Fulvestrant

Last updated

Fulvestrant
Fulvestrant.svg
Clinical data
Pronunciation /fʊlˈvɛstrənt/
fuul-VES-trənt
Trade names Faslodex, others
Other namesICI-182780; ZD-182780; ZD-9238; 7α-[9-[(4,4,5,5,5-Pentafluoropentyl)-sulfinyl]nonyl]estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a607031
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU:D
Routes of
administration 		Intramuscular injection
Drug class Antiestrogen
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • UK: POM (Prescription only) [1]
  • US: ℞-only [2]
  • EU:Rx-only [3]
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability Low [4]
Protein binding 99% [4]
Metabolism Hydroxylation, conjugation (glucuronidation, sulfation) [4]
Elimination half-life IM Tooltip Intramuscular injection: 40–50 days [4]
Identifiers
  • (7R,8R,9S,13S,14S,17S)-13-methyl-7-[9-(4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentylsulfinyl)nonyl]-6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,17-diol
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.170.955 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C32H47F5O3S
Molar mass 606.78 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • C[C@]12CC[C@@H]3c4ccc(O)cc4CC(CCCCCCCCCS(=O)CCCC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F)[C@H]3[C@@H]1CC[C@@H]2O
  • InChI=1S/C32H47F5O3S/c1-30-17-15-26-25-12-11-24(38)21-23(25)20-22(29(26)27(30)13-14-28(30)39)10-7-5-3-2-4-6-8-18-41(40)19-9-16-31(33,34)32(35,36)37/h11-12,21-22,26-29,38-39H,2-10,13-20H2,1H3/t22-,26-,27+,28+,29-,30+,41?/m1/s1
  • Key:VWUXBMIQPBEWFH-WCCTWKNTSA-N
 X mark.svgNYes check.svgY  (what is this?)    (verify)

Fulvestrant, sold under the brand name Faslodex among others, is an antiestrogenic medication used to treat hormone receptor (HR)-positive metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with disease progression as well as HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer in combination with abemaciclib or palbociclib in women with disease progression after endocrine therapy. [2] It is given by injection into a muscle. [5]

Contents

Fulvestrant is a selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) and was first-in-class to be approved. [6] It works by binding to the estrogen receptor and destabilizing it, causing the cell's normal protein degradation processes to destroy it. [6]

Fulvestrant was approved for medical use in the United States in 2002. [7]

Medical uses

Breast cancer

Fulvestrant is used for the treatment of hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer or locally advanced unresectable disease in postmenopausal women; it is given by injection. [5] A 2017 Cochrane review found it is as safe and effective as first line or second line endocrine therapy. [5]

It is also used to treat ER-positive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with abemaciclib or palbociclib in women with disease progression after first-line endocrine therapy. [2]

Due to the medication's having a chemical structure similar to that of estrogen, it can interact with immunoassays for blood estradiol concentrations and show falsely elevated results. [8] [9] [10] This can improperly lead to discontinuing the treatment. [8]

Early puberty

Fulvestrant has been used in the treatment of peripheral precocious puberty in girls with McCune–Albright syndrome. [11] [12] [13]

Available forms

Fulvestrant is provided in a castor oil solution also containing alcohol, benzyl alcohol, and benzyl benzoate. [2] It is supplied at a concentration of 250 mg/5 mL. [2]

Contraindications

Fulvestrant should not be used in women with kidney failure or who are pregnant. [2] [1]

Side effects

Very common (occurring in more than 10% of people) adverse effects include nausea, injection site reactions, weakness, and elevated transaminases. Common (between 1% and 10%) adverse effects include urinary tract infections, hypersensitivity reactions, loss of appetite, headache, blood clots in veins, hot flushes, vomiting, diarrhea, elevated bilirubin, rashes, and back pain. [1] In a large clinical trial, the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) with fulvestrant was 0.9%. [2]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Fulvestrant is an antiestrogen which acts as an antagonist of the estrogen receptor (ER) and additionally as a selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD). [6] It works by binding to the estrogen receptor and making it more hydrophobic, which makes the receptor unstable and misfold, which in turn leads normal processes inside the cell to degrade it. [6]

In addition to its antiestrogenic activity, fulvestrant is an agonist of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), albeit with relatively low affinity (10–100 nM, relative to 3–6 nM for estradiol). [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]

