History of the wheel in Africa

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The wheel in Africa was used, to various extents, throughout the history of Africa. [1] While it may have been common for Africans to manually carry their goods or use pack animals to transport economic goods in Africa, there was broad awareness, knowledge, and use of wheeled transports (e.g., carts, carriages, [1] chariots, [1] [2] wagons [2] [3] ) in Africa. [1] However, the environment in some parts of tropical Africa, as well as alternative forms of travel and transport, such as via canoe and beasts of burden/riding animals (e.g., donkeys, horses, camels), may have resulted in decreased use of animal-drawn wheeled transport in Africa. [4] [5] The wheel was also given other technical applications in Africa, such as a water wheel [6] and a potter's wheel. [7]

Contents

Environment

While the wheel and animal-drawn wheeled transports were usable in the arid environment of the ancient Sahara, [4] and usable in the sparsely wooded, level, arid environment of the ancient Sahel, [5] the environment of the ancient Sudan may have made it rather impractical due to there being a lack of paved roads and seasonal rains. [4] The tse-tse fly belt is also distributed throughout the environment of tropical Africa, which is a region of increased risk for livestock and the spread of disease among livestock. [5] Additionally, compared to the drying environment of the ancient Sahara, use of canoes to travel and transport goods along local and regional waterways, such as Lake Chad, the Niger River, and the Senegal River, may have been a much more efficient means of travel and transport in the ancient Sudan. [4] In the Sudan, the early use of donkeys and horses, as well as the later use of camels, as beasts of burden and riding animals may have also been more suitable compared to their use as draft animals; consequently, their use in the Sudan may have spread rapidly, and their use may have also rapidly displaced the use of animal-drawn wheeled transports in the Sahara. [4]

Uses

The wheel was given various technical applications in Africa, such as a water wheel, [6] a potter's wheel, [7] and an animal-drawn wheeled transport of various types [4] [5] — carts, carriages, [1] chariots, [1] [2] and wagons. [2] [3]

History

North Africa

In the 5th century BCE, Herodotus reported use of chariots by Garamantes in the Saharan region of North Africa. [1] [8]

In the 1st century CE, Strabo reported use of chariots by Nigretes and Pharusii in the Saharan region of North Africa. [1] [9]

Algeria

Rock art engravings of ox-drawn wagons and horse-driven chariots can be found in Algeria, Libya, southern Morocco, Mauritania, and Niger. [2]

Between 3200 BP and 1000 BP, various Central Saharan rock art sites from the Horse Period were created depicting charioteers, mostly upon horse-driven chariots and rarely upon cattle-driven chariots; [10] these painted and engraved depictions were distributed in 81 painted and 120 engraved depictions in Algeria, 18 painted and 44 engraved depictions in Libya, 6 engraved depictions in Mali, 125 engraved depictions in Mauritania, 96 engraved depictions in Morocco, 29 engraved depictions in Niger, and 21 engraved depictions in Western Sahara, and were likely created by the Garamantes, whose ancestors were ancient Berbers and Saharan pastoralists. [11]

Egypt

Since the 5th Dynasty, awareness of the wheel may have been in ancient Egypt. [12]

During the 13th Dynasty, the earliest wheeled transport emerged in ancient Egypt. [12]

By the 4th century BCE, the water wheel, particularly the noria and sakia, was created in ancient Egypt. [6]

Libya

Rock art engravings of ox-drawn wagons and horse-driven chariots can be found in Algeria, Libya, southern Morocco, Mauritania, and Niger. [2]

Between 3200 BP and 1000 BP, various Central Saharan rock art sites from the Horse Period were created depicting charioteers, mostly upon horse-driven chariots and rarely upon cattle-driven chariots; [10] these painted and engraved depictions were distributed in 81 painted and 120 engraved depictions in Algeria, 18 painted and 44 engraved depictions in Libya, 6 engraved depictions in Mali, 125 engraved depictions in Mauritania, 96 engraved depictions in Morocco, 29 engraved depictions in Niger, and 21 engraved depictions in Western Sahara, and were likely created by the Garamantes, whose ancestors were ancient Berbers and Saharan pastoralists. [11]

Morocco

Rock art engravings of ox-drawn wagons and horse-driven chariots can be found in Algeria, Libya, southern Morocco, Mauritania, and Niger. [2]

