Horelophus walkeri

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Horelophus walkeri
COLE Hydrophilidae Horelophus walkeri.png
Status NZTCS NE.svg
Nationally Endangered (NZ TCS) [1]
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Hydrophilidae
Genus: Horelophus
Species:
H. walkeri
Binomial name
Horelophus walkeri
d'Orchymont, 1913
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Disc Plain red.svg
Nelson
Disc Plain red.svg
Marlborough
Disc Plain red.svg
Buller
Locations of Horelophus walkeri in New Zealand

Horelophus walkeri is a small water scavenger beetle that is endemic to New Zealand. It is found in the South Island in the West Coast, Nelson, Buller and Marlborough regions. The preferred habitat of this species are the moss and crevices within the splash zone of waterfalls sourced from fast flowing, clear, cool waterways. The larvae of this species are carnivorous while the adults are herbivores or scavengers. In 2012 the Department of Conservation classified this beetle as Nationally Endangered.

Contents

Description

Horelophus walkeri Horelophus walkeri 57888187 (2).jpg
Horelophus walkeri

This species was first described in 1913 by Armand d'Orchymont [2] from two specimens collected in Reefton, New Zealand. [3] The beetle is 2.1–3.1 mm long with a glossy brown to black body. The pronotum and elytra have translucent pale brown margins. Its small eyes are pale and protrude from its head. Its head, pronotum and elytra are covered in small and shallow punctures. The elytra have a distinctive depression. This single species, due to its primitive characteristics, is placed in its own subfamily of Horelophinae. [4]

Distribution and habitat

Specimens have been collected from waterfalls at sunny sites in Nelson, Buller and Marlborough. Sites in Marlborough include Dead Horse Creek, near Canvastown and tributaries of the Pelorus River, near Pelorus Bridge. In Nelson, this beetle has been collected from Deepwater Creek, near Lyell and catchments flowing into the Wangapeka and Owen Rivers. All locations were waterways that were fast flowing, clear and cool. The riverbeds consisted of fine sedimentary rocks. The locations mostly have open canopies among beech forest. Horelophus walkeri can be found on wet rocks or hiding within moss, crevices and shaded areas within the spray zone of a waterfall. Commonly, it is found walking on wet rocks, rather than submerged like water scavenger beetles that live in similar habitats. [4]

Behaviour

This species hides within moss and crevices in the splash zones of small waterfalls. It is likely that they feed on algae on the smooth and wet rock surfaces in these locations. Whilst adult water scavenger beetles are normally herbivores or scavengers, larvae are carnivorous. [3] Considering that they are not found at sites with closed canopies, it is likely that they use polarised light, reflecting from the surfaces of rocks under waterfalls for finding suitable locations. Their long wings indicate that they are capable of flight. [4]

Conservation

Few collections had been made of this species until 2012. [1] Surveys for this species may assist in understanding its specific habitat requirements. Currently, it has not been located in any river catchments in Nelson City, indicating that populations may not be sustained in urban environments. [4] In 2012, Horelophus walkeri was added to the list of nationally endangered beetles in New Zealand. [5] [1]

Related Research Articles

<i>Spercheus</i> Genus of beetles

Spercheus is a genus of aquatic beetles which are placed in a family of their own, Spercheidae within the Hydrophiloidea. About 20 species are known from around the world except the Nearctic with the majority being from the Oriental and Afrotropical Realms.

<i>Amphizoa</i> Genus of beetles

Amphizoa is a genus of aquatic beetles in the suborder Adephaga, placed in its own monogeneric family, Amphizoidae. There are five known species of Amphizoa, three in western North America and two in the eastern Palearctic. They are sometimes referred to by the common name troutstream beetles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrophilidae</span> Family of beetles

Hydrophilidae, also known colloquially as water scavenger beetles, is a family of beetles. Aquatic hydrophilids are notable for their long maxillary palps, which are longer than their antennae. Several of the former subfamilies of Hydrophilidae have recently been removed and elevated to family rank; Epimetopidae, Georissidae, Helophoridae, Hydrochidae, and Spercheidae. While the majority of hydrophilids are aquatic, around a third of described species are terrestrial, mostly belonging to the subfamily Sphaeridiinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cucujidae</span> Family of beetles

The Cucujidae, "flat bark beetles," are a family of distinctively flat beetles found worldwide under the bark of dead trees. The family has received considerable taxonomic attention in recent years and now consists of 70 species distributed in five genera. It was indicated Cucujus species are scavengers, only feeding on pupae and larvae of other insects and on other subcortical beetles such as their own. Since the Cucujidae prey on larvae of potentially tree damaging beetles that spread fungal diseases, they are considered to be beneficial to the health of living trees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Staphyliniformia</span> Infraorder of beetles

Staphyliniformia is a large infraorder of beetles. It contains over 70,000 described species from all regions of the world. Most species occur in moist habitats - various kinds of rotting plant debris, fungi, dung, carrion, many live in fresh water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prostomidae</span> Family of beetles

Prostomidae is a family of beetles with no vernacular common name, though recent authors have coined the name jugular-horned beetles. They are often found in dead wood. The family consist of two extant genera with about 20 species. Prostomis americanus is known from North America. Other species of Prostomis are found in Europe, Africa, the Pacific region and East Asia. Species of Dryocora are known from New Zealand, Australia and Tasmania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cassidinae</span> Subfamily of beetles

The Cassidinae are a subfamily of the leaf beetles, or Chrysomelidae. The antennae arise close to each other and some members have the pronotal and elytral edges extended to the side and covering the legs so as to give them the common name of tortoise beetles. Some members, such as in the tribe Hispini, are notable for the spiny outgrowths to the pronotum and elytra.

