic, halotolerant, and non-spore-forming bacterium. [2] Exiguobacterium spp. are facultative anaerobes that have been isolated from a broad range of environments with Exiguobacterium aurantiacum, the type species, being isolated from alkaline potato-processing effluent in 1980. [3] E. aurantiacum has been evaluated for use in bioremediation and as a source for natural pigments. [4] [5] Two case studies have associated E. aurantiacum with infections in humans. [6] [7]

Contents

Name and classification

The name Exiguobacterium aurantiacum derives from the Latin exiguus meaning "small" or "slender" and aurantiacus meaning "orange-colored". Exiguobacterium is one of 122 genera within the Bacillaceae family. As of 2024, the Exiguobacterium genus now hosts 19 species recognized by the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP). [8]

History

The classification, Exiguobacterium aurantiacum, was first assigned in 1983 by Collins et al. after five alkaliphilic bacteria were isolated from potato-processing effluent by Gee et al. in 1980. [9] The first genome was made available in 2014 by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute. [10] The E. aurantiacum DSM 6208 genome is composed of 3.04 Mbp with a GC content of 53%. Of note, the genome was found to have 90 transposases and two cold shock genes.

Description

Exiguobacterium aurantiacum cells are pleomorphic, ranging from (~3.2 μm) rods in exponential phase to short (~1.2 μm) coccobacilli in stationary phase. [11] Cells are gram-positive, motile, and do not form spores. E. aurantiacum is classified as a facultative anaerobe able to grow on a range of sugars including, but not limited to, glucose, sucrose, and galactose. Colonies grown aerobically on Van Niel's Yeast Agar are glossy with a honey-orange pigment.

Application

Exiguobacterium aurantiacum cells contain a bright orange carotenoid pigment that has been evaluated as a potential natural pigment source in industry. [12] E. aurantiacum has also been evaluated for its ability to degrade n-alkanes from diesel. Thus, E. aurantiacum could be used for bioremediation in oil-contaminated environments. [13] Additionally, E. aurantiacum has been found to produce a thermostable protease that functions in alkaline environments. [14]

Opportunistic infections

Exiguobacterium aurantiacum has been associated with bacteremia in one case study after it was isolated from six human patients with three of the patients being in an immunocompromised state. [15] Prior to this case study, E. aurantiacum was linked to one other infection, a case of periodontitis, in 2003. [16]