Between 3200 BP and 1000 BP, various Central Saharan rock art sites from the Horse Period were created depicting charioteers, mostly upon horse-driven chariots and rarely upon cattle-driven chariots; [10] these painted and engraved depictions were distributed in 81 painted and 120 engraved depictions in Algeria, 18 painted and 44 engraved depictions in Libya, 6 engraved depictions in Mali, 125 engraved depictions in Mauritania, 96 engraved depictions in Morocco, 29 engraved depictions in Niger, and 21 engraved depictions in Western Sahara, and were likely created by the Garamantes, whose ancestors were ancient Berbers and Saharan pastoralists. [11]

Sudan

The potter's wheel was introduced into ancient Nubia by ancient Egypt. [7] The wheelhead of a potter's wheel, which was made of clay and dated to 1850 BCE, was found at Askut. [7]

Since the Meroe period, ox-powered water wheels, specifically saqiya, and shaduf were used in Nubia. [13]

Western Sahara

Between 3200 BP and 1000 BP, various Central Saharan rock art sites from the Horse Period were created depicting charioteers, mostly upon horse-driven chariots and rarely upon cattle-driven chariots; [10] these painted and engraved depictions were distributed in 81 painted and 120 engraved depictions in Algeria, 18 painted and 44 engraved depictions in Libya, 6 engraved depictions in Mali, 125 engraved depictions in Mauritania, 96 engraved depictions in Morocco, 29 engraved depictions in Niger, and 21 engraved depictions in Western Sahara, and were likely created by the Garamantes, whose ancestors were ancient Berbers and Saharan pastoralists. [11]

West Africa

Benin

In 1670 CE, the king of Allada was gifted a gilded carriage, along with a horse bit and horse harness, by the French West India Company. [1]

In 1772 CE, a European account reported the observed use of two coaches in a procession, which were carried by twelve men each as part of a ceremony in the kingdom of Dahomey, at Abomey. [1]

Between 1789 CE and 1797 CE, king Agonglo of Dahomey owned a carriage, which was still intact during the 1870s CE. [1]

Throughout the 19th century CE, numerous Europeans accounts reported the observed use of many wheeled transports, including carriages, which were part of ceremonial processions in the kingdom of Dahomey. [1]

In 1845 CE, the kingdom of Dahomey used a cart against Badagry, resulting in it later being seized. [1]

In 1850 CE, a European account in the kingdom of Dahomey detailed: "'a glass-coach, the handiwork of Hoo-ton-gee, a native artist-a square with four large windows, on wheels', and also '...[a] wheeled-chair with a huge bird before it, on wheels of Dahomey make...[a] warrior on wheels, Dahomey make,...[and a] Dahoman-made chair on wheels, covered with handsome country cloth'." [1]

In 1864 CE, a European account detailed Dahomey carriages "'of home, or native manufacture', including 'a blue-green shandridan, with two short flagstaffs attached to the front'." [1]

In 1871 CE, a European account in the kingdom of Dahomey detailed: "'a dark green coach, evidently of native manufacture'." [1]

Ghana

In 1841 CE, Asantehene Kwaku Dua I was gifted a carriage by the Methodist Missionary Society. [1]

Mali

Between 3200 BP and 1000 BP, various Central Saharan rock art sites from the Horse Period were created depicting charioteers, mostly upon horse-driven chariots and rarely upon cattle-driven chariots; [10] these painted and engraved depictions were distributed in 81 painted and 120 engraved depictions in Algeria, 18 painted and 44 engraved depictions in Libya, 6 engraved depictions in Mali, 125 engraved depictions in Mauritania, 96 engraved depictions in Morocco, 29 engraved depictions in Niger, and 21 engraved depictions in Western Sahara, and were likely created by the Garamantes, whose ancestors were ancient Berbers and Saharan pastoralists. [11]

Mauritania

Rock art engravings of ox-drawn wagons and horse-driven chariots can be found in Algeria, Libya, southern Morocco, Mauritania, and Niger. [2]

Between 3200 BP and 1000 BP, various Central Saharan rock art sites from the Horse Period were created depicting charioteers, mostly upon horse-driven chariots and rarely upon cattle-driven chariots; [10] these painted and engraved depictions were distributed in 81 painted and 120 engraved depictions in Algeria, 18 painted and 44 engraved depictions in Libya, 6 engraved depictions in Mali, 125 engraved depictions in Mauritania, 96 engraved depictions in Morocco, 29 engraved depictions in Niger, and 21 engraved depictions in Western Sahara, and were likely created by the Garamantes, whose ancestors were ancient Berbers and Saharan pastoralists. [11]

At Dhar Tichitt, there is Neolithic rock art that depicts a human figure with a link in their hand, connecting him to yoked oxen that are pulling a cart. [14] At Dhar Walata, there is Neolithic rock art that depicts a human figure in relation to an ox cart. [14]

