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Polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS, is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. The syndrome is named after the characteristic cysts which may form on the ovaries, though it is important to note that this is a sign and not the underlying cause of the disorder.
Hirsutism is excessive body hair on parts of the body where hair is normally absent or minimal. The word is from early 17th century: from Latin hirsutus meaning "hairy". It may refer to a "male" pattern of hair growth that may be a sign of a more serious medical condition, especially if it develops well after puberty. Cultural stigma against hirsutism can cause much psychological distress and social difficulty. Discrimination based on facial hirsutism often leads to the avoidance of social situations and to symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age. Physiological states of amenorrhoea are seen, most commonly, during pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding). Outside the reproductive years, there is absence of menses during childhood and after menopause.
Endometrial cancer is a cancer that arises from the endometrium. It is the result of the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. The first sign is most often vaginal bleeding not associated with a menstrual period. Other symptoms include pain with urination, pain during sexual intercourse, or pelvic pain. Endometrial cancer occurs most commonly after menopause.
Ovarian cancer is a cancer that forms in or on an ovary. It results in abnormal cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. When this process begins, there may be no or only vague symptoms. Symptoms become more noticeable as the cancer progresses. These symptoms may include bloating, pelvic pain, abdominal swelling, constipation, and loss of appetite, among others. Common areas to which the cancer may spread include the lining of the abdomen, lymph nodes, lungs, and liver.
Anovulation is when the ovaries do not release an oocyte during a menstrual cycle. Therefore, ovulation does not take place. However, a woman who does not ovulate at each menstrual cycle is not necessarily going through menopause. Chronic anovulation is a common cause of infertility.
Sex cord–gonadal stromal tumour is a group of tumors derived from the stromal component of the ovary and testis, which comprises the granulosa, thecal cells and fibrocytes. In contrast, the epithelial cells originate from the outer epithelial lining surrounding the gonad while the germ cell tumors arise from the precursor cells of the gametes, hence the name germ cell. In humans, this group accounts for 8% of ovarian cancers and under 5% of testicular cancers. Their diagnosis is histological: only a biopsy of the tumour can make an exact diagnosis. They are often suspected of being malignant prior to operation, being solid ovarian tumours that tend to occur most commonly in post menopausal women.
Hyperandrogenism is a medical condition characterized by high levels of androgens. It is more common in women than men. Symptoms of hyperandrogenism may include acne, seborrhea, hair loss on the scalp, increased body or facial hair, and infrequent or absent menstruation. Complications may include high blood cholesterol and diabetes. It occurs in approximately 5% of women of reproductive age.
Fertility medications, also known as fertility drugs, are medications which enhance reproductive fertility. For women, fertility medication is used to stimulate follicle development of the ovary. There are very few fertility medication options available for men.
Vaginal bleeding is any expulsion of blood from the vagina. This bleeding may originate from the uterus, vaginal wall, or cervix. Generally, it is either part of a normal menstrual cycle or is caused by hormonal or other problems of the reproductive system, such as abnormal uterine bleeding.
In medicine, Meigs's syndrome, also Meigs syndrome or Demons–Meigs syndrome, is the triad of ascites, pleural effusion, and benign ovarian tumor. Meigs syndrome resolves after the resection of the tumor. Because the transdiaphragmatic lymphatic channels are larger in diameter on the right, the pleural effusion is classically on the right side. The causes of the ascites and pleural effusion are poorly understood. Atypical Meigs syndrome, characterized by a benign pelvic mass with right-sided pleural effusion but without ascites, can also occur. As in typical Meigs syndrome, pleural effusion resolves after removal of the pelvic mass.
The theca folliculi comprise a layer of the ovarian follicles. They appear as the follicles become secondary follicles.
1D-chiro-Inositol is a member of a family of related substances often referred to collectively as "inositol", although that term encompasses several isomers of questionable biological relevance, including 1L-chiro-inositol. myo-Inositol is converted into DCI by an insulin dependent NAD/NADH epimerase enzyme. It is known to be an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction. DCI accelerates the dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase and pyruvate dehydrogenase, rate limiting enzymes of non-oxidative and oxidative glucose disposal. DCI may act to bypass defective normal epimerization of myo-inositol to DCI associated with insulin resistance and at least partially restore insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal. One pilot study found males taking it had increased androgens and reduced estrogen.
Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition of excessive proliferation of the cells of the endometrium, or inner lining of the uterus.
Ovarian diseases refer to diseases or disorders of the ovary.
Ovarian drilling, also known as multiperforation or laparoscopic ovarian diathermy, is a surgical technique of puncturing the membranes surrounding the ovary with a laser beam or a surgical needle using minimally invasive laparoscopic procedures. It differs from ovarian wedge resection, which involves the cutting of tissue. Minimally invasive ovarian drilling procedures have replaced wedge resections. Ovarian drilling is preferred to wedge resection because cutting into the ovary can cause adhesions which may complicate postoperative outcomes. Ovarian drilling and ovarian wedge resection are treatment options to reduce the amount of androgen producing tissue in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is the primary cause of anovulation, which results in female infertility. The induction of mono-ovulatory cycles can restore fertility.
