2018 North American heat wave

Last updated
2018 North American heat wave
Type Heat wave
AreasNorth America
Start dateJune 28, 2018
End dateOctober 4, 2018
Peak temp. 124.3 °F (51.3 °C)
Losses
DeathsOver 70

The 2018 North American heat wave affected regions of Canada, where at least 70 deaths in Quebec were heat-related, [1] the United States, where 18 states between Michigan and New Mexico issued heat advisories to a population of over 60 million people, [2] and of Mexico, particularly the northwest and central regions. [3]

Contents

Canada

Quebec and Ontario

From June 29 to July 6, 2018, the air temperature consistently rose above 35 °C (95.0 °F) in parts of Quebec and Ontario. The humidex value for Ottawa on Canada Day between noon and 3 pm was 47.0 °C (116.6 °F), the highest ever recorded in the city. [4] The humidex also peaked at 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) in Toronto and 45 °C (113 °F) in Montreal. The heat wave also affected the Maritimes, with the humidex value reaching 35 °C (95 °F) in Halifax and 45 °C (113 °F) at Greenwood in the Annapolis Valley, on 5 July. [5]

On 4 July, Montreal emergency services reported twelve hundred calls per day about the heat, up 30% from prior busiest days. [6]

As of 10 July, seventy-four people, most of them already ill, had died heat-related deaths in Quebec. [7] [1] This province's death toll is reported as much higher than others' because of its looser rules for attributing death to heat. [8] In Ontario, where only accidental deaths directly caused by heat are counted, the coroner's office is investigating three possible cases. [7]

Maritime provinces

While the heat wave ended on 10 July in Central Canada, this was not so for the Maritimes. On the 23rd of July, the interaction between a far-northwest Azores-Bermuda High and a trough over Ontario led to the issuing of heat warnings for all three Maritime Provinces, with several locations reporting humidex values in excess of 36. [9] In Halifax, the heat wave contributed to a record-breaking number of hot days in July, with the airport reporting daily high temperatures in excess of 25 °C on twenty-two days that month, breaking the previous record of twenty-one days set in 2008, 2003, and 1924. [10]

Western Canada

British Columbia

On 8 and 9 August, temperatures reached high levels in Metro Vancouver. The daily highs in Abbotsford were 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) and 34.1 °C (93.4 °F) respectively. [11] Temperatures on the waterfront of Vancouver reached 31.0 °C (87.8 °F) and 30.8 °C (87.4 °F). The hottest temperature reached in the Lower Mainland was 36.5 °C (97.7 °F) in Cultus Lake. [12] Cranbrook broke its record for August of 37.2 °C (99.0 °F), and the all-time record of 38.9 °C (102.0 °F), with temperatures reaching 40.5 °C (104.9 °F). [13] Creston broke its August record of 38.0 °C (100.4 °F), reaching 38.7 °C (101.7 °F), but did not break the all-time record. [14]

Alberta

The largest city to break an all-time record was Calgary, with temperatures reaching 36.7 °C (98.1 °F). [15] The previous record for August was 35.6 °C (96.1 °F), while the all-time record was 36.1 °C (97.0 °F). Temperatures in Lethbridge reached 40.5 °C (104.9 °F), [16] breaking the previous August record of 38.9 °C (102.0 °F), and surpassing its all-time record of 40.0 °C (104.0 °F). Medicine Hat reached 40.4 °C (104.7 °F), the highest recorded temperature since 1969. [17] [18] Barnwell recorded the highest temperature of 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) during the heat wave on August 10. [19]

Saskatchewan

The core heat passed over Saskatchewan on August 10 and 11. Numerous temperature readings above 40 °C (104 °F) were recorded across the province including in Assiniboia and Swift Current, which both recorded 2 consecutive days with high temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F). [20] [21] This was the first time maximum temperatures greater than 40 °C (104 °F) were recorded since 2003. [22] Numerous monthly records were set including in Moose Jaw, where the temperature reached 42.3 °C (108.1 °F), and Regina where the maximum temperature was 41.3 °C (106.3 °F). [23] [24]

