Genistoids

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Genistoids
Temporal range: Late Paleocene - recent [1]
Genista hirsuta Habitus DehesaBoyaldePuertollano.jpg
Genista hirsuta
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Clade: Meso-Papilionoideae
Clade: Genistoids
Wojciechowski et al. 2004 [2] [3]
Tribes [4] [5]
Synonyms
  • Genistoids sensu lato
  • Genistoid alliance sensu Polhill 1981 [10]

The Genistoids are one of the major radiations in the plant family Fabaceae. Members of this phylogenetic clade are primarily found in the Southern hemisphere. [2] [4] [5] Some genera are pollinated by birds. [4] The genistoid clade is consistently resolved as monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic analyses. [2] [4] [5] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] It is estimated to have arisen 56.4 ± 0.2 million years ago (in the Paleocene). [12] A node-based definition for the genistoids is: "the MRCA of Poecilanthe parviflora and Lupinus argenteus ." [2] One morphological synapomorphy has been tentatively identified: production of quinolizidine alkaloids. [2] [16] [17] [18] Some genera also accumulate pyrrolizidine. [4] [5] A new genus, to be segregated from Clathrotropis , has also been proposed to occupy an undetermined position within the genistoid clade. [4] [5]

Contents

Core Genistoids

The core genistoids, also known as the genistoids sensu stricto, comprise most of the tribes of the genistoids sensu lato, and are found mainly in Africa and Eurasia. [5] This subclade is also consistently resolved as monophyletic. [2] [4] [5] [6] [11] [12] [13] A node-based definition for the core genistoids is: "the MRCA of Bolusanthus speciosus and Spartium junceum ." [2]

Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships: [7] [9] [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crotalarieae</span> Tribe of legumes

Crotalarieae is a tribe of flowering plants belonging to the family Fabaceae. It includes rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), which is harvested for sale as a tisane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amorpheae</span> Tribe of legumes

The tribe Amorpheae is an early-branching clade within the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae or Papilionaceae. It is found from Mexico to Argentina. It was recently found to belong in a larger clade known informally as the dalbergioids sensu lato. This tribe is consistently resolved as monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic analyses. It is estimated to have arisen 36.9 ± 3.0 million years ago. A node-based definition for Amorpheae is: "the MRCA of Psorothamnus arborescens and Eysenhardtia orthocarpa." The tribe exhibits the following morphological synapomorphies: "epidermal glands throughout the plant body; dry, indehiscent fruits that are single-seeded; and terminal inflorescences."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brongniartieae</span> Tribe of legumes

The tribe Brongniartieae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae, primarily found in tropical regions of the Americas and in Australia The members of this tribe consistently form a monophyletic clade in molecular phylogenetic analyses. The tribe does not currently have a node-based definition, but morphological synapomorphies have been identified:

"stamens united by filaments in an adaxially open tube; anthers alternately long and basifixed, short and versatile; anther connective inconspicuous; septa present between seeds in pods; aril lateral lobe present and fitting into heel of funicle; fine red glandular processes present in axils; and pollen tricolporate with opercula and no definite endoaperture."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dalbergieae</span> Tribe of legumes

The tribe Dalbergieae is an early-branching clade within the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae. Within that subfamily, it belongs to an unranked clade called the dalbergioids. It was recently revised to include many genera formerly placed in tribes Adesmieae and Aeschynomeneae and to be included in a monophyletic group informally known as the dalbergioids sensu lato. The members of this tribe have a distinctive root nodule morphology, often referred to as an "aeschynomenoid" or "dalbergioid" nodule.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dipterygeae</span> Tribe of legumes

The tribe Dipterygeae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae. It was recently recircumscribed to include the following genera:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indigofereae</span> Tribe of legumes

The tribe Indigofereae is a subdivision of the plant family Fabaceae. It is consistently recovered as a monophyletic clade in molecular phylogenies. The Indigofereae arose 30.0 ± 3.3 million years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Podalyrieae</span> Tribe of legumes

The tribe Podalyrieae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sophoreae</span> Tribe of legumes

The tribe Sophoreae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae. Traditionally this tribe has been used as a wastebasket taxon to accommodate genera of Faboideae which exhibit actinomorphic, rather than zygomorphic floral symmetry and/or incompletely differentiated petals and free stamens. Various morphological and molecular analyses indicated that Sophoreae as traditionally circumscribed was polyphyletic. This led to a re-circumscription of Sophoreae, which resulted in the transfer of many genera to other tribes. This also necessitated the inclusion of two former tribes, Euchresteae and Thermopsideae, in the new definition of Sophoreae. Tribe Sophoreae, as currently circumscribed, consistently forms a monophyletic clade in molecular phylogenetic analyses. The Sophoreae arose 40.8 ± 2.4 million years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swartzieae</span> Clade of legumes