<i>Georissus</i> Genus of beetles

Georissus, also called minute mud-loving beetles, is the only genus in the beetle family Georissidae. They are tiny insects living in wet soil, often near water. They are found on every continent except Antarctica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silvanidae</span> Family of beetles

Silvanidae, "silvan flat bark beetles", is a family of beetles in the superfamily Cucujoidea, consisting of 68 described genera and about 500 described species. The family is represented on all continents except Antarctica, and is most diverse at both the generic and species levels in the Old World tropics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pelorus Bridge</span> Place in Marlborough, New Zealand

Pelorus Bridge is a tiny locality in Marlborough, New Zealand where the Rai River meets Pelorus River. State Highway 6 crosses the Pelorus River at Pelorus Bridge Scenic Reserve, which was used as one of the film locations for The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug. You can take a guided kayak tour to experience this Hobbit filming location.

<i>Amychus granulatus</i> Species of beetle

Amychus granulatus, commonly known as the Cook Strait click beetle, is a large flightless click beetle in the family Elateridae.

<i>Geodorcus servandus</i> Species of beetle

Geodorcus servandus is a large flightless species of stag beetle in the family Lucanidae. It was discovered by P.R. Kettle in December 1960 and this holotype specimen is held in the New Zealand Arthropod Collection. It was first described by Beverley Holloway in 2007. Its type location is Mount Tuhua summit, near Lake Kaniere on the West Coast of New Zealand. The name servandus is a Latin word meaning "[something] to be preserved, conserved, looked after".

<i>Mecodema aoteanoho</i> Species of beetle

Mecodema aoteanoho is a medium-sized ground beetle, the only such beetle endemic to Great Barrier Island (Aotea), Hauraki Gulf, Auckland, New Zealand. Mecodema aoteanoho is a sister species to M. haunoho and is closely related to the Coromandel (mainland) species, M. atrox, all of which are species within the monophyletic curvidens group. There are a number of other characters that distinguish M. aoteanoho from all other North Island Mecodema, especially the pattern of the striations on the elytra.

<i>Amychus manawatawhi</i> Species of beetle

Amychus manawatawhi, commonly known as the Three Kings click beetle, is a large flightless click beetle in the family Elateridae, found only on the Three Kings Islands of New Zealand.

<i>Mecodema howitti</i> Species of beetle

Mecodema howitti, termed the Large Banks Peninsula ground beetle, is a carnivorous forest ground beetle in the genus Mecodema. It is endemic to Banks Peninsula, Canterbury, New Zealand, and is the largest of the 16 carabids found in the area.

<i>Acidocerus</i> Genus of beetles

Acidocerus aphodioides is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae. It is the only species in the genus Acidocerus. It is known only from Mozambique.

<i>Mecodema crenicolle</i>

Mecodema crenicolle is an endemic species of ground beetle from New Zealand.

<i>Agraphydrus</i> Genus of beetles

Agraphydrus is a genus of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae represented by 205 described species. It is distributed across the Afrotropical, Australasian, and Indomalayan realms.

<i>Helopeltarium</i> Genus of beetles

Helopeltarium is a genus of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae represented by only one species. It is known only from Myanmar.

<i>Paropsisterna beata</i>

Paropsisterna beata, commonly known as the blessed leaf beetle, is a species of leaf beetle. It occurs in all states of Australia except Tasmania.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Leschen, R. A. B.; Marris, J. W. M.; Emberson, R. M.; Hitchmough, R. A.; Stringer, I. A. N. (2012). "The Conservation Status of New Zealand Coleoptera". New Zealand Entomologist. 35 (2): 91–98. doi:10.1080/00779962.2012.686311. S2CID   219566068.
  2. d'Orchymont, Armand (1937). "Check List of the Palpicornia of Oceania (Coleoptera, Polyphaga)" (PDF). Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum. 13: 155.
  3. 1 2 Klimaszewski, J.; Watt, J.C. (1997). "Coleoptera: family-group review and keys to identification" (PDF). Fauna of New Zealand Ko Te Aitanga Ρeρeke O Aotearoa. 37: 168.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Fikacek, Martin; Leschen, Richard; Newton, Alfred; Gunter, Nicole (2012). "Horelophus walkeri rediscovered: Adult morphology and notes on biology (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae. 52: 129–146.
  5. "Horelophus walkeri Orchymont, 1913". nztcs.org.nz. Retrieved 2022-12-05.