Manitoba

Numerous daily records were set across Manitoba on August 11 and 12. High temperatures of 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) were recorded on Manitoba Agriculture weather stations in both Elm Creek and Waskada on August 12. [25] These were the first 40 °C (104 °F) readings in Manitoba since 1989. [26] Melita recorded three consecutive days with temperatures above 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) from August 10–12, peaking at 39.6 °C (103.3 °F) on August 12. [27] On August 12 in Winnipeg, temperatures peaked at 37.5 °C (99.5 °F), the warmest temperature since 1995, with the humidex reaching 45.0 °C (113.0 °F), the third highest August humidex on record. [28] [19]

United States

California

On 6 July, the temperature at UCLA was 111 °F (43.9 °C), breaking the all-time high temperature record of 109 °F (42.8 °C) set in 1939 but still 6 °F (3.3 °C) lower than the record 117 °F (47.2 °C) set in Woodland Hills, a Los Angeles neighborhood, at about 1 p.m. local time the same day, according to the weather service. [29] Elsewhere in California, Santa Ana and Ramona hit respective record highs of 114 °F (45.6 °C) and 117 °F (47.2 °C). [30] The combined conditions of heat and dryness fueled wildfires that caused one fatality and hundreds of evacuations. [31] [32] In Palm Springs the temperature reached 119 °F (48.3 °C). [33]

On 7 July, approximately 34,000 customers of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (about 2.5% of its base) experienced power outages, some for up to 24 hours. The previous day, peak energy-demand set a new record for any July day in the city, at 6,256 megawatts. [34] [32]

On July 23 Palm Springs' temperature reached 119 °F (48.3 °C) again. On July 24 the temperature hit 121 °F (49.4 °C), [33] two degrees Fahrenheit less than its all-time record set in July 1995. [35]

California's state authorities and the California Independent System Operator both urged power conservation by people and business from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m. on July 24 and July 25, 2018. [36] Flex Alerts were issued as the power grid began to overload. The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health also urged people to stay out of the sun on July 24. [36] Thousands lost electricity in California due to sporadic temporary power cuts on July 24 as record temperatures hit the southwestern United States, [36] including much of Arizona and parts of California and Utah. [37]

On July 26, the visitor center at Furnace Creek, California in Death Valley had been over 111 °F (43.9 °C) since 10:00am and it climbed to 124.3 °F (51.3 °C) at 4pm local time. [38] July 2018 was the warmest July ever in California. [39] Death Valley set a global record for average temperature in a month ever at 108.1 °F (42.3 °C). [40]

Wildfires

The forest fires that started near the Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks on July 13 grew July 22, [41] 2018. The fires were visible for several miles on the south side of the Mineral King Road and Slapjack Creek, a National Park officials said on July 22. [41] The Atwell-Hockett Trail and the Tar Gap Trail are closed due to the fire, But the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks remain open on July 22. [41] A bulldozer on July 13 and 4 firefighters had died by July 22. More than 2,800 firefighters, a fleet of aircraft and bulldozers had contained only 7% of its perimeter by July 22. [41] An air tanker dropped fire retardant drop on the Horse Creek Fire in Sequoia National Park. [41]

Several fires hit Whiskeytown, California; whilst others expanded past the Sacramento River and into Redding, California on July 28. At least 500 homes, businesses and other structures have been destroyed and 5 died by 28 July. [42]

About 12,000 firefighters battled to contain wildfires in "erratic" winds across northern California on July 29. 6 Californians and 5 others elsewhere had died by June 29. [43]

Arizona

Phoenix, Arizona recorded 116 °F (47 °C) on July 24 and 25, 2018 [44] which was lower than the all-time high of 122 °F (50 °C) set on June 26, 1990 [45]

Yuma, Arizona recorded 118 °F (48 °C) on July 24, and 117 °F (47 °C) on July 25. [46] This passed the previous record high of 110.8 °F (43.8 °C) in 1957. [47]

Colorado

The temperature in Denver, Colorado, on 28 June, tied the city's record at 105 °F (40.6 °C). [48] The record was set in 1878, then matched in 2005 and 2012. [49]

