Estrogen-dependent condition

Last updated

An estrogen-dependent condition can be that relating to the differentiation in the steroid sex hormone that is associated with the female reproductive system and sex characteristics. [1] These conditions can fall under the umbrella of hypoestrogenism, hyperestrogenim, or any sensitivity to the presence of estrogen in the body.

Contents

Estrogen

Estrogen is a critical sex hormone for women (in conjunction with progesterone). Estrogen is responsible for all different functions in a female body, but is also seen in any gender. [1] These functions are seen in body tracts such as the skeletal system, liver, brain and breasts. [2] There are three different formulations of estrogen: estrone, estradiol, and estriol. [1] These are commonly referred to as E1, E2, and E3, following the listing stated prior. These three formulations have different functions in a women's life. Estradiol (E2) is seen in the reproductive time period. [1] Estriol (E3) is seen primarily during pregnancy. [1] Finally, estrone (E1) is the form the body uses during the postmenopausal period. [1] From all of the three formulations stated earlier, Estradiol (E2) is known to be the strongest. [1] In a normal adult female, the normal range of estrogen in the luteal phase (when ovulation happens, as well as the vascular tissue preparing for the potential zygote [3] ) is 100 pg/ml, in comparison to the proliferative phase (when the uterine lining is thickening [4] ) 40-250 pg/ml. [5]

Known estrogen-dependent conditions

Known estrogen-dependent conditions include:

Such conditions may be treated with drugs with antiestrogen actions, including selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen and clomifene, estrogen receptor antagonists such as fulvestrant, aromatase inhibitors such as anastrozole and exemestane, [12] gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues such as leuprorelin and cetrorelix, and/or other antigonadotropins such as danazol, gestrinone, megestrol acetate, and medroxyprogesterone acetate. [21] [22]

Menopause

Menopause is the state in which the menses ceasen to occur. This is seen throughout the years 49–52. [23] This termination of menses is associated with a dramatic drop in estrogen levels. The estrogen levels stated previously dramatically decrease to approximately 20 pg/ml [5] or less when menopause begins. Menopause falls under the umbrella of conditions related to hypoestrogenism. There are many symptoms associated with the transition and entrance into menopause.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is an inflammatory condition characterized by the growth and development on the endometrium tissue, found within the uterus, is growing outside of the uterus. [24] [25] Endometriosis is commonly found on the ovaries and other organs near/in the pelvic cavity, but it has also been seen in other organs such as the spleen or lungs.[ citation needed ] A handful of the symptoms associated with endometriosis are dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dyspareunia, menorrhagia, and fertility complications. [26] This inflammatory disease shares numerous symptoms with other conditions, so this at times leads to misdiagnoses. Endometriosis can have a confirmed diagnosis with exploratory surgery. This surgery is generally called a laparoscopy. [27]

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is seen as numerous cysts developing on the ovaries, and this can be seen with additional symptoms such as oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, weight gain, and fertility issues. [28] [29] PCOS is caused by the ovaries having an excessive amount of male sex hormones. Because of this, PCOS is associated with hyperandrogegism. [29]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polycystic ovary syndrome</span> Set of symptoms caused by abnormal hormones in females

Polycystic ovary syndrome, or polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. The syndrome is named after cysts which form on the ovaries of some people with this condition, though this is not a universal symptom, and not the underlying cause of the disorder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol</span> Chemical compound

Estradiol (E2), also spelled oestradiol, is an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone. It is involved in the regulation of female reproductive cycles such as estrous and menstrual cycles. Estradiol is responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as the breasts, widening of the hips and a female pattern of fat distribution. It is also important in the development and maintenance of female reproductive tissues such as the mammary glands, uterus and vagina during puberty, adulthood and pregnancy. It also has important effects in many other tissues including bone, fat, skin, liver, and the brain.

Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period in a female who has reached reproductive age. Physiological states of amenorrhoea are seen, most commonly, during pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding). Outside the reproductive years, there is absence of menses during childhood and after menopause.

Oophorectomy, historically also called ovariotomy, is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries. The surgery is also called ovariectomy, but this term is mostly used in reference to non-human animals, e.g. the surgical removal of ovaries from laboratory animals. Removal of the ovaries of females is the biological equivalent of castration of males; the term castration is only occasionally used in the medical literature to refer to oophorectomy of women. In veterinary medicine, the removal of ovaries and uterus is called ovariohysterectomy (spaying) and is a form of sterilization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estrone</span> Chemical compound

Estrone (E1), also spelled oestrone, is a steroid, a weak estrogen, and a minor female sex hormone. It is one of three major endogenous estrogens, the others being estradiol and estriol. Estrone, as well as the other estrogens, are synthesized from cholesterol and secreted mainly from the gonads, though they can also be formed from adrenal androgens in adipose tissue. Relative to estradiol, both estrone and estriol have far weaker activity as estrogens. Estrone can be converted into estradiol, and serves mainly as a precursor or metabolic intermediate of estradiol. It is both a precursor and metabolite of estradiol.

