Hispidopannaria

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Hispidopannaria
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Peltigerales
Family: Pannariaceae
Genus: Hispidopannaria
Elvebakk, S.G.Hong & C.H.Park (2020)
Type species
Hispidopannaria hispidula
(Nyl.) Elvebakk, S.G.Hong & C.H.Park (2020)
Species

H. dasyclada
H. hispidula

Hispidopannaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. [1] [2] It comprises two species, both found exclusively in southern South America. The genus is characterised by its large, leafy structures covered with stiff, bristle-like hairs, giving the lichen a fuzzy appearance. These lichens form symbiotic relationships with both green algae and cyanobacteria, allowing them to photosynthesise. Hispidopannaria was established as a distinct genus in 2020, based on DNA analysis that showed it to be genetically distinct from the closely related genus Pannaria . The two known species inhabit different ecological niches: H. hispidula is found in temperate rainforests across Chile and Argentina, primarily growing on tree bark, while H. dasyclada is endemic to Robinson Crusoe Island in Chile, where it grows on rocks and on soil.

Contents

Taxonomy

Hispidopannaria was circumscribed as a new genus in 2020 by Arve Elvebakk, Soon Gyu Hong, and Chae Haeng Park. [3] The type species of the genus is Hispidopannaria hispidula , which was originally described as Psoroma hispidulum by William Nylander in 1855 [4] and later transferred to Pannaria as Pannaria hispidula(Nyl.) Hue in 1902. [5] The genus name Hispidopannaria is derived from the Latin word hispidus, meaning 'covered by coarse, rigid hairs', combined with its relationship to Pannaria, reflecting the characteristic hispid squamules (scales) that distinguish this genus from its relatives. [3]

The genus was established based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer, nuclear large subunit rRNA, mitochondrial small subunit rRNA, and MCM7 genes. Prior to its recognition as a distinct genus, species now classified under Hispidopannaria were included within the genus Pannaria . [3]

Phylogenetic studies have shown that Hispidopannaria forms a monophyletic clade that is distinct from Pannaria and other genera within the Pannariaceae. In multilocus phylogenetic analyses, Hispidopannaria consistently appears as a sister group to the genus Phormopsora . Together, Hispidopannaria and Phormopsora form a monophyletic clade that is sister to the genus Pannaria in some analyses, although this relationship can vary depending on the genetic markers used and the phylogenetic methods employed. [3]

The recognition of Hispidopannaria as a separate genus has contributed to a more precise circumscription of Pannaria and has helped to resolve some of the polyphyly previously observed within the broader Pannaria group. [3] [6]

Description

Hispidopannaria lichens form large, leafy structures called thalli that can reach 5–30 cm (2.0–11.8 in) in diameter. These thalli are composed of small, scale-like structures known as squamules , which are arranged vertically and grow from a dark underlying layer called the hypothallus . A distinctive feature of Hispidopannaria is its hispid surface – covered with stiff, bristle-like hairs that are 60–100  μm long and 5–10 μm thick, giving the lichen a fuzzy appearance. [3]

The lichen body is composed of multiple layers, including a protective upper cortex and a layer containing green algae of the genus Trebouxia , which serve as the lichen's primary photosynthetic partner. Hispidopannaria also associates with cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) of the genus Nostoc , which form distinct structures called cephalodia scattered among the squamules. [3]

Hispidopannaria reproduces sexually through disc -shaped structures called apothecia, which are 1–3.5 mm wide. These produce spores surrounded by a protective layer called a perispore , which has a distinctive structure in this genus. Chemically, some species contain a secondary metabolite (lichen product) called pannarin, while others lack any detectable compounds. This unique combination of features sets Hispidopannaria apart from related genera in the family Pannariaceae. [3]

Habitat and distribution

Hispidopannaria contains two species, both of which are found exclusively in southern South America. These lichens inhabit different ecological niches within this region. Hispidopannaria hispidula is the more widespread of the two species. It occurs in temperate rainforests of central and southern Chile, with some occurrences in corresponding latitudes of Argentina. The species has been collected from various locations, ranging from the Araucanía Region in central Chile to the Magallanes Region in the far south. It shows a particular concentration in the coastal forests south of Valdivia in the Los Ríos Region. H. hispidula primarily grows on tree bark (corticolous) in humid forest environments. While it has been found on various tree species, it shows a preference for the trunks of evergreen Nothofagus species, particularly N. dombeyi . Some specimens have been collected from deciduous Nothofagus pumilio forests and, in one instance, from the bark of the conifer Pilgerodendron uviferum . [3]

