Heat dome

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A heat dome, over the United States Heat Wave.jpg
A heat dome, over the United States

A heat dome is a weather phenomenon consisting of extreme heat that is caused when the atmosphere traps hot ocean air, as if bounded by a lid or cap. Heat domes happen when strong high pressure atmospheric conditions remain stationary for an unusual amount of time, preventing convection and precipitation and keeping hot air "trapped" within a region. This can be caused by multiple factors, including sea surface temperature anomalies and the influence of a La Niña. [1] [2] The upper air weather patterns are slow to move, referred to by meteorologists as an Omega block. [3]

Contents

The term is often extrapolated in media terminology for any heat wave situation, though heat waves differ as they are periods of excessively hot weather not necessarily caused by such stationary high-pressure systems [4] . The term heat dome is also used in the context of urban heat islands. [5]

Characteristics

Heat domes are typically associated with minimal cloud cover and clear skies, which allow the unhindered penetration of solar radiation to the Earth’s surface, intensifying the overall temperature [6] .

They also cover a large geographical area that has a greater atmospheric pressure than the surrounding regions [6] . The high-atmospheric pressure area acts like a lid on the atmosphere and causes warm air to be pushed to the surface and holding it there over extended durations [6] .

Heat domes allow maximum heating of Earth as it allows penetration of sunshine to the surface of the Earth [7] .

Creation

Heat domes can arise in still and dry summer conditions, when a mass of warm air builds up, and the high pressure from the Earth's atmosphere pushes the warm air down. The air is then compressed, and as its net heat is now in a smaller volume, it increases in temperature. As the warm air attempts to rise, the high pressure above it acts as a dome, forcing the air down and causing it to get hotter and hotter, resulting in increased pressure below the dome [8] [9] .

The 2021 Northwest heat dome was formed in this way, as a stagnant high-pressure system intensified local temperatures, blocked cooling maritime breezes, and hindered cloud formation. This allowed uninterrupted solar radiation to further warm the air and the rising warm air was pushed back down by the high-pressure system, creating a self-sustaining cycle of heating. [10]

Increases in sea surface temperatures across the Northern Pacific, particularly off the coast of Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia, create favorable conditions for the formation of high atmospheric pressure domes, which can lead to the development of heat domes. [11]

Relationship to climate change

Studies indicate that human-induced climate change [12] plays a significant role in the formation of heat domes, as heat domes are more likely to occur in higher atmospheric temperatures. The occurrence of heat domes contribute to the positive feedback loop of increased climate change by resulting in overall higher atmospheric temperatures. [13]

Effects

Other weather events

Heat domes coincide with stagnant atmospheric conditions, exacerbating air quality issues [14] . Common byproducts include increased smog and pollution levels [15] . Heat domes can intensify heat waves by interacting with other weather systems, such as frontal boundaries [16] . They can also contribute to drought by increasing the rate of evaporation and reducing soil moisture [17] . In areas such as California's Central Valley, heat domes exacerbate drought conditions by increasing the rate of evaporation amongst crops and native vegetation [18] .

Ecosystem

Previous heat domes have been linked to the widespread damage of trees, primarily through high solar irradiation [19] . Alongside foliar scorching as a result of heat stress, the evolutionary creation and success of heat-resilient foliar species [19] were byproducts of heat domes.

Heat domes increase the thermal stress [20] of organisms living in intertidal ecosystems, a factor that has previously led to the deaths of marine species during the 2021 North American Heat Dome.

Community

The occurrence of heat domes have contributed to increasing climate change concerns. This was particularly demonstrated among British Columbians, who in previous studies displayed higher levels of climate change anxiety [21] following the 2021 North American Heat Dome.

Heat domes put communities at risk of increased mortality rates [22] . Heat dome deaths [22] are more likely to impact susceptible and marginalized populations, who are less likely to have access to air-conditioned living spaces.

Notable events

The 2021 Western North America heat dome garnered its attention for its unprecedented intensity and duration in recent years which led to significant societal influences such as widespread power outages and increased wildfire activities [19] . This further emphasized the urgency of addressing climate change in order to reduce the occurrence and severity of such events [23] [24] . Addressing greenhouse gas emissions and adopting strategies are significant steps in lessening the frequency of extreme heat events in 2021.

