| Hydroclathrus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Hydroclathrus sp | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Gyrista |
| Subphylum: | Ochrophytina |
| Class: | Phaeophyceae |
| Order: | Ectocarpales |
| Family: | Scytosiphonaceae |
| Genus: | Hydroclathrus Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1825 |
Hydroclathrus is a genus of perforate (pierced with holes) brown alga, of the phylum Ochrophyta and the class Phaeophyceae.
The genus Hydroclathrus belongs to the order Ectocarpales, and the family Scytosiphonaceae. This genus currently has six (6) taxonomically accepted species: [1]
The thalli of Hydroclathrus are vesicular or irregular ovate that later becomes hollow with many pores, giving them a net-like appearance (clathrate). Young thalli are attached first to the substrate by rhizoid, but when mature, they detached from the substrate and developed into a complex network with rounded holes (0.5-2 cm in diameter) with involute margins. Thalli exhibits yellow-brown coloration. [2] [3]
The cross-section of the thalli comprises a network of about 600-900 micros thick. Like other seaweeds, it is composed of a cortex and medulla; small, cuboidal cortical cells about 5-9 microns with chromatophores, while the larger medullary cells (100-130 microns) are colorless. [2]
The plurangia of Lobophora is biseriate and scattered throughout the surface of the thalli. [2]
Research determined that Hydroclathrus clathratus, together with another seaweed, Colpomenia sinuosa , displays a heteromorphic reproductive cycle. There is an alternation between erect thalli with plurilocular zoidangia and prostrate thalli having both ectocarpoid plurilocular and unilocular zoidangia. Plurizoids produced by both erect and prostrate thalli become prostrate thalli. On the other hand, unizoids develops into erect thalli. At long day conditions, rostrate thalli produced plurilocular zoidangia, while at short day conditions, unilocular zoidangia are produced between 10–20 °C (50–68 °F). [4]
The genus Hydroclathrus is found throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans. [5] They inhabit shallow intertidal waters, and during the peak season, they grow in high density at various ecosystems such as, seagrass beds and coral reefs. [6] [7]
Hydroclathrus clathratus is among the macro-benthic seaweeds that release essential organic nutrients (dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and nitrogen) to the coral reefs. In a study, the seaweeds exuded DOC and POC in amounts of 12.2 ± 2.1 and 4.2 ± 0.3 mg organic C m−² algae surface area h− 1, respectively. Moreover, release of organic matter is greatly influence by functional properties, e.g. algal growth or life strategy. It is highly correlated with seasonal and depth mediated variations such as temperature and light availability. This further validates the role of seaweeds in marine biogeochemical cycles, and the release of organic nutrients to coral reef systems. [8]
Hydroclathrus is commonly used for human consumption in the form of salads, and agriculture applications such as animal feeds and fertilizer
A variety of natural products are found in the genus Hydroclathrus similar with other brown seaweeds. These are: fatty acids; minerals: cadmium, copper, mercury, Iodine, nitrogen, nickel, lead, and zinc; phytohormones: auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin; pigments: carotene, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, fucoxanthin; polysaccharides/simple sugars: alginic acid, fucoidan, and laminarin; protein; sugar alcohol: mannitol; and vitamins: folic and folinic acid. [9]
For medicinal application, antiviral polysaccharides were extracted from Hydroclathrus clathratus. These are H3-a1 and H3-b1. In addition, the extracts' derivatives were observed to have anticoagulant properties. [10] Furthermore, Hydroclathrus polysaccharide, H3-a1, was observed to have antitumor potential. It suppresses sciatic Sarcoma 180 tumor growth and prolonged the life span of mice in laboratory experiments by inducing increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha level in mouse serum. However, further studies are needed to determine its effectiveness for as a medicinal product. [11] Other potential medicinal use for Hydroclathrus, is its antimicrobial property observed in-vitro settings. [12]
Potential for application for environment utilization, particularly for solid waste management for wastewater treatment, were also explored. The residue powder of Hydroclathrus clathratus after being extracted most of its active components in methanol were used as absorbent material for wastewater treatment from excess heavy metals such as cadmium and copper. This provided new insights on the potentiality of use of seaweed as a treatment tool for wastewater and develop efforts in resource management. [13]
Ectocarpales is a very large order in the brown algae. The order includes families with pseudoparenchymatous (Splachnidiaceae) or true parenchymatous (Scytosiphonaceae) tissue. Pseudoparenchymatous refers to a filamentous alga with cells packed very close together to give an appearance of parenchymatous tissue, the latter being composed of cells which can truly divide in three dimensions, unusual among the algae. Filamentous algae are composed of cells that divide along a single plane, allowing only elongation to form filaments of one or more rows of cells. Algae that can divide in two planes can form sheet-like thalli or bodies. Cells that can divide in a third plane potentially allow for the organism to develop a more complex body plan, and diversification of body plans into an erect thallus of some sort and a holdfast for attaching the upright portion to the substrate.
