Flakpanzer Gepard

Last updated
Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard
Gepard 1a2 overview.jpg
Gepard 1A2 of the German Army
Type Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
Place of origin West Germany
Service history
In service1976–present
Used bySee Operators
Wars
Specifications
Mass47.5 t (46.7 long tons; 52.4 short tons)
LengthOverall: 7.68 m (25 ft 2 in)
Width3.71 m (12 ft 2 in)
HeightRadar retracted: 3.29 m (10 ft 10 in)
Crew3 (driver, gunner, commander)
Armor conventional steel
Main
armament
2 × 35 mm Oerlikon GDF autocannon, each with 320 rounds anti-air ammunition and 20 rounds anti-tank
Secondary
armament
2 × quad 76 mm smoke grenade dischargers
Engine10-cylinder, 37,400  cc (2,280  cu in) MTU multi-fuel engine
830 PS (819 hp, 610 kW)
Power/weight17.5 PS/t
Suspension Torsion bar suspension
Operational
range
550 km (340 mi)
Maximum speed 65 km/h (40 mph)

The Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard ("anti-aircraft-gun tank 'Cheetah'", better known as the Flakpanzer Gepard) is an all-weather-capable German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) based on the hull of the Leopard 1. [1] It was developed in the 1960s, fielded in the 1970s, and has been upgraded several times with the latest electronics. It has been a cornerstone of the air defence of the German Army (Bundeswehr) and a number of other NATO countries.

Contents

In Germany, the Gepard was phased out in late 2010 and replaced by the Wiesel 2 Ozelot Leichtes Flugabwehrsystem (LeFlaSys) with four FIM-92 Stinger or LFK NG missile launchers. A variant with the MANTIS gun system and LFK NG missiles, based on the GTK Boxer, was also considered. [2]

The Gepard has been widely used in combat in the Russo-Ukrainian War, mostly to shoot down drones. [3] [4] [5]

Developmental history

Early Gepard system during trials in the USA Flakpanzer Gepard Test Firing at Fort Bliss Range.jpg
Early Gepard system during trials in the USA
Early pre-series vehicle on trial for the Royal Netherlands Army in 1976. Dutch Cheetah PRTL (Flakpanzer Gepard) Trials 1976.jpg
Early pre-series vehicle on trial for the Royal Netherlands Army in 1976.

The Gepard was developed during the 1960s [4] [6] [7] as a replacememnt for the M42 Duster. [7] Two projects were investigated. These were the ‘Matador’ (designed by Rheinmetall, AEG, Siemens, and Krauss-Maffei) and the ‘5PFZ-A’ (designed by Oerlikon, Contraves, Siemens-Albis, Hollandse Signaalapparaten and Kraus-Maffei/Porsche). [7] In 1969, construction began of four A prototypes testing both 30 and 35 mm guns. In June 1970, it was decided to use the 35 mm type. In 1971, twelve second phase B prototypes were ordered. In 1971 the Dutch army ordered a CA preseries of five vehicles based on a parallel development that had used a West German 0-series Leopard 1 vehicle made available by the West German government in March 1970 as the C-prototype.

The Germans made a small preseries of both the B1 and B2R. In February 1973, the political decision was made to produce the type. In September 1973 the contract was signed with Krauss-Maffei for 432 B2 turrets and 420 hulls with a total value of DM 1,200,000,000. Each vehicle would be about three times the price of a normal Leopard 1. The first was delivered in December 1976. Belgium ordered 55 vehicles, which were identical to the German version. The Netherlands ordered 95 vehicles (designated Cheetah PRTL or Pantser Rups Tegen Luchtdoelen), split into three batches (CA1, CA2 and CA3), which were equipped with Philips radar systems.

Since the 1980s, Redeye and later Stinger MANPADS teams have been accompanying the Gepard units to take advantage of their long-range scanning capacity. To combine this capacity in a single unit, a missile system upgrade that mounts the Stingers in twin packs to the autocannons was developed. The system was tested by the German Bundeswehr but not bought due to budget restrictions. Instead, the Ozelot Light Air Defence System (LeFlaSys) was fielded for the three Airborne Brigades.