Louisiana

The temperature in Shreveport, Louisiana on July 21 was 106 °F (41.1 °C). [50]

Nevada

The temperature in Las Vegas, Nevada on July 25, 26 and 27 was 113 °F (45.0 °C); on July 28 it reached 112 °F (44.4 °C). [51]

Oklahoma

The temperature in Lawton, Oklahoma on July 19 was 111 °F (43.9 °C). [52]

Texas

The temperature in Dallas, Texas on July 22 was 112 °F (44.4 °C). [53] The temperature in Wichita Falls on July 19 and July 22 reached 112 °F (44.4 °C). [54]

Utah

The temperature in St. George, Utah on July 24 and 25 was 109 °F (42.8 °C); on July 26 it reached 110 °F (43.3 °C). [55]

Mexico

By the end of May 2018, Mexico was already one week into the heat wave. [56] The states of Baja California, Sonora, Nayarit, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Querétaro and Morelos registered temperatures between 40 °C (104.0 °F) to 45 °C (113.0 °F), while Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Michoacán and Hidalgo between 45 °C (113.0 °F) and 50 °C (122.0 °F). [56] The states of Hidalgo, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Zacatecas and Jalisco broke historical highs going back more than 50 years. [57] Chihuahua broke its 1978 record temperature and Sinaloa surpassed the high recorded there in 1961. [58] The federal Ministry of the Interior announced that a state of emergency was declared in 573 municipalities in 22 states, and it stated that food and water was being delivered to prevent people from suffering dehydration. [57]

By early June 2018, the Mexican government had declared a state of emergency in more than three hundred municipalities. [58] The extraordinary sales of cold beverages, ice creams, pops and other items popular during hot weather increased to such an extent that Canacope Puebla, a Mexico City business chamber, estimated the nation's GDP would increase by approximately 260 million pesos ($13 mln). [59]

Peak temperatures in July 2018 included: Hermosillo, Sonora, where on July 23 the temperature reached 47.2 °C (117 °F), [60] and Mexicali, Baja California, where on July 23, 24 and 25 the temperature reached 46.1 °C (115 °F). [61]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heat index</span> Temperature index that accounts for the effects of humidity

The heat index (HI) is an index that combines air temperature and relative humidity, in shaded areas, to posit a human-perceived equivalent temperature, as how hot it would feel if the humidity were some other value in the shade. For example, when the temperature is 32 °C (90 °F) with 70% relative humidity, the heat index is 41 °C (106 °F). The heat index is meant to describe experienced temperatures in the shade, but it does not take into account heating from direct sunlight, physical activity or cooling from wind.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Humidex</span> Index number to describe the feeling of heat in Canada

The humidex is an index number used by Canadian meteorologists to describe how hot the weather feels to the average person, by combining the effect of heat and humidity. The term humidex was coined in 1965. The humidex is a nominally dimensionless quantity based on the dew point.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Toronto</span> Geography of the city of Toronto, Canada

The geography of Toronto, Ontario, covers an area of 630 km2 (240 sq mi) and is bounded by Lake Ontario to the south; Etobicoke Creek, Eglinton Avenue, and Highway 427 to the west; Steeles Avenue to the north; and the Rouge River and the Scarborough–Pickering Townline to the east. In addition to Etobicoke Creek and the Rouge River, the city is trisected by two minor rivers and their tributaries, the Humber River in the west end and the Don River east of downtown. Both flow southward to Lake Ontario at Humber Bay and Toronto Harbour respectively, which are part of the longer Waterfront, as well as Etobicoke Creek and the Rouge River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 North American heat wave</span>

The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations. At least three died in Philadelphia, Arkansas, and Indiana. In Maryland, the state health officials reported that three people died of heat-related causes. Another heat related death was suspected in Chicago.