In contrast, Hispidopannaria dasyclada has a much more restricted distribution. It is endemic to Robinson Crusoe Island (formerly known as Más a Tierra) in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, which belongs to Chile. Unlike its widespread relative, H. dasyclada is not typically found on tree bark. Instead, it grows on rock outcrops and humus-rich soil in relatively exposed areas. It has been collected from various elevations on the island, ranging from around 350 to 500 m (1,150 to 1,640 ft) above sea level. The habitats of H. dasyclada appear to be somewhat drier and more sun-exposed than those typically inhabited by H. hispidula on the mainland. [3]

Species

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pannariaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Pannariaceae are a family of lichens in the order Peltigerales. Species from this family have a widespread distribution, but are especially prevalent in southern temperate regions.

<i>Psoroma</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Psoroma is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. The widespread genus contains about 30 species, most of which are found in south temperate regions.

<i>Pannaria</i> Genus of lichens in the family Pannariaceae

Pannaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. The widespread genus contains an estimated 51 species, found primarily in tropical regions.

Pannaria phyllidiata is a species of lichen in the family Pannariaceae. Known from Australia, it was described as new to science in 2011. It is characterised by its unique phyllidia and distinct distribution.

Gibbosporina is a genus of 13 species of foliose lichens in the family Pannariaceae. It contains species that molecular phylogenetic analysis clustered together in a clade previously referred to as the "Physma"-group. Despite their morphological differences, this group shares several uniting characteristics. They have ring-like excipular margins around the thallus; strongly amyloid internal ascus structures; well-developed perispores that feature irregular gibbae, but not verrucae ; lacks secondary compounds than can be detected by thin-layer chromatography; and have tropical distributions.

Gibbosporina acuminata is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Norwegian lichenologist Arve Elvebakk. The specific epithet, derived from the Latin acumen, refers to the spiked bumps (gibbae) on the spore covering. It occurs in the tropical forests of Queensland, Australia, and the Philippines.

Gibbosporina boninensis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 1969 by Syo Kurokawa as Psoroma boninense. The type was collected on an andesite-rich rugged mountaintop of Mt. Tsutsuji in Chichijima, Japan. In 2016, Arve Elvebakk and Per Magnus Jørgensen transferred the taxon to the newly circumscribed genus Gibbosporina, of which it is the type species. The lichen occurs only in the isolated subtropical Bonin Islands, for which it is named.

Gibbosporina elixii is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It is endemic to Queensland, Australia. The lichen was described as a new species in 2016 by Arve Elvebakk, Soon Gyu Hong, and Per Magnus Jørgensen. The specific epithet honours Australian lichenologist John Alan Elix. He collected the type from Mossman Gorge National Park, where he found it growing on the base of a tree in a tropical rainforest along Mossman River. It has also been found in the Cardwell Range.

Gibbosporina leptospora is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Norwegian lichenologist Arve Elvebakk. The specific epithet leptospora, which combines the Greek lepto ("thin") with spore, refers to the thin perispore. The lichen occurs in northeast Australia, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, and New Caledonia.

Gibbosporina mascarena is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Arve Elvebakk, Soon Gyu Hong, and Per Magnus Jørgensen. The specific epithet mascarena refers to Réunion and Mauritius. The lichen occurs in Réunion, Mauritius, and Sri Lanka, where it grows on tree trunks in tropical forests at altitudes of 500–700 m (1,600–2,300 ft).

Gibbosporina nitida is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Arve Elvebakk, Soon Gyu Hong, and Per Magnus Jørgensen. The specific epithet nitida, derived from the Latin nitidus ("glossy"), refers to the lustrous upper lobe surfaces. The lichen occurs in northeast Australia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Fiji.

Gibbosporina sphaerospora is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Arve Elvebakk and Soon Gyu Hong. The type was collected from Millaa Millaa Falls in Queensland, Australia, where it was found growing on fallen branches in a remnant rainforest near the falls. The specific epithet sphaerospora, which combines the Greek sphaero ("globose") with spora, refers to the spherical shape of the spores. The lichen occurs in Australia, Fiji, and Papua New Guinea.

Gibbosporina thamnophora is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Arve Elvebakk and Per Magnus Jørgensen. The type was collected from Eungella National Park in Queensland, Australia, where it was found growing on bark in a tropical rainforest near Broken River. The specific epithet thamnophora combines the Greek thamnos ("shrub") and -phora ("carrier"), and refers to the finely branched, shrubby cephalodia that are "carried" by the chlorobiont. The lichen occurs in Australia and Papua New Guinea.