Technology and systems

The vehicle is based on the hull of the Leopard 1 tank [1] [8] with a large fully rotating turret carrying the armament—a pair of 35 mm Oerlikon KDA autocannons.

Chassis and propulsion

The Gepard is based on a slightly modified chassis of the Leopard 1 main battle tank, [1] [7] [8] including the complete drive unit with a 37.4-liter 10-cylinder multi-fuel engine (type: MB 838 CaM 500) with two mechanical superchargers built by MTU Aero Engines. The V-engine with a cylinder angle of 90 degrees has 610 kW at 2200 RPM (830 PS) and consumes—depending on the surface and driving style—around 150 liters per 100 kilometers. To ensure a steady supply of oil, even in difficult terrain and under extreme skew, the engine is provided with a dry sump forced lubrication. Even the gearbox (type: 4 HP-250) from ZF Friedrichshafen and the exhaust system with fresh air admixture to reduce the infrared signature were taken from the Leopard 1 main battle tank.

The Gepard is equipped with a Daimler-Benz (type: OM 314) 4-cylinder diesel auxiliary engine for the energy supply system. This engine is on the front left of the vehicle, located where the Leopard 1 has an ammunition magazine. The engine, which has a 3.8 liter capacity, is designed as a multi-fuel engine and produces 66 kW (90 PS). It consumes between 10 and 20 liters per hour, depending on the operational status of the tank.

The auxiliary engine is coupled with five generators to operate at different speeds: Two Metadyn machines in tandem with a flywheel (which is used to store energy during the acceleration and deceleration of the turret) for the power of the elevation and traverse drives, two 380 Hz three-phase generators with a capacity of 20 kVA for the ventilation, fire-control and radar systems, and a 300 A 28 volt direct current generator for the electrical system. The fuel capacity is 985 liters, which ensures a combined operating time of approximately 48 hours.

The chassis and the track were taken directly from the Leopard 1. It has torsion bar spring-mounted roadwheels with seven roadwheel pairs per side. They are connected to the torsion bars on swing arms, whose deflection is limited by volute springs. Drive is through the drive sprockets located at the rear.

The rubber-mounted shocks were modified to achieve better stability during firing. The track is manufactured by the company Diehl, rubber track pads fitted, and is "live" track with rubber bushings between the track links and pins (type: D 640 A). Grouser/icecleats can replace the rubber pads on some track links to increase traction on slippery surfaces.

The hull only had slight modifications, i.e. a modified roadwheel distance (8 cm increased distance between the third and fourth roadwheel) and the transfer of additional batteries in battery boxes at the rear. The batteries and the electrical system operate at 24 volts DC.

Radar and laser

The commander (left) and gunner's (right) positions in a Dutch Cheetah PRTL. Each crewmember has their own optical periscope and share a single, centre-mounted display for the surveillance radar. Dutch PRTL Cheetah SPAAG Radar Operator Position.jpg
The commander (left) and gunner's (right) positions in a Dutch Cheetah PRTL. Each crewmember has their own optical periscope and share a single, centre-mounted display for the surveillance radar.

Vehicles delivered to the German Bundeswehr and Belgium were equipped with a Siemens MPDR 12 S-band search radar installed on a swing arm (lowered behind the turret for transit) on the rear of the turret, which provides a 15 km hemispherical detection range and has an integrated MSR 400 Mk XII interrogator for automated target discrimination. The Ku band tracking radar also developed by Siemens-Albis has a 15 km range and is mounted at the front of the turret, between the guns; its dome-covered antenna is mounted on a powered base which can traverse in a 180° arc. Additionally, the Gepard has a back-up optical sighting system for passive target acquisition and engagement, consisting of two stabilized, panoramic periscopes for both gunner and commander, with a variable magnification (1.5× and a field of view of 50° and 6× magnification with a narrow, 12.5° FOV). These periscopes can be mechanically engaged by the tracking radar and automatically aimed at the target for preliminary identification. A laser rangefinder was provided on vehicles upgraded to the B2L standard, and installed atop the antenna housing for the tracking radar.