Pharmacokinetics

Fulvestrant after an intramuscular injection is slowly absorbed and maximal levels (Cmax) are reached after 5 days on average with a range of 2 to 19 days. [19] The elimination half-life of fulvestrant with intramuscular injection is 40 to 50 days. [20] [2] This is 40 times longer than the half-life of fulvestrant by intravenous injection, indicating that its long half-life with intramuscular injection is due to slow absorption from the injection site. [19] Levels of fulvestrant with 500 mg/month by intramuscular injection (and a single additional 500 mg loading dose on day 15 of therapy) in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer were 25.1 ng/mL (25,100 pg/mL) at peak and 28.0 ng/mL (28,000 pg/mL) at trough with a single dose and 28.0 ng/mL (28,000 pg/mL) at peak and 12.2 ng/mL (12,200 pg/mL) at trough after multiple doses at steady state. [2]

Fulvestrant does not cross the blood–brain barrier in animals and may not in humans as well. [21] [22] [23] Accordingly, no effects of fulvestrant on brain function have been observed in preclinical or clinical research. [22] [23] Fulvestrant is highly (99%) bound to plasma proteins. [20] [2] It is bound to very low density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and high density lipoprotein, but not to sex hormone-binding globulin. [20]

Fulvestrant appears to be metabolized along similar pathways as endogenous steroids; CYP3A4 may be involved, but non-cytochrome P450 routes appear to be more important. It does not inhibit any cytochrome P450 enzymes. Elimination is almost all via feces. [1]

Fulvestrant can form colloidal aggregates at certain concentration ranges and this can limit its activity as well as produce bell-shaped concentration–response curves. [24] [25] [26]

Chemistry

Fulvestrant, also known as 7α-[9-[(4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl]nonyl]estradiol, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of estradiol. An alkyl-sulfinyl moiety was added to the endogenous estrogen receptor ligand. [6]

It was discovered through rational drug design, but was selected for further development via phenotypic screening. [27]

History

Fulvestrant was the first selective estrogen receptor degrader to be approved. [6] It was approved in the United States in 2002 [2] and in the European Union in 2004. [1]

Society and culture

NICE evaluation

The U.K. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) said in 2011 that it found no evidence Faslodex was significantly better than existing treatments, so its widespread use would not be a good use of resources for the country's National Health Service. The first month's treatment of Faslodex, which starts with a loading dose, costs £1,044.82 ($1,666), and subsequent treatments cost £522.41 a month.[ citation needed ] In the 12 months ending June 2015, the UK price (excluding VAT) of a month's supply of anastrozole (Arimidex), which is off patent, cost 89 pence/day, and letrozole (Femara) cost £1.40/day. [28] [29] [30]

Patent extension

The original patent for Faslodex expired in October 2004. Drugs subject to pre-marketing regulatory review are eligible for patent extension, and for this reason AstraZeneca got an extension of the patent to December 2011. [31] [32] AstraZeneca has filed later patents. A generic version of Faslodex has been approved by the FDA. However, this does not mean that the product will necessarily be commercially available - possibly because of drug patents and/or drug exclusivity. [33] A later patent for Faslodex expires in January 2021. [34] Atossa Genetics has a patent for the administration of fulvestrant into the breast via a microcatheter invented by Susan Love. [35]

Research

Fulvestrant was studied in endometrial cancer but results were not promising and as of 2016 development for this use was abandoned. [36]

Because fulvestrant cannot be given orally, efforts have been made to develop SERD drugs that can be taken by mouth, including brilanestrant and elacestrant. [6] The clinical success of fulvestrant also led to efforts to discover and develop a parallel drug class of selective androgen receptor degraders (SARDs). [6]

ZB716, or fulvestrant-3-boronic acid, is an oral prodrug of fulvestrant which is under development. [37] [38] [39]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selective estrogen receptor modulator</span> Drugs acting on the estrogen receptor

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), also known as estrogen receptor agonists/antagonists (ERAAs), are a class of drugs that act on estrogen receptors (ERs). Compared to pure ER agonists-antagonists, SERMs are more tissue-specific, allowing them to selectively inhibit or stimulate estrogen-like action in various tissues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raloxifene</span> Chemical compound

Raloxifene, sold under the brand name Evista among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and those on glucocorticoids. For osteoporosis it is less preferred than bisphosphonates. It is also used to reduce the risk of breast cancer in those at high risk. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyestradiol phosphate</span> Chemical compound

Polyestradiol phosphate (PEP), sold under the brand name Estradurin, is an estrogen medication which is used primarily in the treatment of prostate cancer in men. It is also used in women to treat breast cancer, as a component of hormone therapy to treat low estrogen levels and menopausal symptoms, and as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. It is given by injection into muscle once every four weeks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lasofoxifene</span> Chemical compound

Lasofoxifene, sold under the brand name Fablyn, is a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which is marketed by Pfizer in Lithuania and Portugal for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and for the treatment of vaginal atrophy, and the result of an exclusive research collaboration with Ligand Pharmaceuticals (LGND). It also appears to have had a statistically significant effect of reducing breast cancer in women according to a study published in The Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GPER</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPER gene. GPER binds to and is activated by the female sex hormone estradiol and is responsible for some of the rapid effects that estradiol has on cells.