In 2021, a record-breaking heat dome based in British Columbia caused countless community deaths, resulting in a record of being a catastrophic time of the year [22] . Most households in the broader Vancouver lack air conditioning, resulting in individuals to be highly susceptible to deaths caused by heat such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. The study on this event emphasizes the importance of public health and providing more air conditioning and urban green spaces [22] .

Persistent heat dome led to extensive wildfires, crop failures, and a surge in mortality rates during the Russian heatwave in 2010. The far-reaching consequences affected by economic and social factors of this event reverberated globally, impacting the interconnectedness of regional weather phenomena and agricultural markets [25] .

Examples

The heat dome of the 2021 Western North America heat wave, over west Canada and the Northwest United States. The "high" pressure at left is the heat dome 500-mb pressure chart 2021-06-28 700EST Heat dome Pacific NW.png
The heat dome of the 2021 Western North America heat wave, over west Canada and the Northwest United States. The "high" pressure at left is the heat dome

Future

Research points to a projected increase in stationary waves circulating around North America following the occurrence of heat domes [26] . These are the same waves that lead to extreme heat events, indicating a higher likelihood [26] of similar events taking place in the future. Research studies have shown that the development of heat domes are generally improbable [27] , however the increasing level of concern surrounding the impact of climate change highlights that heat domes may no longer become a rare occurrence.

Mitigation

Techniques to mitigate the effects of heat domes often involve urban planning [28] , public health initiatives, and community interaction. Strategies include increasing green areas [29] , using cool roofs [30] and improving ventilation [31] in urban areas. Public agencies provide support to vulnerable populations, reducing adverse heat-related impacts through the following methods: heat health warning systems [32] , data monitoring, cooling centers [33] , water management [34] , and climate change suppression [35] , among other efforts. Educational campaigns increase awareness of heat safety, increasing effectiveness of other mitigation methods [36] .

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jet stream</span> Fast-flowing atmospheric air current

Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmospheres of the Earth, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. On Earth, the main jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause and are westerly winds. Jet streams may start, stop, split into two or more parts, combine into one stream, or flow in various directions including opposite to the direction of the remainder of the jet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urban heat island</span> Urban area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas

Urban areas usually experience the urban heat island (UHI) effect, that is, they are significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas. The temperature difference is usually larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak, under block conditions, noticeably during the summer and winter. The main cause of the UHI effect is from the modification of land surfaces while waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor. A study has shown that heat islands can be affected by proximity to different types of land cover, so that proximity to barren land causes urban land to become hotter and proximity to vegetation makes it cooler. As a population center grows, it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature. The term heat island is also used; the term can be used to refer to any area that is relatively hotter than the surrounding, but generally refers to human-disturbed areas. Urban areas occupy about 0.5% of the Earth's land surface but host more than half of the world's population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Extreme weather</span> Unusual, severe or unseasonal weather

Extreme weather includes unexpected, unusual, severe, or unseasonal weather; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution—the range that has been seen in the past. Extreme events are based on a location's recorded weather history. They are defined as lying in the most unusual ten percent. The main types of extreme weather include heat waves, cold waves and heavy precipitation or storm events, such as tropical cyclones. The effects of extreme weather events are economic costs, loss of human lives, droughts, floods, landslides. Severe weather is a particular type of extreme weather which poses risks to life and property.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ground-level ozone</span> Constituent gas of the troposphere

Ground-level ozone (O3), also known as surface-level ozone and tropospheric ozone, is a trace gas in the troposphere (the lowest level of the Earth's atmosphere), with an average concentration of 20–30 parts per billion by volume (ppbv), with close to 100 ppbv in polluted areas. Ozone is also an important constituent of the stratosphere, where the ozone layer (2 to 8 parts per million ozone) exists which is located between 10 and 50 kilometers above the Earth's surface. The troposphere extends from the ground up to a variable height of approximately 14 kilometers above sea level. Ozone is least concentrated in the ground layer (or planetary boundary layer) of the troposphere. Ground-level or tropospheric ozone is created by chemical reactions between NOx gases (oxides of nitrogen produced by combustion) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The combination of these chemicals in the presence of sunlight form ozone. Its concentration increases as height above sea level increases, with a maximum concentration at the tropopause. About 90% of total ozone in the atmosphere is in the stratosphere, and 10% is in the troposphere. Although tropospheric ozone is less concentrated than stratospheric ozone, it is of concern because of its health effects. Ozone in the troposphere is considered a greenhouse gas, and may contribute to global warming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heat wave</span> Prolonged period of excessively hot weather