Anovulation is when the ovaries do not release an oocyte during a menstrual cycle. Therefore, ovulation does not take place. However, a woman who does not ovulate at each menstrual cycle is not necessarily going through menopause. Chronic anovulation is a common cause of infertility.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyperandrogenism</span> Medical condition

Hyperandrogenism is a medical condition characterized by high levels of androgens. It is more common in women than men. Symptoms of hyperandrogenism may include acne, seborrhea, hair loss on the scalp, increased body or facial hair, and infrequent or absent menstruation. Complications may include high blood cholesterol and diabetes. It occurs in approximately 5% of women of reproductive age.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol acetate</span> Chemical compound

Estradiol acetate (EA), sold under the brand names Femtrace, Femring, and Menoring, is an estrogen medication which is used in hormone therapy for the treatment of menopausal symptoms in women. It is taken by mouth once daily or given as a vaginal ring once every three months.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norethisterone acetate</span> Chemical compound

Norethisterone acetate (NETA), also known as norethindrone acetate and sold under the brand name Primolut-Nor among others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and for the treatment of gynecological disorders. The medication available in low-dose and high-dose formulations and is used alone or in combination with an estrogen. It is ingested orally.

Hypoestrogenism, or estrogen deficiency, refers to a lower than normal level of estrogen. It is an umbrella term used to describe estrogen deficiency in various conditions. Estrogen deficiency is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and has been linked to diseases like urinary tract infections and osteoporosis.

Intermenstrual bleeding (IMB) is vaginal bleeding at irregular intervals between expected menstrual periods. It may be associated with bleeding with sexual intercourse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Menstrual disorder</span> Medical condition affecting menstrual cycle

A menstrual disorder is characterized as any abnormal condition with regards to a woman's menstrual cycle. There are many different types of menstrual disorders that vary with signs and symptoms, including pain during menstruation, heavy bleeding, or absence of menstruation. Normal variations can occur in menstrual patterns but generally menstrual disorders can also include periods that come sooner than 21 days apart, more than 3 months apart, or last more than 10 days in duration. Variations of the menstrual cycle are mainly caused by the immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, and early detection and management is required in order to minimize the possibility of complications regarding future reproductive ability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Follicular atresia</span>

Follicular atresia refers to the process in which a follicle fails to develop, thus preventing it from ovulating and releasing an egg. It is a normal, naturally occurring progression that occurs as mammalian ovaries age. Approximately 1% of mammalian follicles in ovaries undergo ovulation and the remaining 99% of follicles go through follicular atresia as they cycle through the growth phases. In summary, follicular atresia is a process that leads to the follicular loss and loss of oocytes, and any disturbance or loss of functionality of this process can lead to many other conditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cetrorelix</span> Drug used in IVF procedures

Cetrorelix, or cetrorelix acetate, sold under the brand name Cetrotide, is an injectable gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist. A synthetic decapeptide, it is used in assisted reproduction to inhibit premature luteinizing hormone surges The drug works by blocking the action of GnRH upon the pituitary, thus rapidly suppressing the production and action of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In addition, cetrorelix can be used to treat hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast and some benign gynaecological disorders. It is administered as either multiple 0.25 mg daily subcutaneous injections or as a single-dose 3 mg subcutaneous injection. The duration of the 3 mg single dose is four days; if human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is not administered within four days, a daily 0.25 mg dose is started and continued until hCG is administered.

Ovarian diseases refer to diseases or disorders of the ovary.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy or postmenopausal hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause. Effects of menopause can include symptoms such as hot flashes, accelerated skin aging, vaginal dryness, decreased muscle mass, and complications such as osteoporosis, sexual dysfunction, and vaginal atrophy. They are mostly caused by low levels of female sex hormones that occur during menopause.

Hyperestrogenism, hyperestrogenic state, or estrogen excess, is a medical condition characterized by an excessive amount of estrogenic activity in the body.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breast atrophy</span> Shrinkage of the breasts

Breast atrophy is the normal or spontaneous atrophy or shrinkage of the breasts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conjugated estrogens</span> Estrogen medication

Conjugated estrogens (CEs), or conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs), sold under the brand name Premarin among others, is an estrogen medication which is used in menopausal hormone therapy and for various other indications. It is a mixture of the sodium salts of estrogen conjugates found in horses, such as estrone sulfate and equilin sulfate. CEEs are available in the form of both natural preparations manufactured from the urine of pregnant mares and fully synthetic replications of the natural preparations. They are formulated both alone and in combination with progestins such as medroxyprogesterone acetate. CEEs are usually taken by mouth, but can also be given by application to the skin or vagina as a cream or by injection into a blood vessel or muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High-dose estrogen therapy</span> Type of hormone therapy

