In April 1800, Melpomene was active along the coast of Senegal and led a small squadron that captured the island of Gorée. She later returned to the Channel where, in July 1804, she took part in a bombardment of Le Havre. For much of 1809, she was employed in the Baltic where she fought in some notable actions during the Gunboat War and the Anglo-Russian War.
Construction and armament
The French ship Melpomène was built in 1788 at Toulon. A 36-gun frigate of the Minerve Class, she was ordered in 1787 and construction started February the following year. Launched on 6 August 1789, she was completed in April 1792 and armed with twenty-eight 18-pounder (8.2kg) long guns on the gundeck and ten 8 pounders (3.6kg) on her upperworks.[1] After her capture, her secondary armament was upgraded so she carried eight 9-pounder (4.1kg) long guns and six 32-pounder (15kg) carronades on the quarter deck, and two 9-pounders with two 32-pounder carronades on the forecastle.[2]
The British recorded Melpomene's dimensions as: 148feet 2inches (45.2m) along the gundeck with a keel length of 123feet 8+1⁄4inches (37.7m), a beam of 39feet 3inches (12m) and a depth in the hold of 13feet 6inches (4.1m). She was 1,013 52⁄94tons burthen.[2]
French Service
In March 1793, Melpomène sailed to Algiers, escorting two xebecs that had undergone refits at Toulon on behalf of Baba Hassan, Dey of Algiers. The next month, she was at Toulon when a mutiny broke out aboard. [3]
In October 1793, Melpomène, under Lieutenant Gay, was part of a division also comprising Minerve, Fortunée, and the 18-gun Flèche. Last in the division, she was chased by the 64-gun HMS Agamemnon in the action of 22 October 1793. Agamemnon broken the engagement when Minerve came to support Melpomène. [3][4]
In the morning of 11 January 1794, off Calvi, Melpomène detected Mignonne being chased by a British ship of the line and two frigates. She closed to support Mignonne, arriving in gun range at 1145. Mignonne broke the engagement and Melpomène herself escaped by sailing in shallow waters where the British frigates were reluctant to venture. Around 1500, they regrouped around the ship of the line. Melpomène had her lower masts and her foremast tops damaged, and had to be taken in tow to Calvi. [5]
British Service
In 1794, Melpomène was at Calvi, Corsica,[2] when the entire island was subject to a blockade by a Royal Navy Fleet under Lord Hood. A successful invasion culminated in the capture of the port on 10 August and the seizure of Melpomène and a second French frigate, Mignonne.[6] During the surrender negotiations, the French asked that they be allowed to keep the frigates to transport the garrison to Toulon but the British refused.[7]
Mignonne was deemed unserviceable but Melpomene was put under the command of Charles Patterson and taken to Chatham for refitting. The work cost £6,534 and took until 1 June 1795. She was officially recognised as a British vessel on 30 March 1795 when she was registered by the Admiralty, and was commissioned the following month by Sir Charles Hamilton.[2] She worked to contain privateering and protect British trade in the English Channel.[2]
At 15:00 on 11 July 1796, Melpomene was 18 nautical miles (33 kilometres) to the south-southwest of Ushant, when a sail was seen to the south-east. After a five-hour chase, Melpomene forced the surrender of the vessel which turned out to be the 18-gun Revanche. The privateer from Brest had been out looking to intercept a convoy from Brazil. The 167 captured crew members were taken to Plymouth.[8]
While cruising off the Isle of Wight on 15 May 1797, Melpomene captured Espiègle, a small armed-lugger from Fécamp carrying 32 men.[9] On 17 July, she captured another French privateer, Triton.[2][10][11]
On 3 August 1798, Melpomene was cruising off the north coast of Brittany with HMSChilders when a French brig, Adventurier, and accompanying merchant ships were discovered in the bay of Corréjou.[12] The British decided to attempt a cutting out expedition under cover of darkness and a boarding party from both crews was assembled. At 22:00 that night, in stormy conditions, five boats, carrying 70 men, began a five-hour row towards the bay. At 03:00 they came alongside Adventurier and a struggle ensued in which the French crew of 79 were eventually subdued. The British had one man killed, one missing and four wounded while the French had 16 wounded, several mortally. The bad weather which had helped the attackers remain undetected during their approach became a hindrance as the captured vessel was worked out to sea but, despite having to endure a two-hour bombardment from the shore batteries, no further casualties were suffered.[13][14]