At Bled Initi, which is a hamlet near Akreijit, there are two depictions of ox carts that have been estimated to date between 650 BCE and 380 BCE, and are consistent with the artistic style of other aspects of the Dhar Tichitt Early Iconographic Tradition. [15]

Niger

Rock art engravings of ox-drawn wagons and horse-driven chariots can be found in Algeria, Libya, southern Morocco, Mauritania, and Niger. [2]

Between 3200 BP and 1000 BP, various Central Saharan rock art sites from the Horse Period were created depicting charioteers, mostly upon horse-driven chariots and rarely upon cattle-driven chariots; [10] these painted and engraved depictions were distributed in 81 painted and 120 engraved depictions in Algeria, 18 painted and 44 engraved depictions in Libya, 6 engraved depictions in Mali, 125 engraved depictions in Mauritania, 96 engraved depictions in Morocco, 29 engraved depictions in Niger, and 21 engraved depictions in Western Sahara, and were likely created by the Garamantes, whose ancestors were ancient Berbers and Saharan pastoralists. [11]

At Tondia, in Niger, rock art portrays an ox cart; the use of the ox cart in Saharan West Africa may have begun to decline in use as transport by camel increased between the 4th century CE and the medieval period. [1]

Nigeria

In 1824 CE, the king of Lagos gifted a large-sized carriage to the emperor of Brazil. [1]

During the 1840s CE, king Eyamba V of Old Calabar acquired two horse-drawn carriages. [1]

In 1866 CE, a European account reported the observed use of a carriage in a procession, which was part of a ceremony in the kingdom of Borno, at Kukawa. [1]

In 1870 CE, a European account reported the observed use of a mule-drawn carriage in a ceremonial procession, which was gifted to the Shehu of Borno by British explorers in 1851 CE, at Kukawa. [1]

Southern Africa

Botswana

At Tsodilo Hills, in Botswana, white painted rock art may depict a wagon and wagon wheel, which may date after, or even considerably after, the 1st millennium CE. [3]

Related Research Articles

This is the history of Niger. See also the history of Africa and the history of West Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prehistoric North Africa</span> Prehistory of North African region

The prehistory of North Africa spans the period of earliest human presence in the region to gradual onset of historicity in the Maghreb during classical antiquity. Early anatomically modern humans are known to have been present at Jebel Irhoud, in what is now Morocco, approximately 300,000 years ago. The Nile Valley region, via ancient Egypt, contributed to the Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age periods of the Old World, along with the ancient Near East.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sahara</span> Desert on the African continent

The Sahara is a desert spanning across North Africa. With an area of 9,200,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi), it is the largest hot desert in the world and the third-largest desert overall, smaller only than the deserts of Antarctica and the northern Arctic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Garamantes</span> Ancient North African population

The Garamantes were ancient peoples, who may have descended from Berber tribes, Toubou tribes, and Saharan pastoralists that settled in the Fezzan region by at least 1000 BC and established a civilization that flourished until its end in the late 7th century AD. The Garamantes first emerged as a major regional power in the mid-2nd century AD and established a kingdom that spanned roughly 180,000 km2 (70,000 sq mi) in the Fezzan region of southern Libya. Their growth and expansion was based on a complex and extensive qanat irrigation system, which supported a strong agricultural economy and a large population. They subsequently developed the first urban society in a major desert that was not centered on a river system; their largest town, Garama, had a population of around four thousand, with an additional six thousand living in surrounding suburban areas. At its pinnacle, the Garamantian kingdom established and maintained a "standard of living far superior to that of any other ancient Saharan society" and was composed of "brilliant farmers, resourceful engineers, and enterprising merchants who produced a remarkable civilization."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tassili n'Ajjer</span> National park in the Sahara Desert in Algeria

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trans-Saharan trade</span> Trade between sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of science and technology in Africa</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romans in sub-Saharan Africa</span> Series of expeditions into Africas interior by Roman explorers

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trans-Saharan slave trade</span> Slave trade

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pastoral period</span> Most Common Type of Central Saharan rock art

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Round Head Period</span> Earliest rock paintings of the Central Sahara

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tichitt culture</span> Earliest West African Civilization

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prehistoric West Africa</span> Prehistory of the West African subregion of the African continent