Extreme weather has been known to hit Windsor, Ontario, and the city is home to several local, national, and international weather records. They are shown below, organized chronologically :

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography and climate of Winnipeg</span>

Winnipeg lies at the bottom of the Red River Valley, a low-lying flood plain with an extremely flat topography. This valley was formed by the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz which has rich deposits of black soil. Winnipeg is on the eastern edge of the Canadian Prairies in Western Canada; it is known as the 'Gateway to the West'. It is relatively close to many large Canadian Shield lakes and parks, as well as Lake Winnipeg. Winnipeg is bordered by tallgrass prairie to the west and south and the aspen parkland to the northeast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1936 North American heat wave</span> Extreme weather event

The 1936 North American heat wave was one of the most severe heat waves in the modern history of North America. It took place in the middle of the Great Depression and Dust Bowl of the 1930s and caused catastrophic human suffering and an enormous economic toll. The death toll exceeded 5,000, and huge numbers of crops were destroyed by the heat and lack of moisture. Many state and city record high temperatures set during the 1936 heat wave stood until the summer 2012 North American heat wave. Many more endure to this day; as of 2022, 13 state record high temperatures were set in 1936. The 1936 heat wave followed one of the coldest winters on record.

The 2007 North American heat wave started at the end of July and lasted into the first weeks of August. It was associated with severe drought over regions of the southeastern United States and parts of the Great Lakes region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves</span> Summer heat waves

The 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves included severe heat waves that impacted most of the United States, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Hong Kong, North Africa and the European continent as a whole, along with parts of Canada, Russia, Indochina, South Korea and Japan during July 29 2010. The first phase of the global heatwaves was caused by a moderate El Niño event, which lasted from June 2009 to May 2010. The first phase lasted only from April 2010 to June 2010, and caused only moderate above average temperatures in the areas affected. But it also set new record high temperatures for most of the area affected, in the Northern Hemisphere. The second phase was caused by a very strong La Niña event, which lasted from June 2010 to June 2011. According to meteorologists, the 2010–11 La Niña event was one of the strongest La Niña events ever observed. That same La Niña event also had devastating effects in the Eastern states of Australia. The second phase lasted from June 2010 to October 2010, caused severe heat waves, and multiple record-breaking temperatures. The heatwaves began in April 2010, when strong anticyclones began to develop, over most of the affected regions, in the Northern Hemisphere. The heatwaves ended in October 2010, when the powerful anticyclones over most of the affected areas dissipated.

The 2011 North American heat wave was a deadly summer 2011 heat wave that affected the Southern Plains, the Midwestern United States, Eastern Canada, the Northeastern United States, and much of the Eastern Seaboard, and had Heat index/Humidex readings reaching upwards of 131 °F (55 °C). On a national basis, the heat wave was the hottest in 75 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">March 2012 North American heat wave</span>

In March 2012, one of the greatest heat waves was observed in many regions of North America. Very warm air pushed northward west of the Great Lakes region, and subsequently spread eastward. The intense poleward air mass movement was propelled by an unusually intense low level southerly jet that stretched from Louisiana to western Wisconsin. Once this warm surge inundated the area, a remarkably prolonged period of record setting temperatures ensued.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 North American heat wave</span>

The Summer 2012 North American heat wave was one of the most severe heat waves in modern North American history. It resulted in more than 82 heat-related deaths across the United States and Canada, and an additional twenty-two people died in the resultant June 2012 North American derecho. This long-lived, straight-line wind and its thunderstorms cut electrical power to 3.7 million customers. Over 500,000 were still without power on July 6, as the heat wave continued. Temperatures generally decreased somewhat the week of July 9 in the east, but the high pressure shifted to the west, causing the core of the hot weather to build in the Mountain States and the Southwestern United States shifting eastwards again by mid-July. By early August, the core of the heat remained over the Southern Plains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">January–February 2019 North American cold wave</span> Fatal cold wave in the US and Canada

In late January 2019, a severe cold wave caused by a weakened jet stream around the Arctic polar vortex hit the Midwestern United States and Eastern Canada, killing at least 22 people. It came after a winter storm brought up to 13 inches (33 cm) of snow in some regions from January 27–29, and brought the coldest temperatures in over 20 years to most locations in the affected region, including some all-time record lows. In early February, a concentration of Arctic air colloquially referred to as the "polar vortex" moved west, and became locked over Western Canada and the Western United States. As a result, February 2019 was among the coldest and snowiest on record in these regions. In early March, the cold once again shifted east, breaking records in many areas. In mid-March, the cold wave finally retreated, but combined with above-average temperatures, precipitation, and a deep snowpack, widespread flooding ensued in the Central US.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Edmonton</span> Overview of the climate in the Canadian city

