Odontodes, or dermal teeth, are hard structures found on the external surfaces of animals or near internal openings. They consist of a soft pulp surrounded by dentine and covered by a mineralized substance such as enamel, a structure similar to that of teeth. They generally do not have the same function as teeth, and are not replaced the same way teeth are in most fish. In some animals, the presence or size of odontodes can be used in determining the sex.
The Hypoptopomatinae are a subfamily of catfishes of the family Loricariidae, composed of 17 genera and approximately 80 species. This subfamily represents about one-tenth of all loricariid species.
Hisonotus is a genus of armored catfishes native to South America. Species of Hisonotus and Curculionichthys are the only representatives of the subfamily Otothyrinae having serrae on the posterior edge of the pectoral fin spine. These species are small fishes, generally found in small fast flowing streams, where they grasp to the branches and leaves of aquatic or subaquatic plants. The species of this genus mostly occur in Atlantic coastal streams of southern Brazil and the Paraguay-Paraná system of southern South America. They are also distributed in the Río de La Plata basin and coastal rivers of southeastern Brazil.
Hisonotus aky, sometimes known as the green hisonotus, is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in Argentina's Uruguay River basin. It reaches 4 cm SL. It was formerly considered a member of the genus Epactionotus, although it was transferred to Hisonotus in 2009.
Hisonotus alberti is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is a freshwater species native to the basins of the Paraná River and the São Francisco River in Brazil. The species was described in 2016. and is not listed by FishBase.
Hisonotus bocaiuva is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the São Francisco River basin in Brazil. It reaches 2.4 cm SL and was described in 2013.
Hisonotus bockmanni is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Amazon River and the Cururu River in Brazil. The species reaches 2.4 cm SL and was described in 2012.
Hisonotus charrua is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Uruguay River and the mouth of the Río de la Plata in Uruguay. The species may be found in both freshwater and brackish environments and reaches 3.6 cm SL.
Hisonotus depressinotus is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Tietê River basin. The species reaches 3 cm SL. It is not to be confused with the related species Hisonotus depressicauda, which has a similar name and is found in the same river basin.
Hisonotus francirochai is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Grande River basin. The species reaches 3.6 cm SL.
Hisonotus iota is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Chapecó River, which is a tributary of the Uruguay River. The species reaches 3.3 cm SL.
Hisonotus maculipinnis is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Río de la Plata, the Paraguay River, and the Paraná River. The species reaches 4 cm SL.
Hisonotus megaloplax is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the drainage basin of the Passo Fundo River, which is a tributary of the Uruguay River. It reaches 4.7 cm SL.
Hisonotus thayeri is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Macaé River, the Tabapoana River, the Paraíba do Sul River, the Itapemirim River, the Doce River, the Novo River, the Benevente River, and Lagoa Feia in Brazil. The species reaches 4.2 cm SL and was formerly considered conspecific with Hisonotus notatus, being described as its own species in 2016.
Hisonotus pachysarkos is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is a freshwater species native to Brazil, where it occurs in the Ivaí River basin in the upper Paraná River system. It reaches 4.15 cm SL and was described in 2016 by Cláudio Henrique Zawadzki and Weferson Júnio da Graça of State University of Maringá and Fábio F. Roxo of São Paulo State University. FishBase does not list this species.
Hisonotus paulinus is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Tietê River basin. The species reaches 4 cm SL.
Hisonotus ringueleti is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Uruguay River basin. It is found mainly in vegetated areas inhabited by species belonging to the plant genera Ludwigia and Potamogeton, among others. It occurs in both slow and fast-flowing clear creek environments with a substrate of stones, mud, or gravel. The species reaches 4.3 cm SL.
Hisonotus vespuccii is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is a freshwater species native to South America where it occurs in the São Francisco River and three of its tributaries: the Das Velhas River, the Paraopeba River, and the Formoso River. It is found in areas with marginal vegetation and reaches 3.6 cm (1.4 in) SL. The species was named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci.
Hisonotus vireo is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Jacuí River basin and the Lagoa dos Patos system in Brazil. The species reaches 4 cm SL.
Hisonotus devidei is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is a freshwater species native to South America, where it occurs in the Pandeiros River, a tributary of the São Francisco River. The species was described in 2018 by F. F. Roxo, G. S. C. Silva, and B. F. Melo on the basis of morphology and patterning, as it differs from other members of the genus Hisonotus by the presence of distinctive dark blotches. FishBase does not list this species.