A heat wave, sometimes described as extreme heat, is a period of abnormally hot weather. High humidity often accompanies heat waves. This is especially the case in oceanic climate countries. Definitions vary but are similar. A heat wave is usually measured relative to the usual climate in the area and to normal temperatures for the season. Temperatures that humans from a hotter climate consider normal, can be regarded as a heat wave in a cooler area. This would be the case if the warm temperatures are outside the normal climate pattern for that area. Heat waves have become more frequent, and more intense over land, across almost every area on Earth since the 1950s. This is due to climate change.

The July 1995 Chicago heat wave led to 739 heat-related deaths in Chicago over a period of five days. Most of the victims of the heat wave were elderly poor residents of the city, who did not have air conditioning, or had air conditioning but could not afford to turn it on, and did not open windows or sleep outside for fear of crime. The heat wave also heavily impacted the wider Midwestern region, with additional deaths in both St. Louis, Missouri and Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</span> Climate phenomenon that periodically fluctuates between three phases

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climate phenomenon that exhibits irregular quasi-periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean. It affects the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics, and has links (teleconnections) to higher latitude regions of the world. The warming phase of the sea surface temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña. The Southern Oscillation is the accompanying atmospheric component, which is coupled with the sea temperature change. El Niño is associated with higher than normal air sea level pressure over Indonesia, Australia and across the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic. La Niña has roughly the reverse pattern: high pressure over the central and eastern Pacific and lower pressure through much of the rest of the tropics and subtropics. The two phenomena last a year or so each and typically occur every two to seven years with varying intensity, with neutral periods of lower intensity interspersed. El Niño events can be more intense but La Niña events may repeat and last longer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global dimming</span> Reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching Earths surface

Global dimming is a decline in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface, a measure also known as global direct solar irradiance. It was observed soon after the first systematic measurements of solar irradiance began in the 1950s, and this weakening of visible sunlight proceded at the rate of 4–5% per decade until 1980s. Yet, solar activity did not vary more than the usual during this period. Instead, global dimming was due to an increase in atmospheric particulate matter, predominantly sulfate aerosols, as the result of rapidly growing air pollution due to post-war industrialization. Since the 1980s, a decrease in air pollution has led to a partial reversal of the dimming trend, sometimes referred to as global brightening. The reversal of dimming is not complete and varies worldwide. Brightening in developed countries during the 1980s and 1990s was offset by increased dimming in developing countries and by the expansion of the global shipping industry. During 2010s, air pollution mitigation in developing countries has also improved rapidly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polar vortex</span> Persistent cold-core low-pressure area that circles one of the poles

A circumpolar vortex, or simply polar vortex, is a large region of cold, rotating air; polar vortices encircle both of Earth's polar regions. Polar vortices also exist on other rotating, low-obliquity planetary bodies. The term polar vortex can be used to describe two distinct phenomena; the stratospheric polar vortex, and the tropospheric polar vortex. The stratospheric and tropospheric polar vortices both rotate in the direction of the Earth's spin, but they are distinct phenomena that have different sizes, structures, seasonal cycles, and impacts on weather.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of climate change</span>

Climate change affects the physical environment, ecosystems and human societies. Changes in the climate system include an overall warming trend, more extreme weather and rising sea levels. These in turn impact nature and wildlife, as well as human settlements and societies. The effects of human-caused climate change are broad and far-reaching. This is especially so if there is no significant climate action. Experts sometimes describe the projected and observed negative impacts of climate change as the climate crisis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Block (meteorology)</span> Large-scale patterns in the atmospheric pressure field that are nearly stationary,

Blocks in meteorology are large-scale patterns in the atmospheric pressure field that are nearly stationary, effectively "blocking" or redirecting migratory cyclones. They are also known as blocking highs or blocking anticyclones. These blocks can remain in place for several days or even weeks, causing the areas affected by them to have the same kind of weather for an extended period of time. In the Northern Hemisphere, extended blocking occurs most frequently in the spring over the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Whilst these events are linked to the occurrence of extreme weather events such as heat waves, particularly the onset and decay of these events is still not well captured in numerical weather forecasts and remains an open area of research.

