German submarine U-507

U-505, a typical Type IXC boat
History
Nazi Germany
Name	U-507
Ordered	20 October 1939
Builder	Deutsche Werft, Hamburg
Yard number	303
Laid down	11 September 1940
Launched	15 July 1941
Commissioned	8 October 1941
Fate	Sunk by aircraft on 13 January 1943 [1]
Badge
General characteristics
Class and type	Type IXC submarine
Displacement	1,120  t (1,100 long tons) surfaced 1,232 t (1,213 long tons) submerged
Length	76.76 m (251 ft 10 in) o/a 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in) pressure hull
Beam	6.76 m (22 ft 2 in) o/a 4.40 m (14 ft 5 in) pressure hull
Height	9.60 m (31 ft 6 in)
Draught	4.70 m (15 ft 5 in)
Installed power	4,400 PS (3,200 kW; 4,300 bhp) (diesels) 1,000 PS (740 kW; 990 shp) (electric)
Propulsion	2 shafts 2 × diesel engines 2 × electric motors
Speed	18.2 knots (33.7 km/h; 20.9 mph) surfaced 7.7 knots (14.3 km/h; 8.9 mph) submerged
Range	13,450  nmi (24,910 km; 15,480 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced 64 nmi (119 km; 74 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged
Test depth	230 m (750 ft)
Complement	4 officers, 44 enlisted
Armament	6 × torpedo tubes (4 bow, 2 stern) 22 × 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedoes 1 × 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK C/32 deck gun (180 rounds) 1 × 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 AA gun 1 × twin 2 cm FlaK 30 AA guns
Service record [2] [3]
Part of:	4th U-boat Flotilla 8 October 1941 – 28 February 1942 2nd U-boat Flotilla 1 March 1942 – 13 January 1943
Identification codes:	M 19 192
Commanders:	K.Kapt. Harro Schacht 8 October 1941 – 13 January 1943
Operations:	4 patrols: 1st patrol: 12 – 25 March 1942 2nd patrol: 4 April – 4 June 1942 3rd patrol: 4 July – 12 October 1942 4th patrol: a. 24 – 26 November 1942 b. 28 November 1942 – 13 January 1943
Victories:	19 merchant ships sunk (77,143  GRT) 1 merchant ship damaged (6,561  GRT)

German submarine U-507 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine built for service in the Second World War and the Battle of the Atlantic. She was mainly notable for two patrols she conducted during the "Second Happy Time" in mid-1942, during the first of which she caused havoc in the Gulf of Mexico amongst unprotected American shipping, and then in the second she attacked ships along the coast of Brazil, in an inexplicable and shocking attack on a neutral nation's shipping in its own waters which almost single-handedly provoked the Brazilian declaration of war on Germany.

The U-boat was built during 1941 by the Deutsche Werft shipyards in Hamburg, and commissioned on 8 October 1941, with Korvettenkapitän Harro Schacht in command. Schacht commanded the boat for its entire lifespan, receiving the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 January 1943 in recognition of his successful patrols in the preceding year. He never wore his award however, as he was killed with his entire crew when the boat was sunk four days later. ^[4]

Design

German Type IXC submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXBs. U-507 had a displacement of 1,120 tonnes (1,100 long tons) when at the surface and 1,232 tonnes (1,213 long tons) while submerged. ^[5] The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in), a pressure hull length of 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in), a beam of 6.76 m (22 ft 2 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4,400 metric horsepower (3,240 kW; 4,340 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,000 shaft horsepower (1,010 PS; 750 kW) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft). ^[5]

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph). ^[5] When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nautical miles (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 13,450 nautical miles (24,910 km; 15,480 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-507 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 as well as a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight. ^[5]

Service history

First patrol

Once the U-507 had completed her working up period of six months following her commissioning, she departed German waters and entered the Atlantic Ocean for her first patrol; an uneventful and simple cruise to Lorient in occupied France, which was to be her permanent home port for the remainder of her life.

Second patrol

The second patrol was more eventful, as the boat rounded Florida at the end of April 1942, taking full advantage of the lit-up settlements on the shoreline to pick and choose her targets amongst the unescorted shipping which bottlenecked between Cuba and the Floridan peninsula. Here she sank four large cargo ships in three days before following the coastline along Western Florida and Alabama, where in three more days she sank four more large unprotected ships, making full use of the failure of the local authorities to enforce either convoy regulations or the blackout. On 6 May she sank the Alcoa Puritan about 45 miles south-southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River. On the 12 May she sank the 10,731 GRT Virginia in the mouth of the Mississippi, killing 26 sailors in an audacious attack which shocked the American authorities. Swinging south, she sank a Honduran freighter as she cruised out of the Caribbean Sea, leaving a shaken seaboard behind her. On this cruise alone she had sunk nine ships totalling 44,782 GRT.