Pursuit of Savary
Following a failed French invasion of Ireland in 1798, the Channel Fleet was on high alert and prepared for the next attempt which was made in August. A French fleet sent in support, under Jean-Baptiste-François Bompart, was routed at the Battle of Tory Island on 12 October and a squadron of four frigates under commodore Daniel Savary was sent to escort the survivors back to France.[15] Having failed to find any, Savary was returning to France when, on 28 October at 07:00, his squadron was seen off Benwee Head by Melpomene, HMS Terrible, and the flagship of commodore Sir Richard Bickerton, HMS Caesar. The three ships immediately gave chase but due to light winds, it was 18:00 before any ships were close enough to exchange shots. By 23:00, the wind, which had increased considerably, carried away the topmasts of Caesar, leaving Melpomene and Terrible to forge ahead. At 08:00 the next day, the French squadron was 6nmi (11km) away but by noon, Melpomene, some way ahead, had closed the distance to just 2nmi (3.7km) miles. Fearing his entire squadron would be captured, Savary ordered his ships to scatter.[16] Hamilton chose to try and intercept the 40-gun Concorde which was away to his south-west but heading south.[17] The weather took a turn for the worse during the evening of 30 October and the French managed to escape to Rochefort.[18]
Melpomene continued her crusade against privateering, capturing Tigre on 17 November and the 16-gun Zele in the Bay of Biscay on 28 February following, until she was called to join Andrew Mitchell's squadron for an Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in August 1799.
A combined fleet under Admiral Lord Duncan, comprising eight ships-of-the-line, three fourth rates and six frigates, one of which was Melpomene, arrived off Texel on 22 August. With it, were more than 230 other craft, carrying supplies and 27,000 troops.[19] After failing to persuade the Dutch to hand over their ships, the troops were landed near Helder on the morning of 27 August. After an engagement with a Franco-Dutch force, the city was captured. At the same time, a single British frigate, HMSCirce, entered the Nieuwe Diep and captured the ships there which were laid up in ordinary. Among them were 13 warships carrying a total of 510 guns, and of these, four small frigates and a 44-gun vessel were added to the Royal Navy.[20] Two days later, Mitchell's squadron entered the Vlieter roads where a Dutch squadron under Vice-Admiral Samuel Story was anchored. Three of the frigates, none of which were Melpomene, grounded in the narrow channel, but all managed to get off and join their compatriots in line opposite the Dutch, who accepted an offer to surrender and handed over their ships without a shot being fired on either side.[21]
West Africa
In April 1800, Melpomene and HMSMagnanime were off the coast of Senegal when word was received of three French frigates moored under the gun batteries on the island of Gorée. In need of reinforcements, Hamilton had his ship make for Praia, Cape Verde, where he knew the 64-gun HMSRuby to be revictualing. By the time the squadron arrived at Gorée, on 4 April, the French frigates had gone. With that additional protection removed, Hamilton judged that the island was vulnerable and sent a demand for its surrender. Terms were agreed and at midnight, marines from both ships were landed and the island brought under British control.[22] On 13 April, some of the squadron's crew took part in a boat action against a Senegalese trading post, returning on 22 April with a French brigantine and a sloop full of rice.[22]
On 17 June, Melpomene chased a 10-gun privateer, off the coast of France, for 57 hours before catching it and forcing it to strike. It turned out to be Auguste with a French crew of 50 men, on the way to Guadeloupe from Bordeaux.[2][22]