Air stagnation is a meteorological condition that occurs when there is a lack of atmospheric movement, leading to the accumulation of pollutants and particles that can decline the air quality in a particular region. This condition typically correlates with air pollution and poor air quality due to the possible health risks it can cause to humans and the environment. Due to light winds and lack of precipitation, pollutants cannot be cleared from the air, either gaseous or particulate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in the Arctic</span> Impacts of climate change on the Arctic

Major environmental issues caused by contemporary climate change in the Arctic region range from the well-known, such as the loss of sea ice or melting of the Greenland ice sheet, to more obscure, but deeply significant issues, such as permafrost thaw, as well as related social consequences for locals and the geopolitical ramifications of these changes. The Arctic is likely to be especially affected by climate change because of the high projected rate of regional warming and associated impacts. Temperature projections for the Arctic region were assessed in 2007: These suggested already averaged warming of about 2 °C to 9 °C by the year 2100. The range reflects different projections made by different climate models, run with different forcing scenarios. Radiative forcing is a measure of the effect of natural and human activities on the climate. Different forcing scenarios reflect things such as different projections of future human greenhouse gas emissions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polar amplification</span>

Polar amplification is the phenomenon that any change in the net radiation balance tends to produce a larger change in temperature near the poles than in the planetary average. This is commonly referred to as the ratio of polar warming to tropical warming. On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict emission of longwave radiation to space, surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict. Where the atmosphere or an extensive ocean is able to transport heat polewards, the poles will be warmer and equatorial regions cooler than their local net radiation balances would predict. The poles will experience the most cooling when the global-mean temperature is lower relative to a reference climate; alternatively, the poles will experience the greatest warming when the global-mean temperature is higher.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in California</span>

Climate change in California has resulted in higher than average temperatures, leading to increased occurrences of drought and wildfires. During the next few decades in California, climate change is likely to further reduce water availability, increase wildfire risk, decrease agricultural productivity, and threaten coastal ecosystems. The state will also be impacted economically due to the rising cost of providing water to its residents along with revenue and job loss in the agricultural sector. California has taken a number of steps to mitigate impacts of climate change in the state.

More than 1,030 people were killed in the 2002 heatwave in South India. Most of the dead were poor and elderly and a majority of deaths occurred in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh. In the districts that were impacted most, the heat was so severe that ponds and rivers evaporated and in those same districts birds had fallen from the sky and animals were collapsing from the intense heat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ocean temperature</span> Physical quantity that expresses hot and cold in ocean water

Several factors cause the ocean temperature to vary. These are depth, geographical location and season. Both the temperature and salinity of ocean water differ. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters. In polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh. Deep ocean water is cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. This water has a uniform temperature of around 0-3 °C. The ocean temperature also depends on the amount of solar radiation falling on its surface. In the tropics, with the Sun nearly overhead, the temperature of the surface layers can rise to over 30 °C (86 °F). Near the poles the temperature in equilibrium with the sea ice is about −2 °C (28 °F). There is a continuous circulation of water in the oceans. Thermohaline circulation (THC) is part of the large-scale ocean circulation. It is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes. Warm surface currents cool as they move away from the tropics. This happens as the water becomes denser and sinks. Changes in temperature and density move the cold water back towards the equator as a deep sea current. Then it eventually wells up again towards the surface.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of climate change on human health</span> Environmental history

The effects of climate change on human health are increasingly well studied and quantified. Rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns are increasing the frequency and severity of heat waves, wildfires, droughts, floods, landslides, hurricanes, and other causes of injury and illness. Heat waves and extreme weather events have a big impact on health both directly and indirectly. Direct effects of exposure to high and extended temperatures include illness, reduced labour capacity for outdoor workers, and heat-related mortality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of climate change on mental health</span> Effects of climate change on mental health

The effects of climate change on mental health and wellbeing are documented. This is especially the case for vulnerable populations and those with pre-existing serious mental illness. There are three broad pathways by which these effects can take place: directly, indirectly or via awareness. The direct pathway includes stress-related conditions caused by exposure to extreme weather events. These include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Scientific studies have linked mental health to several climate-related exposures. These include heat, humidity, rainfall, drought, wildfires and floods. The indirect pathway can be disruption to economic and social activities. An example is when an area of farmland is less able to produce food. The third pathway can be of mere awareness of the climate change threat, even by individuals who are not otherwise affected by it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marine heatwave</span> Unusually warm temperature event in the ocean