The prehistory of West Africa spans from the earliest human presence in the region until the emergence of the Iron Age in West Africa. West African populations were considerably mobile and interacted with one another throughout the population history of West Africa. Acheulean tool-using archaic humans may have dwelled throughout West Africa since at least between 780,000 BP and 126,000 BP. During the Pleistocene, Middle Stone Age peoples, who dwelled throughout West Africa between MIS 4 and MIS 2, were gradually replaced by incoming Late Stone Age peoples, who migrated into West Africa as an increase in humid conditions resulted in the subsequent expansion of the West African forest. West African hunter-gatherers occupied western Central Africa earlier than 32,000 BP, dwelled throughout coastal West Africa by 12,000 BP, and migrated northward between 12,000 BP and 8000 BP as far as Mali, Burkina Faso, and Mauritania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kel Essuf Period</span> Earliest Engraved Anthropomorphic Central Saharan rock art

Kel Essuf rock art is the earliest form of engraved anthropomorphic Central Saharan rock art, which was produced prior to 9800 BP, at least as early as 12,000 BP amid the late period of the Pleistocene. The Kel Essuf Period is preceded by the Bubaline Period and followed by the Round Head Period. Kel Essuf rock art usually depicts oval-shaped artforms, which possess four short appendages – two upper appendages, or arms, that may have between three and four finger-like digits, and two lower appendages, or legs – as well as an additional appendage, or penile appendage, without finger-like digits, which may be indicative of maleness. Concealed remnants of dismantled furnished flooring are found in 75% of the Central Saharan rockshelters where Kel Essuf rock artforms are found. The furnished flooring in these rockshelters were likely created for the purpose of collecting water and were subsequently dismantled after the earliest Round Head rock art began to be created. The Kel Essuf rock art tradition of engraving may have developed into the monumental Round Head rock art tradition of painting. Round Head rock art bears considerable similarity with traditional Sub-Saharan African cultures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Population history of West Africa</span> West African population history

The population history of West Africa is composed of West African populations that were considerably mobile and interacted with one another throughout the history of West Africa. Acheulean tool-using archaic humans may have dwelled throughout West Africa since at least between 780,000 BP and 126,000 BP. During the Pleistocene, Middle Stone Age peoples, who dwelled throughout West Africa between MIS 4 and MIS 2, were gradually replaced by incoming Late Stone Age peoples, who migrated into West Africa as an increase in humid conditions resulted in the subsequent expansion of the West African forest. West African hunter-gatherers occupied western Central Africa earlier than 32,000 BP, dwelled throughout coastal West Africa by 12,000 BP, and migrated northward between 12,000 BP and 8000 BP as far as Mali, Burkina Faso, and Mauritania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prehistoric Central Africa</span> Prehistory of the Central African subregion of the African continent

The prehistory of Central Africa spans from the earliest human presence in the region until the emergence of the Iron Age in Central Africa. By at least 2,000,000 BP, Central Africa was occupied by early hominins. West African hunter-gatherers occupied western Central Africa earlier than 32,000 BP, dwelled throughout coastal West Africa by 12,000 BP, and migrated northward between 12,000 BP and 8000 BP as far as Mali, Burkina Faso, and Mauritania. Prehistoric West Africans may have diverged into distinct ancestral groups of modern West Africans and Bantu-speaking peoples in Cameroon, and, subsequently, around 5000 BP, the Bantu-speaking peoples migrated into other parts of Sub-Saharan Africa.

References

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  8. ↑ Herodotus (1920). "4.183". The Histories. Harvard University Press.
  9. ↑ Strabo (1903). "17.3.7". Geography. George Bell & Sons.
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  12. 1 2 Köpp-Junk, Heidi (June 2016). "Wagons and Carts and Their Significance in Ancient Egypt". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 9: 14. ISSN   1944-2815. OCLC   7033019567. S2CID   132599518.
  13. ↑ Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (Jun 3, 2014). "A Cultural History of Nubia and the Nilotic Sudan". Kenana Handbook Of Sudan. Vol. 45. Routledge. p. 100. doi:10.5860/choice.45-3930. ISBN   978-0-7103-1160-3. OCLC   884585527. S2CID   159296870.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  14. 1 2 Amblard-Pison, Sylvie; Vallette, Thibault; Jousse, Hélène; Albaret, Chloé; Person, Alain (2010). "The rock carvings of anthropomorphs of Dhar Nema southeastern Mauritania". Afrique Archéologie Arts. 6: 67–84. doi:10.4000/AAA.710. ISSN   1634-3123. OCLC   6019562220. S2CID   192939738.
  15. ↑ Holl, Augustin F. C. (June 2002). "Time, Space, and Image Making: Rock Art from the Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania)" (PDF). African Archaeological Review. 19 (2): 79, 89–91. doi:10.1023/A:1015479826570. hdl:2027.42/43991. ISSN   0263-0338. JSTOR   25130740. OCLC   359124322. S2CID   54741966.
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