Fort Pierce (also spelled Peirce[lower-alpha 1] or Pearce and also known as Peirce's Mill or Pierce's Stockade), was two separate stockade forts built in 1813 in present-day Baldwin County, Alabama (then Mississippi Territory), during the Creek War, which was part of the larger War of 1812. The fort was originally built by settlers in the Mississippi Territory to protect themselves from attacks by Creek warriors.[2] A new fort of the same name was then built by the United States military in preparation for further action in the War of 1812, but the fort was essentially abandoned within a few years. Nothing exists at the site today.
The War of 1812 was fought between the United States (along with various allied Native American tribes), and the United Kingdom, Spain (eventually involved), and various Native American tribes. Although the war initially took place in the northeastern part of the United States and southeastern Canada, conflicts soon reached into the southeastern United States and Spanish West Florida.[3]
The Creek War began in 1813 as a regional conflict of the War of 1812. The war initially pitted two rival factions of the Creek tribe against each other: the Red Sticks, who opposed a centralized Creek national government and opposed encroachment of American settlers, versus the White Sticks, who supported a centralized Creek national government and were accepting of European culture (such as subsistence farming). After the Shawnee warrior Tecumseh visited the Creeks in 1811, the Red Sticks embraced the call to oppose American settlers and their culture. The United States entered the Creek War in hopes of preventing the Red Sticks from becoming allied with the United Kingdom. The American military was supported by local militias and allied Native Americans (including White Sticks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws), while the Red Sticks were supplied by the United Kingdom and Spain.[4] In retaliation for American involvement, Red Sticks began attacking American settlers. In response, many of the settlers sought refuge in stockades. These stockades were often built around a settler's home and named for the settler who owned the surrounding land or home.[5] The Treaty of Fort Jackson essentially brought the Creek War to a close, but various skirmishes and conflicts between Red Sticks and settlers continued, culminating in the Battle of Pensacola.[4]
Construction
In the early 1800s, John and William Peirce moved to the area of modern-day Tensaw from New England. William operated one of the first cotton gins in the area, and John founded one of the first recorded schools in what is now Alabama.[6] In 1813, the Peirce brothers constructed a protective stockade around their grist mill and sawmill on Pine Log Creek in response to news of Red Stick attacks on American settlers. This stockade was located about two miles southeast of Fort Mims, which was the protective stockade constructed around the home of Samuel Mims.[2][7] After the Battle of Burnt Corn Creek, General Ferdinand Claiborne feared the Red Sticks would begin retaliatory attacks on settlers in the area north of Mobile. Claiborne sent soldiers from the Mount Vernon Cantonment to supplement the militias in Fort Glass, Fort Mims, Fort Easley, and eventually, Fort Pierce.[8][9] By August 1813, the fort was garrisoned by settlers from the surrounding region and was additionally strengthened by Mississippi Territory Volunteers from the area of Natchez under the command of Lieutenant Andrew Montgomery. In addition to the militia and volunteers, local settlers, slaves, and allied Creeks took refuge in Fort Pierce, bringing the total occupants of the fort to around 200 persons.[6]
Military use
Map of Alabama during the War of 1812. Fort Pierce is located in the bottom left.
After the Battle of Burnt Corn Creek, Red Sticks planned to attack Fort Mims, as some métis who assisted in the American attack had taken refuge inside.[10] The Red Sticks initially planned a simultaneous attack on Fort Pierce along with their attack on Fort Mims.[11] While planning the attacks on Fort Mims and Pierce, William Weatherford was provided information from runaway slaves from Fort Pierce about the Tensaw River forts and their defenses.[12] While en route to Fort Mims, the Red Stick war party was seen by a number of American settlers and slaves. Most of these reported sightings were by occupants of Fort Pierce, which caused the military leadership of Fort Mims to feel that these sightings were falsely reported to ensure Fort Pierce would be supplied with additional military support.[13] Fort Pierce was guarded by soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Montgomery, who had been sent to Fort Pierce from the main body of troops under the command of Major Daniel Beasley at Fort Mims.[14]
On August 30, 1813, an estimated 750 Red Stick warriors attacked Fort Mims in what became known as the Fort Mims massacre. On the morning of the attack, Beasley had received word that Fort Pierce was in imminent danger from Red Stick warriors. Beasley planned to dispatch eight to ten mounted men under Captain Hatton Middleton to determine the strength of the reported Red Stick force. It was falsely assumed Fort Pierce would be attacked prior to Fort Mims because Fort Pierce had lighter defenses.[15] Instead, Fort Mims was attacked by the full force of Red Stick warriors and over 200 settlers, allied Creeks, and soldiers were killed.[16] During the attack, Captain Dixon Bailey attempted to escape and obtain reinforcements from Fort Pierce, but he was prevented from doing so by other settlers in Fort Mims.[17] The attack was heard as far away as Fort Pierce, where Lieutenant Montgomery reported that "the firing and yells of the Indians were distinctly heard at this post until after four o'clock in the afternoon when the firing ceased. It was impossible to render them any assistance from my small force."[10] After their losses in the attack on Fort Mims, the Red Sticks abandoned their plan to attack Fort Pierce.[16]