A marine heatwave is a period of abnormally high ocean temperatures relative to the average seasonal temperature in a particular marine region. Marine heatwaves are caused by a variety of factors, including shorter term weather phenomena such as fronts, intraseasonal events, annual, or decadal (10-year) modes like El Niño events, and longer term changes like climate change. Marine heatwaves can have biological impacts on ecosystems at individual, population, and community levels. MHWs have led to severe biodiversity changes such as coral bleaching, sea star wasting disease, harmful algal blooms, and mass mortality of benthic communities. Unlike heatwaves on land, marine heatwaves can extend for millions of square kilometers, persist for weeks to months or even years, and occur at subsurface levels.

References

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  2. ↑ Burga, Sulcyre (27 July 2023). "What to Know About Heat Domes—And How Long They Last". Time.
  3. ↑ Freedman, Andrew (July 25, 2019). "A Giant 'Heat Dome' Over Europe Is Smashing Temperature Records, And It's on The Move".
  4. ↑ "Extreme Heat | CISA". www.cisa.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
  5. ↑ Lacroux, Margaux. "Qu'est-ce que le «dôme de chaleur» qui fait suffoquer le Canada ?". Libération (in French). Retrieved 2024-04-01.
  6. 1 2 3 Fan, Yifan; Li, Yuguo; Bejan, Adrian; Wang, Yi; Yang, Xinyan (2017-09-15). "Horizontal extent of the urban heat dome flow". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 11681. Bibcode:2017NatSR...711681F. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09917-4. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   5601473 . PMID   28916810.
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  9. ↑ Fleming, Sean (29 June 2021). "What is the North American heat dome and how dangerous is it?".
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  19. 1 2 3 "Causes of widespread foliar damage from the June 2021 Pacific Northwest Heat Dome: more heat than drought". academic.oup.com. 5 January 2023. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
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  22. 1 2 3 4 Henderson, Sarah B.; McLean, Kathleen E.; Lee, Michael J.; Kosatsky, Tom (February 2022). "Analysis of community deaths during the catastrophic 2021 heat dome: Early evidence to inform the public health response during subsequent events in greater Vancouver, Canada". Environmental Epidemiology. 6 (1): e189. doi:10.1097/EE9.0000000000000189. PMC   8835552 . PMID   35169667.
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  25. ↑ Zhang, Yan; Wang, Xiaoxue; Fan, Yifan; Zhao, Yongling; Carmeliet, Jan; Ge, Jian (2023-05-01). "Urban heat dome flow deflected by the Coriolis force". Urban Climate. 49: 101449. Bibcode:2023UrbCl..4901449Z. doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101449. ISSN   2212-0955.
  26. 1 2 Chen, Ziming (21 November 2023). "Projected increase in summer heat-dome-like stationary waves over Northwestern North America". npj Climate and Atmospheric Science. 6. Bibcode:2023npCAS...6..194C. doi:10.1038/s41612-023-00511-2.
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  31. ↑ Aynsley, Richard; Shiel, John J. (2017-05-04). "Ventilation strategies for a warming world". Architectural Science Review. 60 (3): 249–254. doi:10.1080/00038628.2017.1300764. ISSN   0003-8628.
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  34. ↑ Richards, Daniel R.; Edwards, Peter J. (2018-07-04). "Using water management infrastructure to address both flood risk and the urban heat island". International Journal of Water Resources Development. 34 (4): 490–498. Bibcode:2018IJWRD..34..490R. doi:10.1080/07900627.2017.1357538. ISSN   0790-0627.
  35. ↑ Peng, Roger D.; Bobb, Jennifer F.; Tebaldi, Claudia; McDaniel, Larry; Bell, Michelle L.; Dominici, Francesca (May 2011). "Toward a Quantitative Estimate of Future Heat Wave Mortality under Global Climate Change". Environmental Health Perspectives. 119 (5): 701–706. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002430. ISSN   0091-6765. PMC   3094424 . PMID   21193384.
  36. ↑ Hasan, Fariha; Marsia, Shayan; Patel, Kajal; Agrawal, Priyanka; Razzak, Junaid Abdul (January 2021). "Effective Community-Based Interventions for the Prevention and Management of Heat-Related Illnesses: A Scoping Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (16): 8362. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18168362 . ISSN   1660-4601. PMC   8394078 . PMID   34444112.
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