Edmonton has a humid continental climate. It falls into the NRC 4a Plant Hardiness Zone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">February 2021 North American cold wave</span> Cold wave in 2021

The February 2021 North American cold wave was an extreme weather event that brought record low temperatures to a significant portion of Canada, the United States and parts of northern Mexico during the first two-thirds of February 2021. The cold was caused by a southern migration of the polar vortex, likely caused by a sudden stratospheric warming event that occurred the prior month. Temperatures fell as much as 25–50 °F below average as far south as the Gulf Coast. Severe winter storms also were associated with the bitter cold, which allowed for heavy snowfall and ice accumulations to places as far south as Houston, Texas, and contributing to one of the snowiest winters ever in some areas in the Deep South.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Western North America heat wave</span> 2021 heat wave in the Pacific Northwest and Western Canada

The 2021 Western North America heat wave was an extreme heat wave that affected much of Western North America from late June through mid-July 2021. Extreme event attribution found this was a 1000-year weather event, made 150 times more likely by climate change. A study in Nature Climate Change estimated that its occurrence, while previously thought virtually impossible, is projected to increase rapidly with further global warming, possibly becoming a 10-yearly occurrence in a climate 2°C warming than the pre-industrial period, which may be reached by 2050 if fossil fuels are not phased out and carbon-dioxide emissions eliminated. The heat wave affected Northern California, Idaho, Western Nevada, Oregon, and Washington in the United States, as well as British Columbia, and in its latter phase, Alberta, Manitoba, the Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, and Yukon, all in Canada. It also affected inland regions of Central and Southern California, Northwestern and Southern Nevada and parts of Montana, though the temperature anomalies were not as extreme as in the regions farther north.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 heat waves</span> Hotter than normal periods in 2022

In 2022, several areas of the world experienced heat waves. Heat waves were especially notable in East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Australia, western Europe, the United States, and southern South America. 2022 heat waves accounted for record-breaking temperatures and, in some regions, heat-related deaths. Heat waves were worsened by the effects of climate change, and they exacerbated droughts and wildfires.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 North American heat waves</span> Heat wave affecting North America

From late spring to late summer heat waves in 2022 smashed many records in North America between May and September of that year. Dozens of temperature records were surpassed in the United States.