The tribe Swartzieae is an early-branching monophyletic clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae or Papilionaceae. Traditionally this tribe has been used as a wastebasket taxon to accommodate genera of Faboideae which exhibit actinomorphic, rather than zygomorphic floral symmetry and/or incompletely differentiated petals and free stamens. It was recently revised and most of its genera were redistributed to other tribes. Under its new circumscription, this clade is consistently resolved in molecular phylogenies. Members of this tribe possess "non-papilionate swartzioid flowers[…]largely characterized by a tendency to lack petals combined with a profusion and elaboration of free stamens" and a "lack of unidirectional order in the initiation of the stamens". They also have "complete or near complete fusion of sepals resulting from intercalary growth early in development, relatively numerous stamens, and a single or no petal, with other petals not at all apparent in development." The tribe is predicted to have diverged from the other legume lineages 48.9±2.8 million years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inverted repeat-lacking clade</span> Group of flowering plants

The inverted repeat-lacking clade(IRLC) is a monophyletic clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae (or Papilionaceae). Faboideae includes the majority of agriculturally-cultivated legumes. The name of this clade is informal and is not assumed to have any particular taxonomic rank like the names authorized by the ICBN or the ICPN. The clade is characterized by the loss of one of the two 25-kb inverted repeats in the plastid genome that are found in most land plants. It is consistently resolved in molecular phylogenies. The clade is predicted to have diverged from the other legume lineages 39.0±2.4 million years ago (in the Eocene). It includes several large, temperate genera such as AstragalusL., HedysarumL., MedicagoL., OxytropisDC., SwainsonaSalisb., and TrifoliumL..

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Non-protein amino acid-accumulating clade</span> Division within flowering plants

The non-protein amino acid-accumulating clade, also known as the Canavanine-accumulating clade is a clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae that includes the majority of agriculturally-cultivated legumes. It is characterized by the accumulation of the non-proteinogenic amino acid canavanine in the seeds—a deterrent against herbivory. This phylogenetic trait was first recognized in the early 1980s. This clade is consistently resolved in molecular phylogenies. It contains many economically important genera, including Cicer, Glycine, Medicago, Phaseolus, Trifolium, Vicia, and Vigna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amburaneae</span> Tribe of legumes

The tribe Amburaneae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae. It has been circumscribed to include the following genera, which used to be placed in tribes Sophoreae and Swartzieae:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angylocalyceae</span> Tribe of legumes

The tribe Angylocalyceae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae. It has been circumscribed to include the following genera, which had been placed in tribe Sophoreae:

<i>Cladrastis</i> clade Clade of legumes

The Cladrastis clade is a monophyletic clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae that is found in eastern Asia and southern North America. It is consistently resolved in molecular phylogenies and is sister to the Meso-Papilionoideae. Evidence for the existence of this clade was first proposed based on morphological (floral), cytological, and biochemical evidence. It is predicted to have diverged from the other legume lineages 47.4±2.6 million years ago.

The Andira clade is a predominantly Neotropical, monophyletic clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae. The members of this clade were formerly included in tribe Dalbergieae, but this placement was questioned due to differences in wood anatomy and fruit, seed, seedling, floral, and vegetative characters. Recent molecular phylogenetic evidence has shown that they belong to a unique evolutionary lineage. It is predicted to have diverged from the other legume lineages in the late Eocene).

The tribe Ormosieae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae, primarily found in tropical regions of the Americas, but also in southeast Asia and northern Australia. The members of this tribe were formerly included in tribe Sophoreae, but were recently circumscribed into a new tribe. The members of this tribe consistently form a monophyletic clade in molecular phylogenetic analyses. The tribe does not currently have a node-based definition, but morphological synapomorphies have been tentatively identified: "mostly dehiscent pods with woody valves" and "tufts of minute colleter-like glands in the axils of bract and bracteoles". Like other genistoids, members of tribe Ormosieae are known to produce quinolizidine alkaloids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dalbergioids</span> Clade of legumes

The dalbergioids are an early-branching monophyletic clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae or Papilionaceae. They are pantropical, particularly being found in the neotropics and sub-Saharan Africa. This clade is consistently resolved as monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic analyses. It is estimated to have arisen 55.3 ± 0.5 million years ago. A node-based definition for the dalbergioids is: "The least inclusive crown clade that contains Amorpha fruticosaL. 1753 and Dalbergia sissooRoxb. ex DC. 1825." Indehiscent pods may be a morphological synapomorphy for the clade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baphieae</span> Tribe of legumes

The tribe Baphieae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae. The Baphieae tribe arose 55.3 ± 0.4 million years ago.

Meso-Papilionoideae is a monophyletic clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae that includes the majority of papilionoid legumes. This clade is consistently resolved in molecular phylogenies. It contains many agronomically important genera, including Arachis (peanut), Cicer (chickpea), Glycine (soybean), Medicago (alfalfa), Phaseolus, Trifolium (clover), Vicia (vetch), and Vigna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mirbelioids</span> Group of legumes

The Mirbelioids are an informal subdivision of the plant family Fabaceae that includes the former tribes Bossiaeeae and Mirbelieae. They are consistently recovered as a monophyletic clade in molecular phylogenies. The Mirbelioids arose 48.4 ± 1.3 million years ago. Members of this clade are mostly ericoid (sclerophyllous) shrubs with yellow and red flowers found in Australia, Tasmania, and Papua-New Guinea. The name of this clade is informal and is not assumed to have any particular taxonomic rank like the names authorized by the ICBN or the ICPN. Members of this clade exhibit unusual embryology compared to other legumes, either enlarged antipodal cells in the embryo sac or the production of multiple embryo sacs. There has been a shift from bee pollination to bird pollination several times in this clade. Mirbelioids produce quinolizidine alkaloids, but unlike most papilionoids, they do not produce isoflavones. Many of the Mirbelioids have pseudoraceme inflorescences.

