M47 Patton

Last updated

M47 Patton
M47.jpg
M47 Patton on display at the 1st Cavalry Division Museum at Fort Cavazos, Killeen, Texas
Type Medium tank [1] : 35 
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service1951–early 1960s (US)
Used bySee Operators below
Wars
Production history
Manufacturer
Developed from M46 Patton
Developed into M48 Patton
Produced1951–1954
No. built8,576
Specifications
Mass48.6 short tons (44.1 t) combat ready [2] : 119 
Length27 ft 11 in (8.51 m)
Width11 ft 6.25 in (3.51 m)
Height11 ft (3.35 m)
Crew
  • Five
    • Commander
    • Gunner
    • Loader
    • Driver
    • Assistant Driver
Armor
  • Upper Glacis
    • 4 in (100 mm) at 60°
    • 8 in (200 mm) LoS
  • Turret Front
    • 4 in (100 mm) at 40°
    • 5.22 in (133 mm) LoS [1] : 425 
Main
armament
Secondary
armament
Engine Continental AV-1790-5B V12, air-cooled, gasoline engine
810  hp (600 kW)
Power/weight17.6 hp (13.1 kW)/tonne
Transmission
  • Allison CD-850-4
    • 2 forward ranges
    • 1 reverse
Suspension Torsion bar suspension
Fuel capacity233 US gal (880 L; 194 imp gal) [2] : 119 
Operational
range
100 mi (160 km) [2] : 119 
Maximum speed 30 mph (48 km/h) [2] : 119 

The M47 Patton was an American medium tank, a development of the M46 Patton mounting an updated turret, and was in turn further developed as the M48 Patton. It was the second American tank to be named after General George S. Patton, commander of the U.S. Third Army during World War II and one of the earliest American advocates of tanks in battle.

Contents

The M47 was the U.S. Army's and Marine Corps' primary tank, intended to replace the M26 Pershing and M46 Patton medium tanks. [note 1] The M47 was widely used by U.S. Cold War allies, both SEATO and NATO countries, and was the only Patton series tank that never saw combat while in US service.

Although the later M48s and M60s were similar in appearance, those were completely new tank designs. Many different M47 Patton models remain in service internationally. The M47 was the last US tank to have a bow-mounted machine gun in the hull.

Design

Although a new power plant corrected the mobility and reliability problems of the M26 Pershing, the subsequently renamed M46 was considered a stopgap solution that would be replaced later by the T42 medium tank. However, after fighting erupted in Korea, the Army decided that it needed the new tank earlier than planned. It was deemed that there was not enough time to finish the development of the T42. The final decision was to produce another interim solution, with the turret of the T42 mounted on the existing M46 hull. Although this interim tank was itself technically immature, Army officials felt the improvements over the M46 in firepower and armor were worth the risk. [3] The composite tank, developed by the Detroit Arsenal, was named the M47 Patton.

In December 1950 the Army awarded a $100 million contract to the American Locomotive Company for the production of 500 tanks. [4] It entered production in 1951. Its main gun was the M36 (T119E1) 90 mm gun with an M12 optical rangefinder fitted, which was developed as a more powerful version of the earlier 90 mm guns and were backwards-compatible with their ammunition (but not vice versa, the new cartridge case does not chamber in the weaker guns). The secondary armament consisted of two .30 cal Browning machine guns, one in the bow and one coaxial with the 90mm main gun in the turret, and a .50 caliber Browning M2 on a pintle mount on the turret roof. The M47 was the last American-designed tank to include a bow machine gun. The T42 turret had a larger turret ring than the M26/M46 turret, and featured a needle-nose design, which improved armor protection of the turret front, an elongated turret bustle and storage bin which protruded halfway across the engine deck, and sloped sides to further improve ballistic protection; this gave the turret a decidedly lozenge-shaped profile. It also featured the M12 stereoscopic rangefinder, which was designed to improve first-round hit probability but proved difficult to use; the rangefinder protruded from both sides of the upper turret front, which would be a feature of American tanks until the advent of the M1 Abrams in 1980. [5] : 41–45 

Production at American Locomotive began in July 1951. [6] Logistical and technical issues plagued production almost from the start.

Truman administration policy sought to strengthen American arms makers' resilience to aerial attack by encouraging more decentralized weapons production – away from Detroit. The U.S. curtailed civilian automotive production to boost military production with the onset of the Korean War. As a result, Detroit's newly unemployed automotive workers found little work, while tank manufacturers outside Michigan lacked skilled workers. Truman's policy also counted on civilian factories being able to quickly transition to war-time production. However, many factories lacked needed tank production machinery, done away with during World War II demobilization. [7]

A faulty Ordnance Corps-designed hydraulic turret-control mechanism, shared by the M41 Walker Bulldog, kept the tanks from Korea while engineers worked on a fix. [7] Engineers improved production quality controls of the hydraulics by April 1952, and set about correcting M47s sidelined in storage. By then Army officials had scrapped plans to send the tanks to Korea, in favor of providing them to troops stationed in Europe and at home. [8]

