| Hylodes japi | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Mating couple during courtship (female on right) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylodidae |
| Genus: | Hylodes |
| Species: | H. japi |
| Binomial name | |
| Hylodes japi Sá, Canedo, Lyra & Haddad, 2015 | |
Hylodes japi is a species of frogs in the family Hylodidae. [1] [2]
The frog's specific name, japi, comes from a Tupi word meaning "springs", referencing the breeding environment of this species. The closest relatives of Hylodes japi are Hylodes amnicola , Hylodes ornatus , Hylodes perere , and Hylodes sazimai . [2]
Hylodes japi is endemic to the Serra do Japi mountains, located in the São Paulo state, Brazil. [2]
Hylodes japi is a small, slender frog. When adult, males measure 22.9 to 25.5 millimeters, females - 26.4 to 28.0 millimeters, both with the head longer than wide, straight canthus, sunken lore, medium-sized, almost round tympanum, and side-directed nostril openings. Males additionally possess two lateral vocal sacs, which can distend to a great extent. The fore limbs are slender, and the hind limbs are robust. Several tubercles are present on them. The digits bear lateral fringes, more extensive on the toes than on the fingers, and more pronounced in males than females, as well as weakly developed scutes. The fingertips are small and almost in the shape of an ellipse; the toes end in nearly round discs. The thumbs do not possess any significant features. The frog's skin is mostly smooth, with some regions slightly textured. Although Hylodes japi is mostly silver in color, its body features dark spots and blotches, light, lateral stripes, and brown to chestnut bars. In preservative, the colors become less vivid. The tadpoles are brown with tones of yellow. [2]
Deposited eggs measure 2.48 to 3.47 millimeters in diameter; they are unpigmented and whitish cream in color. The gelatinous capsule ranges from 7.81 to 8.16 millimeters in diameter. [2]
Overall, this species can be distinguished from other members of its genus by a continuous oblique lateral fold as well as a lack of tubercles near it, a light-colored stripe, smoother dorsal surfaces, advertisement calls, and the ventral coloration. [2]
Hylodes japi occurs at 850–1050 meters above sea level, near swift rivulets, in semideciduous, mesophytic forest. Although the species is diurnal, calls can also be heard at night during the breeding season. [2]
Males call sporadically; their advertisement call is harmonically structured. Its duration can range from 1.36 to 3.83 seconds, with 5.91 – 19.42 second intervals. [2] Males choose which of their two vocal sacs will be used for visual signaling as well as which limb to signal with, performing toe trembling, toe flagging, toes posture, and foot flagging. The vocal sac's inflation is controlled; its movement and color is also important for visual communication. [3]
Courtship can be observed during the daytime or at night. The breeding behaviour begins with males calling near a stream, and waiting for a female to engage. Once it happens, a suitable oviposition is decided on. If the female accepts the male's offer, the latter digs up a tunnel and a chamber in the sand of the riverbed, big enough for the two frogs, in which the intercourse occurs. After oviposition, the tunnel is concealed by the male. [2]
The tadpoles are omnivorous, perhaps cannibalistic, and exotrophic. They feed more actively during the night than during the day. Their breeding chambers, inside of which they remain during the early stages of development, are abandoned after the formation of limb buds. [2]
The known population of Hylodes japi is regarded as stable. However, as the species is associated with fast moving rivulets, it is prone to environmental degradation. Although Serra do Japi is considered a protected area of Brazil, it faces strong developmental pressure from humans. [2]
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The bicolored frog or Malabar frog is a species of frog endemic to the Western Ghats of India. The tadpoles of the species are black and form dense and compact schools in slow moving streams in forested areas.
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The yellow-throated frog, Trinidadian stream frog, or Trinidad poison frog is a diurnal species of frog in the family Aromobatidae that is endemic to the island of Trinidad in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad poison frogs can be found in rocky streams in moist montane forests. The species has cryptic coloration and is sexually dimorphic. Mannophryne venezuelensis from the Paria Peninsula in Venezuela were also formerly included in this species. Currently this species is listed as of "Least Concern" on IUCN, but there is a general lack of understanding of its distribution. The frog experiences habitat loss. Both sexes are territorial and provide parental care together.
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Pseudis cardosoi is a species of aquatic frog in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to southern Brazil and is known from the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná. The specific name cardosoi honors Adão José Cardoso, a Brazilian herpetologist.
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Hylodes regius, also known as the royal tree toad, is a species of frog in the family Hylodidae. The specific name regius is not explained in the original species description but probably refers to the yellow and purple-red markings in male Hylodes regius. It is endemic to the Itatiaia Mountains in Minas Gerais, Brazil. After more than three decades without observations, it was detected again in 2012.
Hylodes uai is a species of frog in the family Hylodidae. It is endemic to the Espinhaço Mountains in the Minas Gerais state, Brazil, where it is known from the Mangabeiras Park in Belo Horizonte, and another location on the southern end of the Espinhaço Mountains. It is the most-inland species of the genus.
Thoropa saxatilis is a species of frog in the family Cycloramphidae. It is endemic to southern Brazil and occurs in the Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states, corresponding to the southernmost extent of the Atlantic Forest biome. The specific name saxatilis refers to its association with rocks. Common name Brazilian river frog has been coined for it.
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