On 3 January 1801, five boats from Melpomene crossed a sand bar on the Senegal river to cut-out a French 18-gun brig. As they approached, the brig opened fire sinking two of the British boats but the remainder made it alongside and after a short struggle, succeeded in boarding and capturing her.[23] The British boats then attacked an armed schooner, which had sought shelter under a gun battery, but were forced to retreat. While bringing out the brig, she grounded on the bar and had to be abandoned; the British making off in their boats under heavy fire from the shore batteries. The expedition was a costly one for the British, with 11 men killed and 18 wounded out of the 96 who took part. The French brig, Senegal, broke up and sank into the sand.[23][24]
Return to home waters
Melpomene needed a small repair in February 1803 which was undertaken at Deptford and took about a month to complete. She was recommissioned in March under Robert Dudley Oliver and operated off the French coast and in the North Sea.[2]
In July 1804, Melpomene took part in an attack on the port of Le Havre.[25][26] Le Havre was important at the time, harbouring a large number of vessels required by Napoleon's invasion force at Boulogne. Oliver's squadron, comprising Melpomene, sloops, bomb-vessels and other small craft, was stationed off the port to prevent any enemy joining, or those inside, escaping. On 23 July, the British fired on the town, setting it alight and forcing the French to move their ships further upriver. Another attack was made on 1 August resulting in a very similar outcome.[26]
Melpomene listing severely in distress, 17 November 1805
Melpomene was at Portsmouth in September 1805. While she was there, Oliver met with Lord Nelson, who was about to leave to resume command off Cadiz. Oliver told of his disappointment that he and his ship were not going too, to which Nelson replied, "I hope you will come in time to tow some of the rascals"; Melpomene eventually joined Admiral Collingwood's fleet the day after the Battle of Trafalgar and did indeed assist in the aftermath by towing damaged prizes away from the battle site.[27]
In December 1805, Peter Parker was appointed as Melpomene's commander, serving in the Mediterranean but returning home at the end of 1807 before leaving for Jamaica in the April following.[2]
In November 1807 Melpomene recaptured Duke of Kent, of Dartmouth. A Spanish privateer had captured Duke of Kent.[28]
On 11 May 1809, Melpomene chased a 6-gun cutter off Jutland which entered the harbour of Huilbo and ran ashore. Melpomene anchored and dispatched her boats while providing covering fire. The crew were able to destroy the cutter with an officer, two seamen and three marines wounded in the process.[29]
A picture of the engagement on 23 May 1809 when Melpomene was attacked by 20 Danish gunboats, 23 May 1809
Melpomene was very nearly captured on 23 May 1809, when 20 Danish gunboats found her becalmed in the Great Belt. The British frigate was anchored off Omoe Island when, at around 22:30, the Danes were spotted in the dark. The crew cleared for action and commenced firing at 11:00 but were prevented from bringing their guns to bear in the light wind. Shortly after the action started, the wind increased sufficiently to cut Melpomene's cable and manoeuvre. For several days she attempted to close with the enemy with little success. In the early hours on 30 May, the gunboats withdrew.[29]Melpomene was much damaged by her encounter and had to return to England for repairs.[30]
Melpomene was sent back to the Baltic where she joined a force conducting a search of the southern edge of the Gulf of Finland. At the beginning of July, she was sent by the Commander-in-Chief, Admiral James Saumarez, to cruise east of Nargen Island with HMSImplacable. They sailed into Narva Bay and there captured nine vessels laden with timber, spars and cordage, belonging to the Russian Emperor.[31] After searching all the creeks and inlets along the coast but finding nothing else, attention switched to the north side of the Gulf where the boats of Implacable, Melpomene and Prometheus captured three more vessels among the many islands that fringe Finland.[32] They also discovered eight Russian gunboats, each mounting a 32 and a 24-pounder gun, and carrying a crew of 46 men, protecting a convoy of merchantmen near Hango Head. Determined to capture or destroy as much of the convoy as possible, on 7 July at 21:00, 270 men from Melpomene, HMSBellerophon and Implacable set off in 17 of the ships' boats.[33] The Russians had positioned their vessels between two rocks, preventing them from being outflanked and forcing the British to row straight into a hail of grapeshot. The British eventually managed to capture six of the eight gunboats and sink another. All 12 merchant ships were taken and another large armed ship was burned.[33] The British had 17 men killed and 37 wounded during the operation.[31] Five of the dead and six of the wounded were from Melpomene.[32] The Russians lost at least 65 men killed, and 127 taken prisoner, of whom 51 were wounded. The Admiralty later issued a clasp for the Naval General Service Medal for this action.[33]