Antiestrogens, also known as estrogen antagonists or estrogen blockers, are a class of drugs which prevent estrogens like estradiol from mediating their biological effects in the body. They act by blocking the estrogen receptor (ER) and/or inhibiting or suppressing estrogen production. Antiestrogens are one of three types of sex hormone antagonists, the others being antiandrogens and antiprogestogens. Antiestrogens are commonly used to stop steroid hormones, estrogen, from binding to the estrogen receptors leading to the decrease of estrogen levels. Decreased levels of estrogen can lead to complications in sexual development.

Antihormone therapy is a type of hormone therapy that suppresses selected hormones or their effects, in contrast with hormone replacement therapy, which encourages hormone activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol undecylate</span> Chemical compound

Estradiol undecylate, also known as estradiol undecanoate and formerly sold under the brand names Delestrec and Progynon Depot 100 among others, is an estrogen medication which has been used in the treatment of prostate cancer in men. It has also been used as a part of hormone therapy for transgender women. Although estradiol undecylate has been used in the past, it was discontinued. The medication has been given by injection into muscle usually once a month.

A selective estrogen receptor degrader or downregulator (SERD) is a type of drug that selectively binds to the estrogen receptor (ER) and induces its degradation, and thus causes its downregulation. SERDs are used in the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, particularly in cases where tumors have developed resistance to other forms of endocrine therapy, such as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or aromatase inhibitors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brilanestrant</span> Discontinued oral cancer remedy

Brilanestrant (INN) is a nonsteroidal combined selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) that was discovered by Aragon Pharmaceuticals and was under development by Genentech for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elacestrant</span> Chemical compound

Elacestrant, sold under the brand name Orserdu, is a selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) used in the treatment of breast cancer. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Endoxifen</span> Chemical compound

Endoxifen, also known as 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen, is a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) of the triphenylethylene group as well as a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. It is under development for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer and for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MIBE</span> Chemical compound

MIBE is a synthetic, nonsteroidal antiestrogen that acts as a dual antagonist of the ERα and the GPER. It was found to prevent estradiol-induced proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells, an action that was mediated via inhibition of both receptors. The drug was synthesized in 2012. It has been suggested that drugs like MIBE might be superior agents in the treatment of breast cancer compared to current antiestrogens like tamoxifen and fulvestrant, which are antagonistic at the ERα but were found in 2005 to be GPER agonists.

ZB716, also known as fulvestrant-3-boronic acid, is a synthetic, steroidal, orally active antiestrogen which is under development for the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive metastatic breast cancer. The drug is a silent antagonist of the ERα (IC50 = 4.1 nM) as well as a selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD). It is an analogue and prodrug of fulvestrant in which the C3 hydroxyl group has been replaced with a boronic acid moiety. In accordance, the two drugs have similar pharmacodynamic properties. However, whereas fulvestrant is not orally active and must be administered via intramuscular injection, ZB716 is less susceptible to first-pass metabolism, and in relation to this, is orally active.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estrogen (medication)</span> Type of medication

An estrogen (E) is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy, and as part of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. They can also be used in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers like breast cancer and prostate cancer and for various other indications. Estrogens are used alone or in combination with progestogens. They are available in a wide variety of formulations and for use by many different routes of administration. Examples of estrogens include bioidentical estradiol, natural conjugated estrogens, synthetic steroidal estrogens like ethinylestradiol, and synthetic nonsteroidal estrogens like diethylstilbestrol. Estrogens are one of three types of sex hormone agonists, the others being androgens/anabolic steroids like testosterone and progestogens like progesterone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estrone (medication)</span> Estrogen medication

Estrone (E1), sold under the brand names Estragyn, Kestrin, and Theelin among many others, is an estrogen medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone which has been used in menopausal hormone therapy and for other indications. It has been provided as an aqueous suspension or oil solution given by injection into muscle and as a vaginal cream applied inside of the vagina. It can also be taken by mouth as estradiol/estrone/estriol and in the form of prodrugs like estropipate and conjugated estrogens.

The pharmacology of estradiol, an estrogen medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone, concerns its pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and various routes of administration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pharmacokinetics of estradiol</span>

The pharmacology of estradiol, an estrogen medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone, concerns its pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and various routes of administration.

Endocrine therapy is a common treatment for estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. However, resistance to this therapy can develop, leading to relapse and progression of disease. This highlights the need for new strategies to combat this resistance.

References

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