Third patrol

Her third patrol was even more controversial, as a fruitless passage across the Atlantic brought her to the Brazilian coast in mid-August 1942. There she searched for Allied shipping hugging the coastline in Brazilian territorial waters heading for North America. Here she again saw unescorted ships and a lit coastline, and Schacht made the inexplicable decision to attack without first ascertaining the nationalities of her targets. The first was the Brazilian Baependy on 16 August, which was torpedoed and sunk with 270 civilian lives. A few hours later the Araraquara was sunk, killing 131 people, followed by the Annibal Benevolo, on which 150 civilians drowned. The next day the slaughter continued, the Itagiba sunk within sight of the city of Valença, killing 36, and the Arara similarly sunk with 20 deaths as she picked up the survivors of the Itagiba. Two days after this, the tiny sailing vessel Jacyra was sunk, and a Swedish ship was torpedoed three days after that. In just one week, U-507 had sunk seven ships of 18,131 GRT and killed over 600 people, all of them neutral civilians. ^{[6] [7]}

Although since February 1942 German and Italian submarines had attacked Brazilian ships, during May Brazilian aero-naval forces began to attack Axis submarines. From July popular demonstrations occurred demanding that the Brazilian government officially abandon its neutrality; the political ramifications of what Schacht and his crew had done off the Brazilian coast were enormous. The then Brazilian dictatorship went from a neutral nation somewhat favourable towards the Axis powers, to an enraged opponent in the space of few days, declaring war on Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Brazil would send an Expeditionary Force to the Mediterranean theatre of operations, besides the full involvement of its navy in the Battle of the Atlantic.

More importantly, Brazilian Air Force bases were made available to American naval air squadrons, thus denying the U-boats their previous advantage of hiding in Brazilian coastal waters, and giving the Allies air cover across most of the Southern Atlantic, making the job of the U-boats significantly harder. In addition, Germany's standing amongst neutral nations, particularly the formerly pro-German dictatorships of South America, was in tatters, never to recover. ^{[8] [9]}

U-156 (foreground) and U-507 (background) on 15 September 1942

The third patrol of U-507, was also highly significant, as after two months ineffective cruising between the West African and Brazilian coasts of the South Atlantic, U-507 received a radio call from U-156 on 15 September reporting that she had sunk a ship carrying 1,500 Italian prisoners of war. This ship was the RMS Laconia, and U-507 made all haste to aid in the rescue operation, collecting a large number of survivors on board and towing several lifeboats, until attacks by American aircraft on the rescuing submarines forced her to dive and escape. She returned to Germany with her human cargo, and there received the orders which were the result of the Laconia incident, which consisted of a total ban on aiding shipwreck survivors, except ships' officers who were to be captured for information purposes.

Fourth patrol

On her fourth and final patrol she put these new orders to full use, as she sank three British ships off the northern Brazilian coast, and captured the masters of all the ships; J. Stewart, F.H. Fenn and D. MacCullum. These victories had taken her into 1943 with a reputation for success, confirmed when her captain was informed of his Knight's Cross award. On 13 January 1943 U-507 was spotted by a U.S. Navy PBY Catalina aircraft of VP-83 flying from a newly available Brazilian base, which dropped several depth charges on the boat. The site of the attack was 330 miles off the Brazilian coast at Cape São Roque (Cape of Saint Roch). There were no survivors from the entire crew of 56 including the three captives and the boat's new captain Heinz Radau, who was conducting an observation and familiarization patrol.

Summary of raiding history

Date	Ship Name	Nationality	Tonnage (GRT)	Fate [10]
30 April 1942	Federal	United States	2,881	Sunk
4 May 1942	Norlindo	United States	2,686	Sunk
5 May 1942	Munger T. Ball	United States	5,104	Sunk
5 May 1942	Joseph M. Cudahy	United States	6,950	Sunk
6 May 1942	Alcoa Puritan	United States	6,759	Sunk
7 May 1942	Ontario	Honduras	3,099	Sunk
8 May 1942	Torny	Norway	2,424	Sunk
12 May 1942	Virginia	United States	10,731	Sunk
13 May 1942	Gulfprince	United States	6,561	Damaged
16 May 1942	Amapala	Honduras	4,148	Sunk
16 August 1942	Baependy	Brazil	4,801	Sunk
16 August 1942	Araraquara	Brazil	4,872	Sunk
16 August 1942	Annibal Benévolo	Brazil	1,905	Sunk
17 August 1942	Itagiba	Brazil	2,169	Sunk
17 August 1942	Arará	Brazil	1,075	Sunk
19 August 1942	Jacyra	Brazil	89	Sunk
22 August 1942	Hammaren	Sweden	3,220	Sunk
27 December 1942	Oakbank	United Kingdom	5,154	Sunk
3 January 1943	Baron Dachmont	United Kingdom	3,675	Sunk
8 January 1943	Yorkwood	United Kingdom	5,401	Sunk

References

1. Kemp 1999, p. 99.
2. Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type IXC boat U-507". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
3. Helgason, Guðmundur. "War Patrols by German U-boat U-507". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
4. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Fregattenkapitän Harro Schacht". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
5. Gröner 1991, p. 68.
6. Carey, 2004. Page 19, last paragraph.
7. Scheina, 2003. Page 161.
8. Ibidem Carey, 2004. Pages 9 & 10.
9. Ibidem Scheina, 2003.
10. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-507". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 23 January 2014.

Bibliography

• Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN   1-55750-186-6.
• Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945[The U-Boat War, 1939-1945: German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945] (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN   3-8132-0514-2.
• Carey, Alan C. Galloping Ghosts of the Brazilian Coast. iUniverse, Inc. 2004. ISBN   0595315275
• Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). "U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels". German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN   0-85177-593-4.
• Kemp, Paul (1999). U-Boats Destroyed – German Submarine Losses in the World Wars. London: Arms & Armour. ISBN   1-85409-515-3.
• Sharpe, Peter (1998). U-Boat Fact File. Great Britain: Midland Publishing. ISBN   1-85780-072-9.
• Scheina, Robert L. Latin America's Wars Volume II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001. Potomac Books, 2003. ISBN   978-1574884524

External links

• Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type IXC boat U-507". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2014.

1°38′N39°52′W / 1.633°N 39.867°W / 1.633; -39.867