Reinke crystals are rod-like cytoplasmic inclusions which can be found in Leydig cells of the testes. Occurring only in adult humans and wild bush rats, their function is unknown.
Obesity is defined as an abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more over an individual's ideal body weight. This is often described as a body mass index (BMI) over 30. However, BMI does not account for whether the excess weight is fat or muscle, and is not a measure of body composition. For most people, however, BMI is an indication used worldwide to estimate nutritional status. Obesity is usually the result of consuming more calories than the body needs and not expending that energy by doing exercise. There are genetic causes and hormonal disorders that causes people to gain significant amounts of weight but this is rare. People in the obese category are much more likely to suffer from fertility problems than people of normal healthy weight.
HAIR-AN syndrome consists of hyperandrogenism (HA), insulin resistance (IR) and acanthosis nigricans (AN). It is a rare disease which is a subset of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Polycystic ovary syndrome is a condition in females in which there is an increase in the production of androgen, leading to an expression of male-like characters in the female body. The name HAIR-AN is made up of the three conditions of which it consists. The commonly used term "HAIR-AN" is a generic description of the features of SIR ." Although HAIR-AN can result from two very different types of abnormalities – blocking antibodies against the insulin receptor or genetically absent/reduced insulin receptor number/function – patients with both types have high levels of androgens.
Gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor (GnSAF) is a nonsteroidal ovarian hormone produced by the granulosa cells of small antral ovarian follicles in females. GnSAF is involved in regulating the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary and the ovarian cycle. During the early to mid-follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, GnSAF acts on the anterior pituitary to attenuate LH release, limiting the secretion of LH to only basal levels. At the transition between follicular and luteal phase, GnSAF bioactivity declines sufficiently to permit LH secretion above basal levels, resulting in the mid-cycle LH surge that initiates ovulation. In normally ovulating women, the LH surge only occurs when the oocyte is mature and ready for extrusion. GnSAF bioactivity is responsible for the synchronised, biphasic nature of LH secretion.
References
- ↑ Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary 21st Edition
- ↑ Stead, Stead, Kaufman, Suarez (2009). First Aid for the Obstretrics & Gynecology Clerkship - Second Edition. McGraw-Hill
- ↑ Zhang, Cunxian; Sung, C. James; Quddus, M. Ruhul; Simon, Rochelle A.; Jazaerly, Tarek; Lawrence, W. Dwayne (2017-01-01). "Association of ovarian hyperthecosis with endometrial polyp, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrioid adenocarcinoma in postmenopausal women: a clinicopathological study of 238 cases". Human Pathology. 59: 120–124. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2016.09.021. PMID 27746268.
- ↑ "UpToDate".
- ↑ Krug, Esther; Berga, Sarah L. (2002-01-01). "Postmenopausal hyperthecosis: Functional dysregulation of androgenesis in climacteric ovary". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 99 (5 SUPPL. 1): 893–897. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01588-5. ISSN 0029-7844. PMID 11975949. S2CID 31107352.
- ↑ Wierman, MD, Margaret (2016). "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome". Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome : 2016 Meet-The-Professor: Endocrine Case Management. pp. 306–309. doi:10.1210/mtp5.9781943550043.ch57. ISBN 978-1-943550-02-9.
- ↑ Wilroy, R.S. (February 1975). "Hyperthecosis: an inheritable form of polycystic ovarian disease". Birth Defects Original Article Series. 11 (4): 81–5. PMID 1156689 . Retrieved 2017-05-03.
- ↑ Nagamani M.D., Manubai (February 1986). "Hyperinsulinemia in hyperthecosis of the ovaries". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 154 (2): 384–389. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(86)90676-9. PMID 3511712.
- ↑ Rothman, Micol S.; Wierman, Margaret E. (2011-08-01). "How should postmenopausal androgen excess be evaluated?". Clinical Endocrinology. 75 (2): 160–164. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04040.x. ISSN 1365-2265. PMID 21521309. S2CID 205286448.
- ↑ Zhang, Cunxian; Sung, C. James; Quddus, M. Ruhul; Simon, Rochelle A.; Jazaerly, Tarek; Lawrence, W. Dwayne (2017-01-01). "Association of ovarian hyperthecosis with endometrial polyp, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrioid adenocarcinoma in postmenopausal women: a clinicopathological study of 238 cases". Human Pathology. 59: 120–124. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2016.09.021. ISSN 0046-8177. PMID 27746268.
- ↑ Krug, Esther; Berga, Sarah L. (2002-01-01). "Postmenopausal hyperthecosis: Functional dysregulation of androgenesis in climacteric ovary". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 99 (5 SUPPL. 1): 893–897. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01588-5. ISSN 0029-7844. PMID 11975949. S2CID 31107352.