Guns

A closeup of the gun muzzle and the projectile velocity sensor Gepard 1a2 v0-mess.jpg
A closeup of the gun muzzle and the projectile velocity sensor
Technicians reload the Gepard with linked 35 mm ammunition. Het vullen van het munitiemagazijn van de Pantserrups Tegen Luchtdoelen (PRTL) met 35 mm brisantgranaten 2053-011-035.jpg
Technicians reload the Gepard with linked 35 mm ammunition.

The Gepard utilizes two Oerlikon GDF, 90 calibres (3.15 m (10 ft 4 in)) long, [7] with a muzzle velocity of 1,440 m/s (4,700 ft/s) (FAPDS (Frangible Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot) rounds), giving an effective range of 5.5 km (3.4 mi). The ammunition is 35×228mm calibre [7] (STANAG 4516).

The KDA autocannon has a dual belt feed for two different ammunition types; the usual loading per gun is 320 AA rounds fed from inside the turret and 20 AP rounds fed from a small outlying storage. The 40 armour-piercing rounds are normally fired singly with the guns alternating; they are also intended for self defence against light armoured ground targets.

Each gun has a firing rate of 550 rounds/min. The combined rate of fire is 1,100 rounds/min, which – in unlimited mode – gives a continuous fire time of 35 seconds before running out of ammunition (with 640 AA rounds for both guns). It is standard to fire bursts against air targets, 24 rounds per gun for a total of 48 in limited mode and 48 rounds per gun for a total of 96 in normal mode.[ citation needed ] The Ukrainian air defence have found that the guns "take an hour-and-a-half to reload", thus limiting their effectiveness. [9]

The guns can be elevated to almost a 90-degree vertical angle. [7]

Variants

There are two variants of Gepard in service; the Dutch variant has a different radar installation.

Flag of Germany.svg  Germany

Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands

Operational history

Invasion of Ukraine

A Gepard in operation during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, 25 October 2022 UA Gepard SPAAG 01.jpg
A Gepard in operation during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, 25 October 2022

The Gepard has been deployed by Ukraine in its defense against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. [10] On 26 April 2022, the German government authorized Krauss-Maffei Wegmann to transfer around 50 refurbished Gepards to Ukraine, including in advance those vehicles that were sold to Brazil and Qatar as a security measure during mass sports events. [11]

The first three Gepards arrived in Ukraine on 25 July 2022 [12] [5] and by the end of September thirty Gepards and 6,000 rounds had been delivered by Germany. [13] [14] On 2 December 2022, Germany recovered seven additional Gepard units from the scrapyard which they planned to refurbish and ship by spring [14] but only 4 of them arrived to Ukraine as of 11 July 2023. [15] In May 2023, 15 Gepards sold to Qatar in 2020 were purchased back by Germany for more than double the purchase price. [16] [17]

All 52 Gepards pledged by Germany were delivered to Ukraine by 22 December 2023. [18] An additional 15 Gepards with 259,680 rounds of ammunition were pledged by Germany on 17 January 2024. [19]

According to a Ukrainian defense attache in the United States the Gepard has been used to "great effect" against the "relatively crude" loitering munition believed to be Iranian-made Shahed-136. [20] The Conflict Intelligence Team considers it likely that a Gepard destroyed a Russian Kh-101 cruise missile as it was targeting a Kyiv power plant on 18 October 2022. [21] One unit is credited with destroying more than ten Shahed-136 drones and two cruise missiles. [22] A system such as the Gepard is more effective and hence more cost-effective than more advanced and expensive air defence systems such NASAMS or IRIS-T missiles, while being less politically sensitive as they only have a limited effective range. [14] The London-based think tank, the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) wrote: "In general, gun systems are preferred over missiles where possible due to the much lower cost per engagement and higher availability of ammunition compared with SAMs and MANPADS". [23] Ukraine allegedly suffered its first Gepard loss in April 2023 to a Lancet loitering munition, [24] although the full video shows the Gepard relatively intact after the impact. A retired Gepard operator of the 10th Panzer Division from Germany confirmed with his source in Ukraine that the Gepard still functioned after the hit. [25]

Delivery of ammuniton

Obtaining ammunition was initially difficult as Switzerland – owing to its neutrality – forbade Germany and Denmark to transfer their stocks of Swiss-made rounds, [26] and refused to supply its own surplus, [26] forcing Germany to rely on other sources for ammunition. [14]