Arve Elvebakk is a Norwegian mycologist and professor working from the Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø. He has published widely on Arctic biology, and climatology. Additionally, he collaborates with many mycologists across the world, and has published names for lichens in Australia, New Zealand, the South Pacific, and South America, and the Antarctic.

Steineropsis laceratula is a species of crustose placodioid lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was first formally described in 1902 by French lichenologist Auguste-Marie Hue as Pannaria laceratula. Per Magnus Jørgensen proposed a transfer to Fuscopannaria in 1994. The taxon shuffled genera again in 2020 by Toby Spribille and Stefan Ekman after molecular phylogenetic analysis of the DNA from specimens collected in Alaska revealed its correct classification in the genus Steineropsis. The type specimen was collected in 1904 from Hakkoda, Japan, at an elevation of 1,200 m (3,900 ft); here the lichen was found growing on the bark of birch, but the species also grows on rock.

Psorophorus is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Pannariaceae. It contains 2 known species.

Austrotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It is primarily found in the Australian-Southeast Asian region. The genus is characterized by small, pore-like apothecia with a double margin, faintly amyloid ascospores, and stictic acid chemistry. Austrotrema species grow on tree bark and have a continuous thallus with a cortex that is prosoplectenchymatous–featuring densely packed, filamentous fungal hyphae that run parallel to the surface of the lichen, creating a compact and firm texture. The genus is closely related to Thelotrema and Leucodecton, but can be distinguished from them based on molecular phylogenetic data, specific morphological traits, and its secondary chemistry. Currently, Austrotrema comprises three species.

Pannaria minutiphylla is a species of lichen in the family Pannariaceae, described as a new species in 2013 by Arve Elvebakk. The species is similar to Pannaria phyllidiata, but can be distinguished by its smaller phyllidia and ascospores that are elongated to ellipsoid.

<i>Normandina pulchella</i> Species of lichen

Normandina pulchella, commonly known as the elf-ear lichen or blue heart, is a species of squamulose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. This cosmopolitan species is widely distributed across both hemispheres, where it thrives in moist microhabitats. It favours moss-covered deciduous trees and rocks, often colonising over mosses and bryophytes. It occasionally grows on bare bark and on other lichens. Distinctive features of N. pulchella include its bluish-green squamules (scales) with sharply raised margins, non-reactivity to standard chemical spot tests, and growth in humid habitats. Initially, Nannochloris normandinae, a green alga, was thought to be its photobiont. However, recent studies have revised this understanding, now suggesting Diplosphaera as the algal partner.

Phormopsora is a fungal genus in the family Pannariaceae. It comprises a single species, Phormopsora isabellina. The genus was proposed in 2020 based on molecular and morphological studies of a lichen previously classified in the genera Psoroma and Pannaria. Phormopsora is characterised by its large, scale-like structures called squamules that form pale grey rosettes, and by the presence of unique lichen substances not found in other members of its family. The species is primarily found in southern South America, particularly in Chile, where it grows on the trunks of evergreen Nothofagus trees in humid, temperate rainforests. Its distinctive features include well-developed structures containing nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, and spores with a distinctive outer wall that has irregular swellings and thread-like extensions at the tips.

References

  1. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [155]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl: 1854/LU-8754813 .
  2. ↑ "Hispidopannaria". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Elvebakk, Arve; Hong, Soon Gyu; Park, Chae Haeng (2020). "Hispidopannaria and Phormopsora, two new and small, but evolutionary old Pannariaceae lichen genera from southern South America". Mycological Progress. 19 (11): 1353–1364. Bibcode:2020MycPr..19.1353E. doi: 10.1007/s11557-020-01632-1 .
  4. ↑ Nylander, W. (1855). "Lichenes Fuegiae et Patagoniae exponit William Nylander" [William Nylander presents the lichens of Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia]. Flora (in Latin). 38: 673–675.
  5. ↑ Hue, A. (1902). "Causerie sur les Pannaria" [A chat about Pannaria]. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France (in French). 48: XXXI–LXV.
  6. ↑ Elvebakk, Arve (2020). "Pannaria crispella comb. nov. and P. campbelliana Hue, two overlooked lichens from New Zealand". Australasian Lichenology. 90: 28–37.
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