The first M47s were not fielded to the 1st and 2nd Armored Divisions until summer 1952. Standardized in May 1952, the M47 Patton's production ran until November 1953; Detroit built 5,481 tanks, and American Locomotive Company (Alco) produced 3,095, for a total production run of 8,576 M47 Pattons. [5] : 41 

Deployment

West German M47 in 1960 West German Bundeswehr 1960.jpg
West German M47 in 1960
M47 Patton outside of the California National Guard Armory in San Diego, California, USA. M47 Patton San Diego.jpg
M47 Patton outside of the California National Guard Armory in San Diego, California, USA.
M47 Patton tank at Fort Meade, Maryland M47 Patton Fort Meade.jpg
M47 Patton tank at Fort Meade, Maryland

After the U.S. Army in Germany was equipped with the M47, the first M47s delivered under the Mutual Security Agency program were delivered to Portugal in 1952. In October the agency announced that NATO member nations had agreed to adopt the British Centurion main battle tank and the M47 as standard. [9] By October the at Camp Drum in July, the New Jersey Army National Guard was the first reserve force to train with the tank. [10]

The Marine Corps also fielded M47s starting in late 1952; after the Korean War, all seven Marine tank battalions, three divisional, two reserve training, and two force level, each fielded M47s. But these were soon replaced with M48A1 Pattons and M103 heavy tanks, with the last M47s being retired in 1959. [11]

American Locomotive production was halted in October when the company's ordnance and locomotive divisions went on strike. Production resumed in February when union leaders agreed to a pay raise. [12] In December 1952 the Defense Department ordered cutbacks to M47 and M48 tank production. [13] In November 1953 American Locomotive halted production of the M47 after operators found drive gear defects in Europe. [14] Army officials quickly acknowledged the issue arose from their own expedient decision to use lower grades of steel to circumvent wartime shortages. [15] Chrysler laid off about 1000 workers at Detroit Tank Arsenal when it wrapped up production in November. [16] American Locomotive resumed production in November. [17] The company closed its tank division in June 1954. [18]

With the arrival of the improved M48 Patton in 1953, the M47 was declared "limited standard" in 1955, and examples in tank units were replaced with the M48 series before long. [5] : 47  After being declared obsolete in 1957, M46s and M47s were retained in active duty infantry division battlegroup assault gun platoons (four tanks each, one platoon per battlegroup, for a total of 20 tanks per division) until replaced with the light truck-mounted SS-10 anti-tank guided missile in the early 1960s. [19] M47s were used by the Reserves for a relatively short time, soon being replaced by early production M48 Patton series tanks; thus, most of the M47s were exported in the late 1950s. [5] : 47  [20] : 6, 12–38, 44–45 

Out of the 8,576 M47s built, 8,552 (99.7 percent) were transferred to other countries through the Major Defense Acquisition Program (MDAP) during the 1950s, forming the backbone of the NATO tank force for nearly 15 years. [21]

Yugoslavia M47 Patton - Pivka Srednji tank M47 Patton.JPG
Yugoslavia M47 Patton - Pivka

The M47 was widely used by many countries, especially NATO and SEATO allies, including Austria (147), Belgium (784), Ethiopia (30), France (856), Greece (396), Portugal (161), [22] from USA and West Germany), Iran (around 400), Italy (2,480), Japan (1 for evaluation only), Jordan (49), Pakistan (100), Portugal (161), Saudi Arabia (23 from the US, 108 on the international market), Somalia (25 from Saudi Arabia), South Korea (531), Sudan (17 from Saudi Arabia), Spain (389), Switzerland (2 for evaluation), Turkey (1,347 from the US and West Germany), West Germany (1,120), and Yugoslavia (319). [20] Like the US Army of the time, the West German Bundeswehr also used the M47 in a tank destroyer role until replacing them with the Kanonenjagdpanzer in 1966. [23]

U.S. Army M47s remaining in storage were expended as targets. [24]

Combat service

A destroyed M47 Patton in Somaliland, left behind wrecked from the Somaliland War of Independence Ruined tank in Hargeisa, Somaliland.jpg
A destroyed M47 Patton in Somaliland, left behind wrecked from the Somaliland War of Independence