A July 2022 delivery of ammunition manufactured in Norway was delayed as tests showed that they could not be fired by the Gepard. [27] This issue was resolved by August and about 50,000 Norwegian-made rounds had been received by the end of September, according to Ukraine's Armed Forces. [28] Photos from the German tabloid Bild of the Gepard with a Ukrainian crew include high-explosive incendiary (HEI) rounds (where the projectile is yellow with a red band) made by e.g. Norwegian Nammo. [29] [30]

In December 2022, Rheinmetall committed to a new factory in Germany to sidestep the Swiss re-export ban. [31] A deal to start production was signed in February 2023 [32] and the first shipment of new ammunition was delivered to Ukraine in September 2023. [33] Germany delivered the last 3 pledged Gepards to Ukraine by 22 December 2023 along with an additional 30,000 rounds of ammunition. [34]

Operators

A map of Flakpanzer Gepard operators in blue with former operators in red Flakpanzer Gepard operators.png
A map of Flakpanzer Gepard operators in blue with former operators in red
CountryTypeQuantityOriginImageNotes
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 1A2 S Band36 [7] Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Cavalaria (28700773533).jpg 36 delivered from surplus Bundeswehr stock. [35]
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania B2 S Band [36] 36Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Romanian Gepard 2021.jpg 43 Gepards were delivered in total: 36 units + 7 for spare parts, [7] all ex-Bundeswehr stocks. [37] In 2023, Romania had 41 (likely 36+5) Gepards. [38]
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 1A2 S Band52 + 15 to be deliveredFlag of Germany.svg  Germany The first three Gepards arrived in Ukraine on 25 July 2022. [39] 52 Gepards pledged by Germany were delivered as of December 22, 2023. [18]

An additional 15 Gepards with 259,680 rounds of ammunition were pledged by Germany on 17 January 2024. [19]

PRTL X Band30 + 30 to be deliveredFlag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 		Royal Netherlands Army KL PRTL Cheetah Self-propelled Anti-aircraft Gun (SPAAG).jpg Acquired from Jordan by the USA. 30 to be delivered to Ukraine before the end of 2023, the remaining 30 to be delivered by end of May 2024. [40]

Former operators

Comparable systems

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References

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  40. 1 2 ""Dit is het perfecte wapen tegen drones"" [This is the perfect weapon against drones] (in Dutch). De Telegraaf. 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  41. ↑ Goossens, Kasper (5 January 2023). "Zelfmoorddrones neerschieten kost Oekraïne handen vol geld. België kan die kostprijs helpen drukken, maar weigert voorlopig". Business AM (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  42. ↑ "Chile devolve os Gepard". Segurança e defesa (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  43. ↑ "Lagern hier Gepard-Panzer für die Ukraine? Jürgen Todenhöfer kündigt Proteste an" (in German). Berliner Zeitung. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  44. 1 2 "Jordanië koopt overtollige tanks" [Jordan buys surplus tanks]. Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (in Dutch). 2013-02-12. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  45. ↑ "U.S. Department of defense Contracts For May 31, 2023". 31 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  46. ↑ "MAYHEM In Kyiv! US 'Speeds-Up' Deployment Of Gepard Anti-Drone Systems To Counter Russian UAVs". Eurasian Times. 2 June 2023.
  47. ↑ ""Was die russischen Streitkräfte vorbereitet haben, wirkt sehr professionell"" (in German). Die Welt. 27 June 2023.
  48. ↑ ""US purchases 60 Gepard anti-aircraft guns from Jordan to send to Ukraine"". Kyiv Independent. 13 November 2023.
  49. ↑ "Germany approves Leopard 1 delivery to Ukraine, in talks with Qatar over Gepards". Reuters. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  50. ↑ "Neue Waffenlieferungen für die Ukrain: Das "Gepard"-Rätsel" (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung. 18 May 2023.
  51. ↑ "Deutschland hat offenbar Flakpanzer Gepard aus Katar zurückgekauft" (in German). Handelsblatt. 20 July 2023.
  52. ↑ "Gepardy z Kataru wkrótce na Ukrainie" (in Polish). Defence24. 27 July 2023.
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