References

  1. ↑ "Fabales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M, Sanderson MJ (2004). "A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid matK gene resolves many well-supported subclades within the family". Am J Bot . 91 (11): 1846–1862. doi: 10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846 . PMID   21652332.
  3. ↑ Wojciechowski MF (2013). "Towards a new classification of Leguminosae: Naming clades using non-Linnaean phylogenetic nomenclature". S Afr J Bot . 89: 85–93. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017 .
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cardoso D, de Queiroz LP, Pennington RT, de Lima HC, Fonty É, Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M (2012). "Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes: new insights from comprehensively sampled early-branching lineages". Am J Bot . 99 (12): 1991–2013. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200380. PMID   23221500.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wyk B-E, Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". S Afr J Bot . 89: 58–75. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001 .
  6. 1 2 Crisp MD, Gilmore S, Van Wyk B-E (2000). "Molecular phylogeny of the genistoid tribes of papilionoid legumes". In Herendeen PS, Bruneau A (eds.). Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 249–276. ISBN   978-1842460177.
  7. 1 2 Cardoso D, Harris DJ, Wieringa JJ, São-Mateus WMB, Batalha-Filho H, Torke BM, Prenner G, de Queiroz LP (2017). "A molecular-dated phylogeny and biogeography of the monotypic legume genus Haplormosia, a missing African branch of the otherwise American-Australian Brongniartieae clade". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 107: 431–442. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.012 . PMID   27965083.
  8. ↑ Swanepoel W, le Roux MM, Wojciechowski MF, van Wyk AE (2015). "Oberholzeria (Fabaceae subfam. Faboideae), a New Monotypic Legume Genus from Namibia". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0122080. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1022080S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122080 . PMC   4376691 . PMID   25816251.
  9. 1 2 Castellanos C, Lewis GP, Banks H, Steeves R, Bruneau A (2016). "A settled sub-family for the orphan tree: The phylogenetic position of the endemic Colombian genus Orphanodendron in the Leguminosae". Brittonia. 69: 1–9. doi:10.1007/s12228-016-9451-3. S2CID   43040112.
  10. ↑ Polhill RM (1981). "Papilionoideae". In Polhill RM, Raven PH (eds.). Advances in Legume Systematics, Parts 1 and 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 191–208. ISBN   9780855212247.
  11. 1 2 LPWG [Legume Phylogeny Working Group] (2013). "Legume phylogeny and classification in the 21st century: progress, prospects and lessons for other species-rich clades" (PDF). Taxon . 62 (2): 217–248. doi:10.12705/622.8. hdl:10566/3455.
  12. 1 2 3 Lavin M, Herendeen PS, Wojciechowski MF (2005). "Evolutionary rates analysis of Leguminosae implicates a rapid diversification of lineages during the tertiary". Syst Biol . 54 (4): 575–94. doi: 10.1080/10635150590947131 . PMID   16085576. S2CID   39186425.
  13. 1 2 McMahon MM, Sanderson MJ (2006). "Phylogenetic supermatrix analysis of GenBank sequences from 2228 papilionoid legumes". Syst Biol . 99 (12): 1991–2013. doi: 10.1080/10635150600999150 . PMID   17060202.
  14. ↑ Pennington RT, Lavin M, Ireland H, Klitgaard B, Preston J, Hu JM (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships of basal papilionoid legumes based upon sequences of the chloroplast trnL intron". Syst Bot . 55 (5): 818–836. doi:10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.537 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  15. ↑ Doyle JJ, Doyle JL, Ballenger JA, Dickson EE, Kajita T, Ohashi H (1997). "A phylogeny of the chloroplast gene rbcL in the Leguminosae: taxonomic correlations and insights into the evolution of nodulation". Am J Bot . 84 (4): 541–554. doi:10.2307/2446030. JSTOR   2446030. PMID   21708606.
  16. ↑ Kinghorn AD, Hussain RA, Robbins EF, Balandrin MF, Stirton CH, Evans SV (1988). "Alkaloid distribution in seeds of Ormosia, Pericopsis and Haplormosia". Phytochemistry . 27 (2): 439–444. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(88)83116-9.
  17. ↑ Van Wyk B-E. (2003). "The value of chemosystematics in clarifying relationships in the Genistoid tribes of papilionoid legumes". Biochem Syst Ecol . 31 (8): 875–884. Bibcode:2003BioSE..31..875V. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00083-8.
  18. ↑ Wink M, Mohamed GI (2003). "Evolution of chemical defense traits in the Leguminosae: mapping of distribution patterns of secondary metabolites on a molecular phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences of the rbcL gene". Biochem Syst Ecol . 31 (8): 897–917. Bibcode:2003BioSE..31..897W. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00085-1.
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