Later service and fate
From May to August 1810, Melpomene was at Chatham Dockyard where she was stripped of her carronades and converted to a troopship. She was recommissioned under William Waldegrave and later, in 1812, Gordon Falcon. She served in the Mediterranean until 16 March 1814, when she sailed to North America under Robert Rowley, who had taken command in October the previous year. Melpomene was sold at Sheerness for £2,590 on 14 December 1815.[2]
HMS Latona was a 36-gun, fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy that served during the American Revolutionary War, the French Revolutionary Wars, and the Napoleonic Wars. Shortly after her launch in 1781, she participated in the Battle of Dogger Bank against a Dutch squadron in the North Sea. In September 1782, Latona took part in the relief of Gibraltar and was the first ship in the convoy to pass through the Straits, when Richard Howe sent her ahead, to spy on the condition of the Franco-Spanish fleet in Algeciras Bay.
HMS Brunswick was a 74-gun third rate ship-of-the-line of the Royal Navy, launched on 30 April 1790 at Deptford. She was first commissioned in the following month under Sir Hyde Parker for the Spanish Armament but was not called into action. When the Russian Armament was resolved without conflict in August 1791, Brunswick took up service as a guardship in Portsmouth Harbour. She joined Richard Howe's Channel Fleet at the outbreak of the French Revolutionary War and was present at the battle on Glorious First of June where she fought a hard action against the French 74-gun Vengeur du Peuple. Brunswick was in a small squadron under William Cornwallis that encountered a large French fleet in June 1795. The British ships successfully retreated into the Atlantic through a combination of good seamanship, good fortune and deceiving the enemy.
HMS Jason was a 38-gun Artois-class fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. She served during the French Revolutionary Wars, but her career came to an end after just four years in service when she struck an uncharted rock off Brest and sank on 13 October 1798. She had already had an eventful career, and was involved in several engagements with French vessels.
The Battle of Jean-Rabel consisted of two connected minor naval engagements of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Haitian Revolution. The first engagement saw an overwhelming British Royal Navy force consisting of two ships of the line attack and destroy a French Navy frigate in Moustique Inlet near the town of Jean-Rabel on the Northern coast of the French colony of Saint-Domingue. The second engagement took place four days later when a force of boats launched from a British frigate squadron attacked the town of Jean-Rabel itself, capturing a large number of merchant ships in the harbour that had been seized by French privateers.
The French frigate Mignonne was a one-off design by Jean-Baptiste Doumet-Revest; she was launched in 1767 at Toulon. Some notable French captains commanded her before the British captured her at Calvi in 1794 and took her into the Royal Navy as HMS Mignonne. She was burnt in 1797 as useless.
HMS Brilliant was a 36-gun Venus-class fifth-rate frigate of the British Royal Navy that saw active service during the Seven Years' War with France. She performed well against the French Navy in the 1760 Battle of Bishops Court and the 1761 Battle of Cape Finisterre, but was less capable when deployed for bombardment duty off enemy ports. She also captured eight French privateers and sank two more during her six years at sea. The Royal Navy decommissioned Brilliant in 1763. The Navy sold her in 1776 and she became an East Indiaman for the British East India Company (EIC). Brilliant was wrecked in August 1782 on the Comoro Islands while transporting troops to India.