A few hours after the attack on Fort Mims, four men from Fort Pierce traveled to Fort Mims to observe the aftermath of the massacre.[6] Montgomery then planned to abandon Fort Pierce and flee towards Mobile due to the perceived threat of another Red Stick attack. Montgomery initially decided to take the 40 men and 164 women and children to Mobile via the Alabama River, but remaining Red Stick warriors in the area prevented this route. Fort Pierce's occupants left its protective walls on August 30 and traveled by land to Mobile, arriving three days later.[18] After Fort Pierce was abandoned Red Stick warriors burned the entire structure.[6]
On October 8, 1813, a detachment of the 7th Infantry Regiment from Fort Stoddert under the command of Captain Uriah Blue arrived at the former site of Fort Pierce.[19] The soldiers built a new fort on a hill near Pine Log Creek and named it Fort Pierce, even though it was not in the exact location as the previous Fort Pierce.[20] Blue was commanded to search the surrounding area for any remaining Red Sticks, but erroneously reported there were none left.[21] On November 10, Blue was commanded by General Thomas Flournoy to withdraw from Fort Pierce and rejoin his regiment (which was being moved to New Orleans), leaving Fort Pierce abandoned.[20][21]
One month later, Lieutenant-Colonel George Henry Nixon requested a transfer to Fort Pierce and was granted his request by General Claiborne.[20][22] Prior to commanding Fort Pierce, Nixon was in command of the Mount Vernon Cantonment.[23] While stationed at Fort Pierce, Nixon commanded soldiers who scoured the area of the Perdido River for Red Sticks.[22] After the Battle of Holy Ground on December 23, a group of mounted militia riflemen were sent to Fort Pierce to join their regiment who was already garrisoned there.[19] By January 1814, Nixon wrote to David Holmes, the governor of Mississippi Territory, requesting a surgeon's mate for Fort Pierce. Nixon also requested power to court-martial mutinous soldiers at the fort.[24] After serving at Fort Pierce, Nixon was transferred to Fort Claiborne.[22]
The soldiers in Fort Pierce continued to have sporadic engagements with Red Stick warriors throughout 1814. In a May 1814 letter, Brigadier General Joseph Graham wrote to Benjamin Hawkins that Red Sticks were still approaching (and being fired upon from), Fort Pierce.[25] In June 1814, settlers from Fort Pierce came upon a house one mile from the fort and killed three Red Stick warriors. After this encounter, settlers in the area feared retaliatory Red Stick attacks.[26]
In October 1814, General Andrew Jackson made Fort Pierce his headquarters prior to the Battle of Pensacola.[27] After the Battle of Pensacola, Jackson again made Fort Pierce his headquarters and ordered troops from Fort Montgomery, East Tennessee militia, Mississippi Territory volunteers, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and friendly Creeks (accompanied by Samuel Moniac, father of David Moniac), to search the area around the Escambia River for any remaining Red Sticks.[28]
In addition to United States Army soldiers, the 1st and 2nd Regiment West Tennessee Militia were stationed at Fort Pierce at various times.[29]
Postwar
The site of Fort Pierce has not undergone formal archaeological investigation.[30] The fort site is located within a private hunting camp.[31]
Notes
↑ "Peirce" is the proper spelling of the surname of the original builders of the fort. Most contemporary sources used the spelling of "Pierce."[1]
Related Research Articles
The Creek War, was a regional conflict between opposing Native American factions, European powers, and the United States during the early 19th century. The Creek War began as a conflict within the tribes of the Muscogee, but the United States quickly became involved. British traders and Spanish colonial officials in Florida supplied the Red Sticks with weapons and equipment due to their shared interest in preventing the expansion of the United States into regions under their control.
Red Sticks —the name deriving from the red-painted war clubs of some Native American Creek—refers to an early 19th century traditionalist faction of Muscogee Creek people in the Southeastern United States. Made up mostly of Creek of the Upper Towns that supported traditional leadership and culture, as well as the preservation of communal land for cultivation and hunting, the Red Sticks arose at a time of increasing pressure on Creek territory by European American settlers. Creek of the Lower Towns were closer to the settlers, had more mixed-race families, and had already been forced to make land cessions to the Americans. In this context, the Red Sticks led a resistance movement against European American encroachment and assimilation, tensions that culminated in the outbreak of the Creek War in 1813. Initially a civil war among the Creek, the conflict drew in United States state forces while the nation was already engaged in the War of 1812 against the British.
The Fort Mims massacre took place on August 30, 1813, during the Creek War, when a force of Creek Indians belonging to the Red Sticks faction, under the command of head warriors Peter McQueen and William Weatherford, stormed the fort and defeated the militia garrison. Afterward, a massacre ensued and almost all of the remaining mixed Creek, white settlers, and militia at Fort Mims were killed. The fort was a stockade with a blockhouse surrounding the house and outbuildings of the settler Samuel Mims, located about 35 miles directly north of present-day Mobile, Alabama.
