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Coprinus is a small genus of mushroom-forming fungi consisting of Coprinus comatus - the shaggy ink cap (British) or shaggy mane (American) - and several of its close relatives. Until 2001, Coprinus was a large genus consisting of all agaric species in which the lamellae autodigested to release their spores. The black ink-like liquid this creates gave these species their common name "ink cap" (British) or "inky cap" (American).
The Psathyrellaceae are a family of dark-spored agarics that generally have rather soft, fragile fruiting bodies, and are characterized by black, dark brown, rarely reddish, or even pastel-colored spore prints. About 50% of species produce fruiting bodies that dissolve into ink-like ooze when the spores are mature via autodigestion. Prior to phylogenetic research based upon DNA comparisons, most of the species that autodigested were classified as Coprinaceae, which contained all of the inky-cap mushrooms. However, the type species of Coprinus, Coprinus comatus, and a few other species, were found to be more closely related to Agaricaceae. The former genus Coprinus was split between two families, and the name "Coprinaceae" became a synonym of Agaricaceae in its 21st-century phylogenetic redefinition. Note that in the 19th and early 20th centuries the family name Agaricaceae had far broader application, while in the late 20th century it had a narrower application. The family name Psathyrellaceae is based on the former Coprinaceae subfamily name Psathyrelloideae. The type genus Psathyrella consists of species that produce fruiting bodies which do not liquify via autodigestion. Psathyrella remained a polyphyletic genus until it was split into several genera including 3 new ones in 2015. Lacrymaria is another genus that does not autodigest its fruiting bodies. It is characterized by rough basidiospores and lamellar edges that exude beads of clear liquid when in prime condition, hence the Latin reference, lacryma (tears).
Coprinellus is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Psathyrellaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Petter Karsten in 1879. Most Coprinellus species were transferred from the once large genus Coprinus. Molecular studies published in 2001 redistributed Coprinus species to Psathyrella, or the segregate genera Coprinopsis and Coprinellus. As of April 2019, Index Fungorum accepts 66 species of Coprinellus.
Coprinellus bisporiger is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. It was first described by mycologist P.D. Orton in 1976, and later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus domesticus, commonly known as the firerug inkcap, is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described as Agaricus domesticus by James Bolton in 1788, it was later known as Coprinus domesticus before it was transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus dilectus is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. It was first described as Coprinus dilectus by mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1838, and later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus curtus is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. It was first described as Coprinus curtus by Károly Kalchbrenner in 1876 before being transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus bisporus is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. It was first described as Coprinus bisporus by mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange in 1915, and later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001 on the basis of phylogenetic analysis.
Coprinellus radians is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described as Agaricus radians by the mycologist John Baptiste Henri Joseph Desmazières in 1828, it was later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus pyrrhanthes is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described as Coprinus pyrrhanthes by the mycologist Henri Romagnesi in 1951, it was later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus plagioporus is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described as Coprinus plagioporus by the mycologist Henri Romagnesi in 1941, it was transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus pellucidus is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described as Coprinus pelliculus by the mycologist Petter Karsten in 1882, it was later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus micaceus is a common species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae with a cosmopolitan distribution. The fruit bodies of the saprobe typically grow in clusters on or near rotting hardwood tree stumps or underground tree roots. Depending on their stage of development, the tawny-brown mushroom caps may range in shape from oval to bell-shaped to convex, and reach diameters up to 30 mm (1.2 in). The caps, marked with fine radial or linear grooves that extend nearly to the center, rest atop whitish stems up to 100 mm (3.9 in) long. In young specimens, the entire cap surface is coated with a fine layer of reflective mica-like cells that provide the inspiration for both the mushroom's species name and the common names mica cap, shiny cap, and glistening inky cap. Although small and with thin flesh, the mushrooms are usually bountiful, as they typically grow in dense clusters. A few hours after collection, the gills will begin to slowly dissolve into a black, inky, spore-laden liquid—an enzymatic process called autodigestion or deliquescence. The fruit bodies are edible before the gills blacken and dissolve, and cooking will stop the autodigestion process.
Coprinellus marculentus is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described as Coprinus marculentus by the mycologist Max Britzelmayr in 1893, it was later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus hiascens is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described as Agaricus hiascens by mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1821, it was later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus heptemerus is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. It was first described as Coprinus heptemerus by mycologists M. Lange and Alexander H. Smith in 1952, and later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus velatopruinatus is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. This rare fungus was found growing in Clumber Park in Nottinghamshire, England after a heavy summer rain in 2008. Formerly in the genus Coprinus, it was given its current name in 2001.
Coprinellus subimpatiens is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. It was first described as Coprinus subimpatiens by mycologists M. Lange and Alexander H. Smith in 1952, and later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus sassii is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. It was first described by mycologists M. Lange and Alexander H. Smith as Coprinus sassii in 1952, and later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus impatiens is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described in 1821, it has been classified variously in the genera Psathyrella, Pseudocoprinus, Coprinarius, and Coprinus, before molecular phylogenetics reaffirmed it as a Coprinellus species in 2001. The fungus is found in North America and Europe, where the mushrooms grow on the ground in deciduous forests. The fruit bodies have buff caps that are up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter, held by slender whitish stems that can be up to 10 cm (3.9 in) tall. Several other Coprinopsis species that resemble C. impatiens may be distinguished by differences in appearance, habit, or spore morphology.
References
- ↑ Guarro J, Gené J, de Vroey C, Guého E (1992). "Hormographiella, a new genus of hyphomycetes from clinical sources". Mycotaxon. 45: 179–90.
- ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- ↑ Cáceres O, Gené J, Kirschner R, Piepenbring M, Schöfer H, Gené J (2006). "Hormographiella verticillata and an Ozonium stage as anamorphs of Coprinellus domesticus". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 89: 79–80. doi:10.1007/s10482-005-9011-4. PMID 16538436.
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