The blockade of Saint-Domingue was a naval campaign fought during the first months of the Napoleonic Wars in which a series of British Royal Navy squadrons blockaded the French-held ports of Cap-Français and Môle-Saint-Nicolas on the northern coast of the French colony of Saint-Domingue, soon to become Haiti, after the conclusion of the Haitian Revolution on 1 January 1804. In the summer of 1803, when war broke out between the United Kingdom and the French Consulate, Saint-Domingue had been almost completely overrun by Haitian Armée Indigène troops led by Jean-Jacques Dessalines. In the north of the country, the French forces were isolated in the two large ports of Cap-Français and Môle-Saint-Nicolas and a few smaller settlements, all supplied by a French naval force based primarily at Cap-Français.
HMSEmerald was a 36-gun Amazon-class fifth rate frigate that Sir William Rule designed in 1794 for the Royal Navy. The Admiralty ordered her construction towards the end of May 1794 and work began the following month at Northfleet dockyard. She was completed on 12 October 1795 and joined Admiral John Jervis's fleet in the Mediterranean.
The action of 15 November 1810 was a minor naval engagement fought during the British Royal Navy blockade of the French Channel ports in the Napoleonic Wars. British dominance at sea, enforced by a strategy of close blockade, made it difficult for the French Navy to operate even in their own territorial waters. In the autumn of 1810, a British squadron assigned to patrol the Baie de la Seine was effectively isolating two French squadrons in the ports of Le Havre and Cherbourg-en-Cotentin. On 12 November, the squadron in Le Havre, consisting of frigates Elisa and Amazone attempted to reach Cherbourg at night in order to united the squadrons. This squadron was spotted in the early hours of 13 November by the patrolling British frigates HMS Diana and HMS Niobe, which gave chase.
HMS Pearl was a fifth-rate, 32-gun British Royal Navy frigate of the Niger-class. Launched at Chatham Dockyard in 1762, she served in British North America until January 1773, when she sailed to England for repairs. Returning to North America in March 1776, to fight in the American Revolutionary War, Pearl escorted the transports which landed troops in Kip's Bay that September. Much of the following year was spent on the Delaware River where she took part in the Battle of Red Bank in October. Towards the end of 1777, Pearl joined Vice-Admiral Richard Howe's fleet in Narragansett Bay and was still there when the French fleet arrived and began an attack on British positions. Both fleets were forced to retire due to bad weather and the action was inconclusive. Pearl was then despatched to keep an eye on the French fleet, which had been driven into Boston.
HMS Aigle was a 36-gun, fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. Ordered on 15 September 1799 and built at Bucklers Hard shipyard, she was launched 23 September 1801. More than fifty of her crew were involved in the Easton Massacre when she visited Portland in April 1803 to press recruits. Her captain and three other officers stood trial for murder but were acquitted. Much of Aigle's career as a frigate was spent trying to keep the English Channel free of enemy warships and merchant vessels. On 22 March 1808, she was first into the action against two large French frigates, compelling one to seek the shelter of the Île de Groix batteries and forcing the other onto the shore.
HMS Roebuck was a fifth-rate ship of the Royal Navy which served in the American and French Revolutionary Wars. Designed in 1769 by Sir Thomas Slade to operate in the shallower waters of North America, she joined Lord Howe's squadron towards the end of 1775 and took part in operations against New York the following year. She engaged the American gun batteries at Red Hook during the Battle of Long Island in August 1776, and forced a passage up the Hudson River in October. On 25 August 1777, Roebuck escorted troopships to Turkey Point, Maryland, where an army was landed for an assault on Philadelphia. She was again called upon to accompany troopships in December 1779, this time for an attack on Charleston. When the ships-of-the-line, which were too large to enter the harbour, were sent back to New York, Admiral Marriot Arbuthnot made Roebuck his flagship. She was, therefore, at the front of the attack, leading the British squadron across the shoal to engage Fort Moultrie and the American ships beyond.