Fort Sinquefield is the historic site of a wooden stockade fortification in Clarke County, Alabama, near the modern town of Grove Hill. It was built by early Clarke County pioneers as protection during the Creek War and was attacked in 1813 by Creek warriors.
Fort Claiborne was a stockade fort built in 1813 in present-day Monroe County, Alabama during the Creek War.
Ferdinand Leigh Claiborne was an American military officer most notable for his command of the militia of the Mississippi Territory during the Creek War and the War of 1812.
Fort Bainbridge was an earthen fort located along the Federal Road on what is today the county line between Macon and Russell counties in Alabama. Fort Bainbridge was located twenty-five miles west of Fort Mitchell.
Fort Armstrong was a stockade fort built in present-day Cherokee County, Alabama during the Creek War. The fort was built to protect the surrounding area from attacks by Red Stick warriors but was also used as a staging area and supply depot in preparation for further military action against the Red Sticks.
Fort Carney was a stockade fort built in 1813 in present-day Clarke County, Alabama during the Creek War.
Fort Dale was a stockade fort built in present-day Butler County, Alabama by Alabama Territory settlers. The fort was constructed in response to Creek Indian attacks on settlers in the surrounding area.
Fort Easley was a stockade fort built in 1813 in present-day Clarke County, Alabama during the Creek War.
Fort Glass was a stockade fort built in July 1813 in present-day Clarke County, Alabama during the Creek War.
Fort Hull was an earthen fort built in present-day Macon County, Alabama in 1814 during the Creek War. After the start of hostilities, the United States decided to mount an attack on Creek territory from three directions. The column advancing west from Georgia built Fort Mitchell and then clashed with the Creeks. After a pause in operations, the column from Georgia continued its march and built Fort Hull. The fort was used as a supply point and was soon abandoned after the end of the Creek War.
Fort Leslie was a stockade fort built in present-day Talladega County, Alabama, in 1813 during the Creek War. After the Creek War began, protective stockades were built by settlers and Creeks who were allied with the United States to protect themselves from hostile Creek attacks. Fort Leslie was the focal point of the Battle of Talladega but was soon abandoned after the end of the Creek War.
Sophia Durant was a Koasati Native American plantation owner, who served as the speaker, interpreter, and translator for her brother, Alexander McGillivray, a leader in the Muscogee Confederacy.
Fort Madison was a stockade fort built in August 1813 in present-day Clarke County, Alabama, during the Creek War, which was part of the larger War of 1812. The fort was built by the United States military in response to attacks by Creek warriors on encroaching American settlers. The fort shared many similarities to surrounding stockade forts in its construction but possessed a number of differences in its defenses. The fort housed members of the United States Army and settlers from the surrounding area, and it was used as a staging area for raids on Creek forces and supply point on further military expeditions. Fort Madison was subsequently abandoned at the conclusion of the Creek War and only a historical marker exists at the site today.
Fort Montgomery was a stockade fort built in August 1814 in present-day Baldwin County, Alabama, during the Creek War, which was part of the larger War of 1812. The fort was built by the United States military in response to attacks by Creek warriors on encroaching American settlers and in preparation for further military action in the War of 1812. Fort Montgomery continued to be used for military purposes but in less than a decade was abandoned. Nothing exists at the site today.
Fort White, also known as White's Fort, was a stockade fort built in 1813 in present-day Clarke County, Alabama during the Creek War. The fort was located northeast of present-day Grove Hill. The fort was possibly named due to the fact that it offered protection to local white settlers. Other sources state it was named for a local settler. Fort White offered protection to the residents of the community that would eventually become Grove Hill from possible Red Stick attacks. Fort White was likely abandoned after the Fort Mims massacre.
↑ Graham, Joseph, Brig Gen (May 17, 1814). "Continued Red Stick attacks". Letter to Benjamin Hawkins. Alabama Headquarters. Retrieved May 6, 2023.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Parker, James W. (2012b). "Appendix 2: Known and Potential Archaeological Sites in Alabama". In Braund, Kathryn E. Holland (ed.). Tohopeka: Rethinking the Creek War & the War of 1812. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN978-0-8173-5711-5.
Pickett, Albert James (1878). History of Alabama, and Incidentally of Georgia and Mississippi, from the Earliest Period. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: Willo Publishing Company. ISBN978-1-363-31084-5.
Stowe, Noel R.; Hoyt, Marvin (1975). Olsen, Susan C. (ed.). Archeological Investigation at Fort Mims(PDF) (Technical report). Washington, D. C.: National Park Service. 4. Archeological Completion Report Series
Waselkov, Gregory A. (2006). A Conquering Spirit: Fort Mims and the Redstick War of 1813–1814. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama. ISBN0-8173-1491-1.
Waselkov, Gregory; Christopher, Raven (2012). Archaeological Survey of the Old Federal Road in Alabama (Technical report). Montgomery, Alabama: Alabama Department of Transportation. Submitted by the Center for Archaeological Studies University of South Alabama.
Weir, Howard (2016). A Paradise of Blood: The Creek War of 1813–14. Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme. ISBN978-1-59416-270-1.
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