References

  1. 1 2 "Quebec says up to 70 people may have died in connection with heat wave". CBC News . 9 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  2. ↑ "Heat dome brings dangerously high temps, humidity to most of US". Hawaii News Now . 2 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  3. ↑ Toribio, Laura (5 June 2018). "La ola de calor en México se prolongará hasta agosto: meteorólogo del IPN" [ IPN meteorologist: The heat wave in Mexico will continue until August]. Excélsior (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  4. ↑ Spears, Tom (3 July 2018). "Ottawa misses a heat record, but sets a humidex record". Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  5. ↑ d'Entremont, Danielle (5 July 2018). "How Haligonians are beating the heat". CBC News . Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  6. ↑ Hajjaji, Danya (5 July 2018). "Canadian heat wave kills 12 in Montreal". South Florida Sun-sentinel. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  7. 1 2 Hauen, Jack (5 July 2018). "Highlighting differences with Quebec, Ontario coroner announces investigations of three heat-related deaths". The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2 July 2018.
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  9. ↑ "Rain threat builds in Atlantic Canada, but heat goes on". The Weather Network . Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  10. ↑ "Atlantic Canada's hot summer continues, humidity returns". The Weather Network . Retrieved 1 August 2018.
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  12. ↑ "Cultus Lake, British Columbia: Daily Data Report for August 2018". Historical Climate Data, Government of Canada. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
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  32. 1 2 Andone, Dakin (8 July 2018). "Thousands without power in Los Angeles after high demand due to heat wave". CNN . Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  33. 1 2 Accuweather Palm Springs July 2018 temperatures https://www.accuweather.com/en/us/palm-springs-ca/92262/month/331971?monyr=7/01/2018
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  35. ↑ Marx, Jesse. "Palm Springs hits record-high temps two days in a row". The Desert Sun. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
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  37. ↑ "The Latest: Death Valley temperature expected to hit 124 - The China Post". The China Post.
  38. ↑ "Furnace Creek visitor center in Death Valley, CA. July 25, 2018 4pm 124.3 deg F." Meso West. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  39. ↑ July 2018 National Climate Report, NOAA
  40. ↑ Death Valley Sets Record for Hottest Month: a 108.1°F Average Temperature, Weather Underground, July 31, 2018
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 "Forest fires near Sequoia, Yosemite national parks grow".
  42. ↑ "Oh deer! Cop saves fawn from California wildfires".
  43. ↑ Cooper, Jonathan J.; Melley, Brian. "California fires growing; five dead". Elko Daily Free Press.
  44. ↑ Accuweather, Phoenix, AZ July 2018 temperatures https://www.accuweather.com/en/us/phoenix-az/85003/month/346935?monyr=7/01/2018
  45. ↑ "Hottest day ever: 122° — and other 'cool' Phoenix-is-really-hot facts". 12news.com. 2017-06-14. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  46. ↑ Accuweather, Phoenix, AZ July 2018 temperatures https://www.accuweather.com/en/us/yuma-az/85364/month/326855?monyr=7/01/2018
  47. ↑ "Phoenix & Yuma July 2018 Climate Data". www.weather.gov. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  48. ↑ Reynolds, Dan (29 June 2018). "Dangerous heat wave hitting U.S. over Fourth of July weekend". CBC News . Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  49. ↑ Fritz, Angel (29 June 2018). "Denver just tied its all-time temperature record. This heat wave is just getting started". The Washington Post . Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  50. ↑ Accuweather Shreveport July 2018 temperatures https://www.accuweather.com/en/us/shreveport-la/71101/month/329148?monyr=7/01/2018
  51. ↑ Accuweather Las Vegas, NV July 2018 temperatures https://www.accuweather.com/en/us/las-vegas-nv/89101/month/329506?monyr=7/01/2018
  52. ↑ Accuweather Lawton, KS July 2018 temperatures https://www.accuweather.com/en/us/lawton-ok/73501/month/330125?monyr=7/01/2018
  53. ↑ Accuweather Dallas July 2018 temperatures https://www.accuweather.com/en/us/dallas-tx/75202/month/351194?monyr=7/01/2018
  54. ↑ Accuweather Wichita Falls July 2018 temperatures https://www.accuweather.com/en/us/wichita-falls-tx/76301/month/331133?monyr=7/01/2018
  55. ↑ Accuweather St. George, UT July 2018 temperatures https://www.accuweather.com/en/us/st-george-ut/84770/month/336137?monyr=7/01/2018
  56. 1 2 Suárez, Karina (31 May 2018). "El termómetro marcará hasta 50 grados en México" [Thermometer to mark up to 50 °C (122.0 °F) in Mexico]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  57. 1 2 "Heatwave breaks records in several Mexican states - Xinhua | English.news.cn". 2019-03-07. Archived from the original on 2019-03-07. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  58. 1 2 "Tres muertos deja ola de calor de hasta 58 grados que derrite a los mexicanos" [Heat wave of 58 °C (136.4 °F) leaves three dead, melts Mexicans]. La Prensa (in Spanish). 2 June 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  59. ↑ "Heat wave causes 3 deaths, economic boost, melting traffic lights". Mexico News Daily. 2 June 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  60. ↑ Accuweather Hermosillo, SON July 2018 temperatures https://www.accuweather.com/en/mx/hermosillo/245727/month/245727?monyr=7/01/2018#
  61. ↑ Accuweather Mexicali, BC July 2018 temperatures https://www.accuweather.com/en/mx/mexicali/241910/month/241910?monyr=7/01/2018
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