Variants

Spanish M47E1. Note the engine deck similar to those on M60A1 Museo de Unidades Acorazadas de El Goloso (8615996063).jpg
Spanish M47E1. Note the engine deck similar to those on M60A1
M47E2 at Yad La-Shiryon M47E2-Patton-latrun-1.jpg
M47E2 at Yad La-Shiryon
Sabalan Sabalan tank during Iranian Army Ground Forces new equipment ceremony 2014 (2).jpg
Sabalan
Italian M47 with 105 mm gun M47105 1.jpg
Italian M47 with 105 mm gun
M47 [29] [1] : 425 M47M [1] : 426 
Crew54
Length (gun forward)335.0 in (8.5 m)338.8 in (8.6 m)
Width138.25 in (3.5 m)133.5 in (3.4 m)
Height (over MG)132.0 in (3.4 m)133.8 in (3.4 m)
Ground clearance18.5 in (47.0 cm)
Top speed30 mph (48 km/h)35 mph (56 km/h)
Fording48 in (1.2 m)
Max. grade60%
Max. trench8.5 ft (2.6 m)
Max. wall36 in (0.9 m)
Range80 mi (130 km)370 mi (600 km)
Power810 hp (600 kW) at 2800 rpm750 hp (560 kW) at 2400 rpm
Power-to-weight ratio16.7 hp/ST (13.7 kW/t)14.5 hp/ST (11.9 kW/t)
Torque1,610 lb⋅ft (2,180 N⋅m) at 2200 rpm1,710 lb⋅ft (2,320 N⋅m) at 1800 rpm
Weight, combat loaded101,775 lb (46,160 kg)103,200 lb (46,810 kg)
Ground pressure13.3 psi (92 kPa)14.5 psi (100 kPa)
Main armament90 mm M36
Elevation, main gun+19° −10°
Traverse rate15 seconds/360°
Elevation rate4°/second
Main gun ammo71 rounds79 rounds
Firing rate8 rounds/minute

Additional equipment

Operators

Current operators

Former operators

M47 Patton II in museum in Dresden, Germany M47 Patton II - Dresden.jpg
M47 Patton II in museum in Dresden, Germany
Line drawing of the M47 M47dwg.jpg
Line drawing of the M47

Evaluation only operators

Civilian operators

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ although the Ordnance Committee Minutes/OCM #33476 ceased utilizing the heavy, medium, and light tank designations on 7 November 1950; going to the "...Gun Tank designation")

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References

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  11. ↑ George F. Hofmann and Donn A. Starry "Camp Colt to Desert Storm: The History of U.S. Armored Forces" ISBN   0-8131-2130-2 p. 281.
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  14. ↑ "Faults Halt Work on Army M-47 Tank". The New York Times. Associated Press. 21 November 1953. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  15. ↑ "Tank Gear Failure Explained By Army". The New York Times. 23 November 1953. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  16. ↑ "Chrysler To Drop 1000; Slash Due This Month As Army Tank Contract Ends". The New York Times. 3 November 1953. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  17. ↑ "Tank Output To Resume; Mechanical Trouble Had Halted Production at Schenectady". The New York Times. Universal Press. 26 November 1953. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  18. ↑ "Production Scope Widened by ALCO". The New York Times. 28 December 1954. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  19. ↑ Field Manual FM 7-21. Headquarters and Headquarters Company Infantry Division Battle Group. Department of the Army. 8 August 1957. pp. 185, 205.
  20. 1 2 Zaloga, Steven J. (1 July 1999). The M47 and M48 Patton Tanks (New Vanguard). New Vanguard (Book 31). Illustrated by Jim Laurier (1st ed.). Osprey Publishing. ISBN   978-1-85532-825-9. OCLC   43633333. OL   8993099M.
  21. 1 2 Zaloga 2024, p. 61.
  22. ↑ Ιστορία Ιππικού Τεθωρακισμένων[History of Cavalry and Tank Corps]. Athens: Hellenic Army General Staff / Training Directorate. 1995. pp. A9 –A13, 58. ...beginning in 1992 the Greek army scrapped 391 M47 as part of the CFE agreement
  23. ↑ Blume, Peter (2007). Tank Destroyers Gun/Missile of the Modern German Army (in German). Tankograd Publishing. p. 57.
  24. ↑ Eckles 1984, p. 8.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Zaloga 2024, p. 148.
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  33. ↑ Nadimi, Farzin (27 March 2017). "Iran May Be Renewing Its Interest in Armored Warfare". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy . Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  34. ↑ "Iran unveils new main battle tank made from US and Chinese designs from the 1960s". Business Insider .
  35. ↑ "M47 Patton in Italian Service". 23 August 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Foss 1994, p. 140.
  37. ↑ IISS 2024, pp. 352−353.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Foss 1979, p. 89.
  39. ↑ McCalister, Lucy (27 June 2024). "The History of the M47". The Tank Museum. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  40. ↑ "Arms Transfers Database: Transfer data; Yugoslavia to Ethiopia, delivered 1977". SIPRI Arms Transfers Database (Searchable database). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Recipient ETH, weapon category Armoured vehicles, designation contains M-4. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  41. ↑ Bradsher 1977, p. 11.
  42. ↑ Hogg 1991, p. 38.
  43. ↑ "Arms Transfers Database: Transfer data; USA to Jordan, ordered 1964". SIPRI Arms Transfers Database (Searchable database). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  44. ↑ "Arms Transfers Database: Transfer data; Iraq to Jordan, ordered 1988". SIPRI Arms Transfers Database (Searchable database). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 17 June 2024. Second-hand (captured by Iraq from Iran and given to Jordan); incl some M-48A5 tanks
  45. ↑ カマド「社長の小部屋」web版,2010-08「中田商店コレクション」(k-m-d Co., Ltd.owner's blog|2010-08|"Nakata-shouten's Collection")accessdate:2021-08-25
  46. ↑ Matt McDaniel (5 January 2013). "Arnold Schwarzenegger takes his own personal tank out for a spin" . Retrieved 3 March 2015.

Bibliography

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