References

  1. ↑ "Species: Exiguobacterium aurantiacum". LPSN.DSMZ.de.
  2. ↑ Su, Zhaoying; Wang, Shaojing; Yang, Shicheng; Yin, Yujun; Cao, Yunke; Li, Guoqiang; Ma, Ting (January 2022). "Genetic and Comparative Genome Analysis of Exiguobacterium aurantiacum SW-20, a Petroleum-Degrading Bacteria with Salt Tolerance and Heavy Metal-Tolerance Isolated from Produced Water of Changqing Oilfield, China". Microorganisms. 10 (1): 66. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10010066 . ISSN   2076-2607. PMC   8779447 . PMID   35056515.
  3. ↑ Collins, M. D.; Lund, B. M.; Farrow, J. A. E.; Schleifer, K. H. (1983-07-01). "Chemotaxonomic Study of an Alkalophilic Bacterium, Exiguobacterium aurantiacum gen. nov., sp. nov". Microbiology. 129 (7): 2037–2042. doi: 10.1099/00221287-129-7-2037 . ISSN   1350-0872.
  4. ↑ Shatila, Fatima (2013). "Pigment production by Exiguobacterium aurantiacum FH, a novel Lebanese strain" (PDF). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2 (12): 176–191.
  5. ↑ Mohanty, Gita; Mukherji, Suparna (2008-04-01). "Biodegradation rate of diesel range n-alkanes by bacterial cultures Exiguobacterium aurantiacum and Burkholderia cepacia" . International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 61 (3): 240–250. Bibcode:2008IBiBi..61..240M. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2007.06.011. ISSN   0964-8305.
  6. ↑ Zijnge, V.; Harmsen, H. J. M.; Kleinfelder, J. W.; Van Der Rest, M. E.; Degener, J. E.; Welling, G. W. (February 2003). "Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis to study bacterial community structure in pockets of periodontitis patients". Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 18 (1): 59–65. doi:10.1034/j.1399-302x.2003.180110.x. ISSN   0902-0055. PMID   12588461.
  7. ↑ Pitt, T.L.; Malnick, H.; Shah, J.; Chattaway, M.A.; Keys, C.J.; Cooke, F.J.; Shah, H.N. (September 2007). "Characterisation of Exiguobacterium aurantiacum isolates from blood cultures of six patients". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 13 (9): 946–948. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01779.x. PMID   17645563.
  8. ↑ "Genus: Exiguobacterium". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  9. ↑ Collins, M. D.; Lund, B. M.; Farrow, J. A. E.; Schleifer, K. H. (1983-07-01). "Chemotaxonomic Study of an Alkalophilic Bacterium, Exiguobacterium aurantiacum gen. nov., sp. nov". Microbiology. 129 (7): 2037–2042. doi: 10.1099/00221287-129-7-2037 . ISSN   1350-0872.
  10. ↑ Vishnivetskaya, Tatiana A.; Chauhan, Archana; Layton, Alice C.; Pfiffner, Susan M.; Huntemann, Marcel; Copeland, Alex; Chen, Amy; Kyrpides, Nikos C.; Markowitz, Victor M.; Palaniappan, Krishna; Ivanova, Natalia; Mikhailova, Natalia; Ovchinnikova, Galina; Andersen, Evan W.; Pati, Amrita (2014-10-30). "Draft Genome Sequences of 10 Strains of the Genus Exiguobacterium". Genome Announcements. 2 (5). doi:10.1128/genomeA.01058-14. ISSN   2169-8287. PMC   4200161 . PMID   25323723.
  11. ↑ Collins, M. D.; Lund, B. M.; Farrow, J. A. E.; Schleifer, K. H. (1983-07-01). "Chemotaxonomic Study of an Alkalophilic Bacterium, Exiguobacterium aurantiacum gen. nov., sp. nov". Microbiology. 129 (7): 2037–2042. doi: 10.1099/00221287-129-7-2037 . ISSN   1350-0872.
  12. ↑ Shatila, Fatima (2013). "Pigment production by Exiguobacterium aurantiacum FH, a novel Lebanese strain" (PDF). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2 (12): 176–191.
  13. ↑ Mohanty, Gita; Mukherji, Suparna (2008-04-01). "Biodegradation rate of diesel range n-alkanes by bacterial cultures Exiguobacterium aurantiacum and Burkholderia cepacia" . International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 61 (3): 240–250. Bibcode:2008IBiBi..61..240M. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2007.06.011. ISSN   0964-8305.
  14. ↑ Femi-Ola, T. O.; Oladokun, D. O. (March 2012). "Partial purification and characterization of a thermostable alkaline protease from Lactobacillus brevis". Malaysian Journal of Microbiology. doi:10.21161/mjm.28310. ISSN   2231-7538.
  15. ↑ Pitt, T.L.; Malnick, H.; Shah, J.; Chattaway, M.A.; Keys, C.J.; Cooke, F.J.; Shah, H.N. (September 2007). "Characterisation of Exiguobacterium aurantiacum isolates from blood cultures of six patients". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 13 (9): 946–948. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01779.x. PMID   17645563.
  16. ↑ Zijnge, V.; Harmsen, H. J. M.; Kleinfelder, J. W.; Van Der Rest, M. E.; Degener, J. E.; Welling, G. W. (February 2003). "Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis to study bacterial community structure in pockets of periodontitis patients". Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 18 (1): 59–65. doi:10.1034/j.1399-302x.2003.180110.x. ISSN   0902-0055. PMID   12588461.


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