The action of 22 October 1793 was a minor naval engagement fought in the Mediterranean Sea during the War of the First Coalition, early in the French Revolutionary Wars. During the engagement a lone British Royal Navy ship of the line, the 64-gun HMS Agamemnon, attacked the French Navy large frigate Melpomène, part of a larger squadron, off the coast of Sardinia. Although Agamemnon chased Melpomène some distance through the night and inflicted significant damage, the French frigate was able to escape following the arrival of the rest of its squadron under Commodore Jean-Baptiste Perrée. The French ships later anchored in Corsican harbours to land reinforcements for the French garrison on the island, where the population was in open revolt.
HMS Romulus was a 36-gun fifth rate frigate of the Flora class, built for the Royal Navy and launched in September 1785. At the outbreak of the French Revolutionary War, Romulus was despatched to the Mediterranean where she joined a fleet under Admiral Lord Hood, initially blockading, and later occupying, the port of Toulon. She played an active role during the withdrawal in December, providing covering fire while HMS Robust and HMS Leviathan removed allied troops from the waterfront.
HMS Imperieuse was a 38-gun fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. Built in Ferrol, Spain, for the Spanish Navy she was launched as Medea in 1797. In 1804 she was part of a squadron carrying gold from South America to Spain that was seized by the British while Spain and Britain were at peace. Medea was subsequently taken into service with the Royal Navy and was briefly named HMS Iphigenia before being renamed Imperieuse in 1805.
HMS Stag was a 32-gun fifth-rate frigate built for the Royal Navy. She was ordered in 1790 and work began in March 1792 at Chatham Docks. Completed in August 1794, Stag spent much of her service in home waters, where she worked to protect British shipping from French privateers. In an action on 22 August 1795, Stag engaged, and forced the surrender of, the Dutch frigate Alliante, and took part in the chase that ended with the capture of Bonne Citoyenne by HMS Phaeton on 10 March 1796.
HMS Sylph was a 16-gun Albatross-class brig-sloop of the Royal Navy designed by William Rule and launched in 1795 at Deptford Dockyard. Her namesake was the air spirit sylph. She commissioned in August 1795 under Commander John Chambers White, who would have her until the end of 1799. She was later commanded by Charles Dashwood.
HMS Caroline was a 36-gun fifth-rate Phoebe-class frigate of the Royal Navy. She was designed by Sir John Henslow and launched in 1795 at Rotherhithe by John Randall. Caroline was a lengthened copy of HMS Inconstant with improved speed but more instability. The frigate was commissioned in July 1795 under Captain William Luke to serve in the North Sea Fleet of Admiral Adam Duncan. Caroline spent less than a year in the North Sea before being transferred to the Lisbon Station. Here she was tasked to hunt down or interdict French shipping while protecting British merchant ships, with service taking her from off Lisbon to Cadiz and into the Mediterranean Sea. In 1799 the ship assisted in the tracking of the French fleet of Admiral Étienne Eustache Bruix, and in 1800 she participated in the blockade of Cadiz.
Captain Jonas Rose was a Royal Navy officer during the American Revolutionary, French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He commanded at the Battles of Copenhagen in 1801 and 1807, and the operations in the Baltic that followed. On 16 June 1809, he wrecked his ship, HMS Agamemnon, off Maldonado, Uruguay, the second such accident of his career. He never commanded again and died in Portsmouth in 1820.
HMS Beaulieu was a 40-gun fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. The ship was laid down in 1790 as a private enterprise by the shipwright Henry Adams and purchased by the Royal Navy in June of the same year. A well-armed and large ship, Beaulieu was built to the dimensions of a merchant ship and did not have good sailing qualities. Commissioned in January 1793 by Lord Northesk, the frigate was sent to serve on the Leeward Islands Station. She participated in the capture of Martinique in February 1794, and then was similarly present at the capture of Saint Lucia in April. The frigate also took part in the start of the invasion of Guadeloupe. Later in the year the ship's crew was beset by yellow fever and much depleted. Beaulieu was sent to serve on the North America Station to recuperate, returning to the Leeward Islands in 1795. In the following two years the ship found success in prizetaking and briefly took part in more operations at Saint Lucia. She returned to Britain at the end of 1796.
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