The Group of Eight (G8) was an intergovernmental political forum from 1997–2014. It had formed from incorporating Russia into the G7,and returned to its previous name after Russia was expelled in 2014.
The Group of Seven (G7) is an intergovernmental political and economic forum consisting of Canada,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,the United Kingdom and the United States;additionally,the European Union (EU) is a "non-enumerated member". It is organized around shared values of pluralism,liberal democracy,and representative government. G7 members are major IMF advanced economies.
The Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four on International Monetary Affairs and Development,or The Group of 24 (G-24) was established in 1971 as a chapter of the Group of 77 in order to help coordinate the positions of developing countries on international monetary and development finance issues,as well as and to ensure that their interests are adequately represented in negotiations on international monetary matters. Though originally named after the number of founding Member States,it now has 28 Members. Although the G-24 officially has 28 member countries,any member of the G-77 can join discussions.
Peer Steinbrück is a German politician who was the Chancellor-candidate of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) in the 2013 federal election. Steinbrück served as the eighth Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 2002 to 2005,a member of the Bundestag from 2009 to 2016,and as Federal Minister of Finance in the first Cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel from 2005 to 2009.
The G20 or Group of 20 is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 sovereign countries,the European Union (EU),and the African Union (AU). It works to address major issues related to the global economy,such as international financial stability,climate change mitigation and sustainable development.
Theodor Waigel is a German politician of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU). He represented Neu-Ulm in the Bundestag from 1976 to 2002.
Axel Alfred Weber is a German economist,professor,and banker. He is currently a board member and chairman of Swiss investment bank and financial services company,UBS Group AG,and has announced his resignation effective 7 April 2022.
John James Kirton is professor emeritus of political science and the director and founder of the G7 Research Group,director and founder of the G20 Research Group,founder and co-director of the Global Health Diplomacy Program,and founder and co-founder of the BRICS Research Group,based at University of Trinity College in the University of Toronto.
The 2008 G20 Washington Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy was the first meeting,held in Washington,D.C.,United States. It achieved general agreement amongst the G20 on how to cooperate in key areas so as to strengthen economic growth,deal with the 2007–2008 financial crisis,and lay the foundation for reform to avoid similar crises in the future. The Summit resulted from an initiative by the French and European Union President,Nicolas Sarkozy,Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd,and the British Prime Minister,Gordon Brown. In connection with the G7 finance ministers on October 11,2008,United States President George W. Bush stated that the next meeting of the G20 would be important in finding solutions to the economic crisis. Since many economists and politicians called for a new Bretton Woods system to overhaul the world's financial structure,the meeting has sometimes been described by the media as Bretton Woods II.
The Financial Stability Forum (FSF) was a group consisting of major national financial authorities such as finance ministries,central bankers,and international financial bodies. It was first convened in April 1999 in Washington. At the 2009 G20 London summit,the G20 nations established a successor to the FSF,called the Financial Stability Board with an expanded membership and broadened mandate.
Malcolm D. Knight is a Canadian economist,policymaker and banker. He is currently Visiting Professor of Finance at the London School of Economics and Political Science and a Distinguished Fellow at the Center for International Governance Innovation. From 2008 to 2012,Knight was Vice Chairman of Deutsche Bank Group where he was responsible for developing and coordinating the bank's global approach to issues in financial regulation,supervision,and financial stability. He served as general manager of the Bank for International Settlements from 2003 to 2008 and as Senior Deputy Governor of the Bank of Canada (1999-2003),after holding senior positions at the International Monetary Fund (1975-1999).
The Financial Stability Board (FSB) is an international body that monitors and makes recommendations about the global financial system. It was established in the 2009 G20 Pittsburgh Summit as a successor to the Financial Stability Forum (FSF). The Board includes all G20 major economies,FSF members,and the European Commission. Hosted and funded by the Bank for International Settlements,the board is based in Basel,Switzerland,and is established as a not-for-profit association under Swiss law.
Domenico Lombardi is a former director of the Global Economy program at the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI),a non-partisan global governance think tank in Waterloo,Ontario,Canada. He is also chair of the Oxford Institute for Economic Policy. Until 2013 he was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.
This article is a list of all notable reaction to James Tobin's 1972 proposal of what is now known as the Tobin tax.
The Currency War of 2009–2011 was an episode of competitive devaluation which became prominent in the financial press in September 2010. It involved states competing with each other in order to achieve a relatively low valuation for their own currency,so as to assist their domestic industry. Due to the Great Recession,the export sectors of many emerging economies experienced declining orders and from 2009,several states began or increased their levels of currency intervention. According to many analysts the currency war had largely fizzled out by mid-2011 although the war rhetoric persisted into the following year. In 2013,there were concerns of an outbreak of another currency war,this time between Japan and the Euro-zone.
Pier Carlo Padoan is an Italian economist who served as Minister of Economy and Finance of Italy from 2014 to 2018.
Nicolás Dujovne is an Argentine economist and former Minister of the Treasury between 2017 and 2019 under the administration of Mauricio Macri.
Fabrizio Pagani is an Italian economist and public policy expert. He is working in the financial sector in Italy and internationally and serves in corporate boards. He is professor at Sciences Po,Paris and Libera UniversitàInternazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli,Rome.
Geoffrey William Seiji Okamoto is an American economist and government official who served as first deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund. Okamoto previously served as the acting assistant secretary for international finance and development in the United States Department of the Treasury. He was nominated for this position on January 1,2019,by the White House and was never confirmed by the United States Congress. He previously served as acting assistant secretary for international markets and investment,for which he was also not confirmed.
Ludger Schuknecht is a German economist who has been serving as vice president and Corporate Secretary of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank since 2021.