High-dose estrogen therapy (HDE) is a type of hormone therapy in which high doses of estrogens are given. When given in combination with a high dose of progestogen, it has been referred to as pseudopregnancy. It is called this because the estrogen and progestogen levels achieved are in the range of the very high levels of these hormones that occur during pregnancy. HDE and pseudopregnancy have been used in medicine for a number of hormone-dependent indications, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, and endometriosis, among others. Both natural or bioidentical estrogens and synthetic estrogens have been used and both oral and parenteral routes may be used.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Estrogen: Hormone, Function, Levels & Imbalances". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
  2. ↑ Ruggiero, Ronald J.; Likis, Frances E. (2002). "Estrogen: physiology, pharmacology, and formulations for replacement therapy". Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. 47 (3): 130–138. doi:10.1016/S1526-9523(02)00233-7. ISSN   1526-9523. PMID   12071379.
  3. ↑ Thiyagarajan, Dhanalakshmi K.; Basit, Hajira; Jeanmonod, Rebecca (2022), "Physiology, Menstrual Cycle", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   29763196 , retrieved 2022-10-26
  4. ↑ Monis, Carol N.; Tetrokalashvili, Maggie (2022), "Menstrual Cycle Proliferative And Follicular Phase", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   31194386 , retrieved 2022-10-26
  5. 1 2 Primary care in obstetrics and gynecology : a handbook for clinicians. J. S. Sanfilippo, Roger P. Smith. New York: Springer. 1998. ISBN   0-387-94739-6. OCLC   36084041.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. ↑ CURRENT OBSTETRICS and GYNECOLOGY by MUKHERJEE. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. 2007. p. 347. ISBN   978-81-8061-996-0.
  7. ↑ Deftos, Leonard J. (1998). Clinical Essentials of Calcium and Skeletal Disorders. Professional Communications. ISBN   978-1-884735-39-4.
  8. ↑ Laucella, Linda (2003). The hormone decision : 7 questions to ask yourself and your doctor about hormone replacement therapy and other options. Internet Archive. Chicago, Ill. : Contemporary Books. ISBN   978-0-07-141615-3.
  9. ↑ Siemionow, Maria Z.; Eisenmann-Klein, Marita (2010-01-13). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   978-1-84882-513-0.
  10. ↑ Smith, Merril D. (2014-09-08). Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   978-0-7591-2332-8.
  11. ↑ Vasan; R.S (1998). Textbook of Medicine. Orient Blackswan. ISBN   978-81-250-1266-5.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Parish, Edward J.; Nes, W. David (1997-01-14). Biochemistry and Function of Sterols. CRC Press. ISBN   978-0-8493-7674-0.
  13. ↑ Crocetti, Michael; Barone, Michael A.; Oski, Frank A. (2004). Oski's Essential Pediatrics. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   978-0-7817-3770-8.
  14. ↑ Pray, W. Steven (2006). Nonprescription Product Therapeutics. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   978-0-7817-3498-1.
  15. ↑ Sharon L. Lewis; Bucher, Linda; Margaret M. Heitkemper; Shannon Ruff Dirksen (2013-12-02). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems, Single Volume. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN   978-0-323-08678-3.
  16. ↑ Benrubi, Guy I. (2012-03-28). Handbook of Obstetric and Gynecologic Emergencies. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   978-1-4511-4797-1.
  17. ↑ Tulandi, Togas; Redwine, David (2003-12-09). Endometriosis: Advances and Controversies. CRC Press. ISBN   978-0-8247-5864-6.
  18. 1 2 Dunnick, Reed; Sandler, Carl M.; Newhouse, Jeffrey H. (2012-10-15). Textbook of Uroradiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   978-1-4511-0916-0.
  19. ↑ Lupulescu, Aurel (1990-10-24). Hormones and Vitamins in Cancer Treatment. CRC Press. ISBN   978-0-8493-5973-6.
  20. ↑ DeFelice, Eugene A. (2002). Breast Cancer: Web Resource Guide for Consumers, Healthcare Providers, Patients, and Physicians. iUniverse. ISBN   978-0-595-22651-1.
  21. ↑ Chabner, Bruce A.; Longo, Dan L. (2010-11-08). Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   978-1-60547-431-1.
  22. ↑ Barh, Debmalya (2014-10-13). Omics Approaches in Breast Cancer: Towards Next-Generation Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy. Springer. ISBN   978-81-322-0843-3.
  23. ↑ "ClinicalKey". www.clinicalkey.com. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
  24. ↑ Harris, Thomas; Vlass, Ann M. "Endometriosis and the Herbal Medicine Approach to Treatment". ISU Library Database. Retrieved 2022-11-24.
  25. ↑ Vercellini, Paolo; Viganò, Paola; Somigliana, Edgardo; Fedele, Luigi (2014). "Endometriosis: pathogenesis and treatment". Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 10 (5): 261–275. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.255. ISSN   1759-5037. PMID   24366116. S2CID   13050344.
  26. ↑ "Endometriosis - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2022-11-24.
  27. ↑ "Endometriosis | UCLA Health". www.uclahealth.org. Retrieved 2022-11-24.
  28. ↑ "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 2022-02-28. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
  29. 1 2 Ahmad Mir, Suhail; Rashid, Rumasia; Ara, Rifat; Kareem, Ozaifa; Ara, Rifat; Bader, G.N.; Amin, Fiza; Malik, Anjum. "Polycystic ovarian syndrome-current pharmacotherapy and clinical implications". www.clinicalkey.com. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.