In botany, a zoid or zoïd is a reproductive cell that possesses one or more flagella, and is capable of independent movement. Zoid can refer to either an asexually reproductive spore or a sexually reproductive gamete. In sexually reproductive gametes, zoids can be either male or female depending on the species. For example, some brown alga (Phaeophyceae) reproduce by producing multi-flagellated male and female gametes that recombine to form the diploid sporangia. Zoids are primarily found in some protists, diatoms, green alga, brown alga, non-vascular plants, and a few vascular plants. The most common classification group that produces zoids is the heterokonts or stramenopiles. These include green alga, brown alga, oomycetes, and some protists. The term is generally not used to describe motile, flagellated sperm found in animals. Zoid is also commonly confused for zooid which is a single organism that is part of a colonial animal.
Colpomenia is a genus of brown macroalgae in the family Scytosiphonaceae.
Polysiphonia is a genus of filamentous red algae with about 19 species on the coasts of the British Isles and about 200 species worldwide, including Crete in Greece, Antarctica and Greenland. Its members are known by a number of common names. It is in the order Ceramiales and family Rhodomelaceae.
Dictyosphaeria is a genus of green algae in the family Siphonocladaceae.
Udotea is a genus of green algae in the family Udoteaceae.
Valonia is a genus of green algae in the Valoniaceae family. The genus Ventricaria is now regarded as a synonym of Valonia.
Turbinaria is a genus of brown algae (Phaeophyceae) found primarily in tropical marine waters. It generally grows on rocky substrates. In tropical Turbinaria species that are often preferentially consumed by herbivorous fishes and echinoids, there is a relatively low level of phenolics and tannins.
Caulerpa lentillifera is a species of ulvophyte green algae from coastal regions in the Asia-Pacific. This seaweed is one of the favored species of edible Caulerpa due to its soft and succulent texture. It is traditionally eaten in the cuisines of Southeast Asia, Oceania, and East Asia. It was first commercially cultivated in the Philippines in the 1950s, followed by Japan in 1968. Both countries remain the top consumers of C. lentillifera. Its cultivation has since spread to other countries, including Vietnam, Taiwan, and China. C. lentillifera, along with C. racemosa, are also known as sea grapes or green caviar in English.
Ralfsiales is an order of crustose brown algae containing two families.
Kappaphycus is a genus of red algae. Species are distributed in the waters of East Africa, Indonesia, Malaysia, Hainan Island, the Philippines, and Micronesia.
Phyllospora comosa, known as crayweed, is a species of brown algae in the Seirococcaceae family that is a type of temperate seaweed forest important as habitat for many marine species and also for producing oxygen and capturing atmospheric carbon. It is found in the oceans around Australia and New Zealand. Crayweed grows up to 2.5 m in length and forms dense, shallow forests. It is abundant in cooler waters along the south-eastern coastline of Australia, around Tasmania and in South Australia and occurs to a depth of around five metres (16 ft) on the east coast and farther south to about three metres (9.8 ft). On some Tasmanian coasts it can occur depths of at 18 metres (59 ft). It used to occur around Sydney but has disappeared from metropolitan areas under pressure from human activities during the 1970s and 1980s.
Lobophora is a genus of thalloid brown seaweed of the Phylum Ochrophyta; Class Phaeophyceae.
Gavino Trono Jr., Ph.D. is a Filipino marine biologist dubbed as the "Father of Kappaphycus farming". He was conferred the rank of National Scientist of the Philippines for contributions to the study of tropical marine phycology, focusing on seaweed biodiversity. He is currently a professor emeritus of the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute.
Asparagopsis is a genus of edible red macroalgae (Rhodophyta). The species Asparagopsis taxiformis is found throughout the tropical and subtropical regions, while Asparagopsis armata is found in warm temperate regions. Both species are highly invasive, and have colonised the Mediterranean Sea. A third accepted species is A. svedelii, while others are of uncertain status.
Saccharina dentigera is a species of brown algae, in the family Laminariaceae. It is native to shallow water in the northeastern Pacific Ocean from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California.
Dictyota dichotoma is a species of Brown algae found in the temperate western and eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean.
Rosenvingea is a genus of brown algae first described by Børgesen in 1914.
Titanophora is a genus of seaweeds belonging to family Schizymeniaceae of the order Nemastomatales.
Sphacelaria is a genus of brown macroalgae in the family Sphacelariaceae.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)  | This Phaeophyceae (or brown alga) article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |