Prasterone enanthate

Last updated
Prasterone enanthate
Prasterone enanthate.svg
Dehydroepiandrosterone enanthate molecule ball.png
Clinical data
Trade names With estradiol valerate: Gynodian Depot, others
Other namesDHEA enanthate; Prasterone heptanoate; DHEA heptanoate; DHEA-E; EDHEA; SH-90300-D; SH-70833-D (with EV Tooltip estradiol valerate); Androst-5-en-3β-ol-17-one 3β-heptanoate
Routes of
administration 		Intramuscular injection
Drug class Androgen; Anabolic steroid; Androgen ester; Estrogen; Neurosteroid
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability IM: 100% [1]
Metabolites • Prasterone (DHEA) [1]
• Others [1]
Elimination half-life IM: 9 days [1]
IV: 44 minutes [1]
Duration of action 18 days [2]
Excretion Urine, feces [1]
Identifiers
  • [(3S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S)-10,13-Dimethyl-17-oxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl] heptanoate
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.041.777 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C26H40O3
Molar mass 400.603 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CCCCCCC(=O)O[C@H]1CC[C@@]2([C@H]3CC[C@]4([C@H]([C@@H]3CC=C2C1)CCC4=O)C)C
  • InChI=1S/C26H40O3/c1-4-5-6-7-8-24(28)29-19-13-15-25(2)18(17-19)9-10-20-21-11-12-23(27)26(21,3)16-14-22(20)25/h9,19-22H,4-8,10-17H2,1-3H3/t19-,20-,21-,22-,25-,26-/m0/s1
  • Key:HHENOUDBWKNPAB-BNCSLUSBSA-N

Prasterone enanthate, also known as dehydroepiandrosterone enanthate (DHEA-E) and sold in combination with estradiol valerate under the brand name Gynodian Depot among others, is a weak androgen, estrogen, and neurosteroid medication which is used as a component of menopausal hormone therapy to treat menopausal symptoms in women. [3] [1] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] It is available only as an injectable preparation in combination with estradiol valerate. [3] [11] [12] [13] The medication is given by injection into muscle typically once every 4 weeks. [3] [1] [4]

Contents

Prasterone enanthate is a synthetic androgen, estrogen, and neurosteroid. [3] [1] [4] It is a steroid ester and a long-lasting prodrug of prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEA) in the body. [3] [1] [4] Prasterone is a naturally occurring prohormone of androgens and estrogens and hence is an agonist of the androgen and estrogen receptors, the respective biological targets of androgens like testosterone and estrogens like estradiol. [14] [15] Prasterone also has a variety of activities of its own, including neurosteroid and other activities. [15] An injection of prasterone enanthate has a duration of action in terms of elevated prasterone levels of about 18 days. [3] [1] [4]

The combination of estradiol valerate and prasterone enanthate was developed as early as 1966 and was introduced for medical use in 1975. [16] [17] The formulation is marketed widely throughout Europe, and is also available in several Latin American countries and in Egypt. [11] [12] [18] [13] [19] It is not available in any predominantly English-speaking countries. [11] [19]

Medical uses

The combination of estradiol valerate and prasterone enanthate is used in menopausal hormone therapy to treat menopausal symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women. [3] [16] Estradiol valerate serves as an estrogen in the preparation, while prasterone enanthate is intended to serve as a weak androgen. [3] [16] It is thought that the inclusion of prasterone enanthate in the formulation may provide additional psychotropic benefits. [16] [20] [21] [22]

Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in women
RouteMedicationMajor brand namesFormDosage
Oral Testosterone undecanoate Andriol, JatenzoCapsule40–80 mg 1x/1–2 days
Methyltestosterone Metandren, EstratestTablet0.5–10 mg/day
Fluoxymesterone HalotestinTablet1–2.5 mg 1x/1–2 days
Normethandrone aGinecosideTablet5 mg/day
Tibolone LivialTablet1.25–2.5 mg/day
Prasterone (DHEA) b–Tablet10–100 mg/day
Sublingual Methyltestosterone MetandrenTablet0.25 mg/day
Transdermal Testosterone IntrinsaPatch150–300 μg/day
AndroGelGel, cream1–10 mg/day
Vaginal Prasterone (DHEA) IntrarosaInsert6.5 mg/day
Injection Testosterone propionate aTestovironOil solution25 mg 1x/1–2 weeks
Testosterone enanthate Delatestryl, Primodian DepotOil solution25–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Testosterone cypionate Depo-Testosterone, Depo-TestadiolOil solution25–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Testosterone isobutyrate aFemandren M, FolivirinAqueous suspension25–50 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Mixed testosterone esters ClimacteronaOil solution150 mg 1x/4–8 weeks
Omnadren, SustanonOil solution50–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Nandrolone decanoate Deca-DurabolinOil solution25–50 mg 1x/6–12 weeks
Prasterone enanthateaGynodian DepotOil solution200 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Implant Testosterone TestopelPellet50–100 mg 1x/3–6 months
Notes: Premenopausal women produce about 230 ± 70 μg testosterone per day (6.4 ± 2.0 mg testosterone per 4 weeks), with a range of 130 to 330 μg per day (3.6–9.2 mg per 4 weeks). Footnotes:a = Mostly discontinued or unavailable. b = Over-the-counter. Sources: See template.

Available forms

Prasterone enanthate is available only as a combination formulation of 4 mg estradiol valerate and 200 mg prasterone enanthate in oil for depot intramuscular injection. [12] [13] [11]

Side effects

Prasterone enanthate, in combination with estradiol valerate at the dosages used clinically, has no masculinizing side effects. [16] This is in contrast to combinations of estrogens with other androgens, such as testosterone esters. [16]

The following is a list of possible side-effects that may occur in medicines that contain Estradiol Valerate / Prasterone Enanthate. This is not a comprehensive list. These side-effects are possible, but do not always occur. Some of the side-effects may be rare but serious. Consult your doctor if you observe any of the following side-effects, especially if they do not go away.

Dysmenorrhea Vaginitis Ovarian cancer Endometrial hyperplasia Endometrial cancer Breast cancer Stroke Increase in blood pressure Pulmonary embolism Nausea Vomiting Abdominal cramps Bloating Cholestatic jaundice Pruritus Rash Dizziness

Estradiol Valerate / Prasterone Enanthate may also cause side-effects not listed here. [23]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics

Estradiol and DHEA levels after a single intramuscular injection of Gynodian Depot (4 mg estradiol valerate, 200 mg prasterone enanthate in oil) in women. Estradiol and dehydroepiandrosterone levels after a single intramuscular injection of Gynodian Depot in women.png
Estradiol and DHEA levels after a single intramuscular injection of Gynodian Depot (4 mg estradiol valerate, 200 mg prasterone enanthate in oil) in women.

The pharmacokinetics of prasterone enanthate have been assessed in a number of studies. [2] [25]

Prasterone enanthate is a prodrug of prasterone in the body. [3] [1] [2] It is completely hydrolyzed into prasterone and heptanoic acid (enanthic acid) following absorption from the tissue depot after intramuscular injection. [1]

Levels of DHEA peak at about 9 ng/mL within 1 to 4 days of an injection of prasterone enanthate. [1] Subsequently, DHEA levels return to baseline by about 18 days following the injection. [1] Prasterone enanthate has an elimination half-life of about 9 days. [1] The plasma half-life of DHEA/prasterone enanthate following an intravenous injection is about 44 minutes. [1] The half-lives of DHEA metabolites range up to 3.6 days. [1]

Within 30 days, 91% of a dose of prasterone enanthate is eliminated. [1] Approximately 94% is excreted in urine and 6% in feces. [1] Prasterone enanthate is eliminated mainly in the form of metabolites and conjugates. [1]

Chemistry

Prasterone enanthate, also known as 5-dehydroepiandrosterone 3β-enanthate or as androst-5-en-3β-ol-17-one 3β-heptanoate, is a synthetic androstane steroid and the C3β heptanoate (enanthate) ester of prasterone (5-dehydroepiandrosterone). [26] [27] [18]

History

Prasterone enanthate was patented by Schering in 1968 and 1971. [13] [18] The combination of estradiol valerate and prasterone enanthate was developed and marketed by Schering, was first tested clinically as early as 1966, was first described in the scientific literature in 1972, and was first introduced for medical use in April 1975. [16] [17] [28] [13]

Society and culture

Brand names

The major brand name of the combination of estradiol valerate and prasterone enanthate is Gynodian Depot. [11] [12] [13] [19] Other brand names of this formulation include Binodian Depot, Cidodian Depot, Klimax, and Supligol NF. [11] [12] [13] [19]

Availability

The combination of estradiol valerate and prasterone enanthate is marketed widely throughout Europe, and is also available in several Latin American countries and in Egypt. [11] [12] [18] [13] [19] In Europe, it is available in Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Poland, Russia, Spain, and Switzerland. [11] [12] [18] [13] [19] In Latin America, it is available in Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela. [11] [19] The medication is not available in any predominantly English-speaking countries, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, or South Africa. [11] [19]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol valerate</span> Chemical compound

Estradiol valerate (EV), sold for use by mouth under the brand name Progynova and for use by injection under the brand names Delestrogen and Progynon Depot among others, is an estrogen medication. It is used in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low estrogen levels, hormone therapy for transgender people, and in hormonal birth control. It is also used in the treatment of prostate cancer. The medication is taken by mouth or by injection into muscle or fat once every 1 to 4 weeks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norethisterone acetate</span> Chemical compound

Norethisterone acetate (NETA), also known as norethindrone acetate and sold under the brand name Primolut-Nor among others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and for the treatment of gynecological disorders. The medication available in low-dose and high-dose formulations and is used alone or in combination with an estrogen. It is ingested orally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prasterone</span> Medical usage of the prasterone compound

Prasterone, also known as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and sold under the brand name Intrarosa among others, is a medication as well as over-the-counter dietary supplement which is used to correct DHEA deficiency due to adrenal insufficiency or old age, as a component of menopausal hormone therapy, to treat painful sexual intercourse due to vaginal atrophy, and to prepare the cervix for childbirth, among other uses. It is taken by mouth, by application to the skin, in through the vagina, or by injection into muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate</span> Chemical compound

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, abbreviated as DHEA sulfate or DHEA-S, also known as androstenolone sulfate, is an endogenous androstane steroid that is produced by the adrenal cortex. It is the 3β-sulfate ester and a metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and circulates in far greater relative concentrations than DHEA. The steroid is hormonally inert and is instead an important neurosteroid and neurotrophin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol benzoate</span> Chemical compound

Estradiol benzoate (EB), sold under the brand name Progynon-B among others, is an estrogen medication which is used in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low estrogen levels in women, in hormone therapy for transgender women, and in the treatment of gynecological disorders. It is also used in the treatment of prostate cancer in men. Estradiol benzoate is used in veterinary medicine as well. When used clinically, the medication is given by injection into muscle usually two to three times per week.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol cypionate</span> Chemical compound

Estradiol cypionate (EC), sold under the brand name Depo-Estradiol among others, is an estrogen medication which is used in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low estrogen levels in women, in hormone therapy for trans women, and in hormonal birth control for women. It is given by injection into muscle once every 1 to 4 weeks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol enantate</span> Chemical compound

Estradiol enantate, also spelled estradiol enanthate and sold under the brand names Perlutal and Topasel among others, is an estrogen medication which is used in hormonal birth control for women. It is formulated in combination with dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, a progestin, and is used specifically as a combined injectable contraceptive. Estradiol enantate is not available for medical use alone. The medication, in combination with DHPA, is given by injection into muscle once a month.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estriol succinate</span> Chemical compound

Estriol succinate, sold under the brand name Synapause among others, is an estrogen medication which is used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. It is taken by mouth, in through the vagina, and by injection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol undecylate</span> Chemical compound

Estradiol undecylate, also known as estradiol undecanoate and formerly sold under the brand names Delestrec and Progynon Depot 100 among others, is an estrogen medication which has been used in the treatment of prostate cancer in men. It has also been used as a part of hormone therapy for transgender women. Although estradiol undecylate has been used in the past, it was discontinued .The medication has been given by injection into muscle usually once a month.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol dipropionate</span> Chemical compound

Estradiol dipropionate (EDP), sold under the brand names Agofollin, Di-Ovocylin, and Progynon DP among others, is an estrogen medication which has been used in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low estrogen levels in women and in the treatment of gynecological disorders. It has also been used in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women and in the treatment of prostate cancer in men. Although widely used in the past, estradiol dipropionate has largely been discontinued and is mostly no longer available today. It appears to remain in use only in Japan, Macedonia, and Australia. Estradiol dipropionate is given by injection into muscle at intervals ranging from once or twice a week to once every week and a half to two weeks.

An estrogen ester is an ester of an estrogen, most typically of estradiol but also of other estrogens such as estrone, estriol, and even nonsteroidal estrogens like diethylstilbestrol. Esterification renders estradiol into a prodrug of estradiol with increased resistance to first-pass metabolism, slightly improving its oral bioavailability. In addition, estrogen esters have increased lipophilicity, which results in a longer duration when given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection due to the formation of a long-lasting local depot in muscle and fat. Conversely, this is not the case with intravenous injection or oral administration. Estrogen esters are rapidly hydrolyzed into their parent estrogen by esterases once they have been released from the depot. Because estradiol esters are prodrugs of estradiol, they are considered to be natural and bioidentical forms of estrogen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol dienantate</span> Chemical compound

Estradiol dienanthate (EDE), sold under the brand names Climacteron among others, is a long-acting estrogen medication which was previously used in menopausal hormone therapy for women and to suppress lactation in women. It was formulated in combination with estradiol benzoate (EB), a short-acting estrogen, and testosterone enanthate benzilic acid hydrazone (TEBH), a long-acting androgen/anabolic steroid. EDE has not been made available for medical use alone. The medication, in combination with EB and TEBH, was given by injection into muscle once or at regular intervals, for instance once every 6 weeks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol (medication)</span> Steroidal hormone medication

Estradiol (E2) is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone. It is an estrogen and is used mainly in menopausal hormone therapy and to treat low sex hormone levels in women. It is also used in hormonal birth control for women, in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women, and in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers like prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women, among other uses. Estradiol can be taken by mouth, held and dissolved under the tongue, as a gel or patch that is applied to the skin, in through the vagina, by injection into muscle or fat, or through the use of an implant that is placed into fat, among other routes.

The pharmacology of estradiol, an estrogen medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone, concerns its pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and various routes of administration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyestriol phosphate</span> Chemical compound

Polyestriol phosphate, sold under the brand names Gynäsan, Klimadurin, and Triodurin, is an estrogen medication which was previously used in menopausal hormone therapy and is no longer available.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol valerate/prasterone enanthate</span> Combination drug

Estradiol valerate/prasterone enanthate (EV/DHEA-E), sold under the brand name Gynodian Depot among others, is an injectable combination medication of estradiol valerate (EV), an estrogen, and prasterone enanthate (DHEA-E), an androgen, estrogen, and neurosteroid, which is used in menopausal hormone therapy for women. It is provided in the form of 1 mL ampoules containing 4 mg estradiol valerate and 200 mg prasterone enanthate in an oil solution and is administered by intramuscular injection once every 4 to 6 weeks. EV/DHEA-E reportedly has a duration of about 21 days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol benzoate/estradiol dienanthate/testosterone enanthate benzilic acid hydrazone</span> Combination drug

Estradiol benzoate/estradiol dienanthate/testosterone enanthate benzilic acid hydrazone (EB/EDE/TEBH), sold under the brand names Climacteron, Lactimex, Lactostat, and Amenose, is an injectable combination medication of estradiol benzoate (EB), an estrogen, estradiol dienanthate (EDE), an estrogen, and testosterone enanthate benzilic acid hydrazone (TEBH), an androgen/anabolic steroid, which is used in menopausal hormone therapy for peri- and postmenopausal women and to suppress lactation in postpartum women. Clinical studies have assessed this formulation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol benzoate/estradiol phenylpropionate</span> Combination drug

Estradiol benzoate/estradiol phenylpropionate (EB/EPP), sold under the brand name Dimenformon Prolongatum, is an injectable combination formulation of estradiol benzoate (EB), a shorter-acting estrogen, and estradiol phenylpropionate (EPP), a longer-acting estrogen, which has been used in menopausal hormone therapy for women in Europe but appears to no longer be available. It has also been used to suppress lactation in women and has been used in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. It has been provided in the form of 1 mL ampoules containing 2.5 mg EB and 10 mg EPP in oil solution and is administered by intramuscular injection at regular intervals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol valerate/testosterone enanthate</span> Combination drug

Estradiol valerate/testosterone enanthate (EV/TE), sold under the brand names Primodian Depot and Ditate among others, is an injectable combination medication of estradiol valerate (EV), an estrogen, and testosterone enanthate (TE), an androgen/anabolic steroid, which is used in menopausal hormone therapy for women. The medication is also used to suppress lactation in postpartum women.

Estradiol benzoate/estradiol valerate/norethisterone acetate/testosterone enanthate (EB/EV/NETA/TE), sold under the brand name Ablacton, is an injectable combination medication of estradiol benzoate (EB), an estrogen, estradiol valerate (EV), an estrogen, norethisterone acetate (NETA), a progestin, and testosterone enanthate (TE), an androgen/anabolic steroid, which has been used to suppress lactation in women. It contains 5 mg EB, 8 mg EV, 20 mg NETA, and 180 mg TE in oil solution and is provided in the form of ampoules. It is given as a single intramuscular injection following childbirth. The medication was manufactured by Schering and was previously marketed in Italy and Spain, but is no longer available.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 "Gynodian® Depot". Bayer (Schweiz) AG. compendium.ch. 16 October 2017. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Düsterberg B, Wendt H (1983). "Plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and 17 beta-estradiol after intramuscular administration of Gynodian-Depot in 3 women". Hormone Research. 17 (2): 84–89. doi:10.1159/000179680. PMID   6220949.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kuhl H, Taubert HD (1987). Das Klimakterium – Pathophysiologie, Klinik, Therapie[The Climacteric – Pathophysiology, Clinic, Therapy] (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme Verlag. p. 122. ISBN   978-3137008019.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Modern Medicine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-01-09. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
  5. ↑ "Gynodian Depoty" (PDF). www.sukl.cz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  6. ↑ Horsky J, Presl J (6 December 2012). Ovarian Function and its Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 146–. ISBN   978-94-009-8195-9.
  7. ↑ Platt D (6 December 2012). Geriatrics 3: Gynecology · Orthopaedics · Anesthesiology · Surgery · Otorhinolaryngology · Ophthalmology · Dermatology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 6–. ISBN   978-3-642-68976-5.
  8. ↑ Campbell S (6 December 2012). The Management of the Menopause & Post-Menopausal Years: The Proceedings of the International Symposium held in London 24–26 November 1975 Arranged by the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of London. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 395–. ISBN   978-94-011-6165-7.
  9. ↑ Bagatell C, Bremner WJ (27 May 2003). Androgens in Health and Disease. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 277–. ISBN   978-1-59259-388-0.
  10. ↑ Frigo P, Eppel W, Asseryanis E, Sator M, Golaszewski T, Gruber D, et al. (April 1995). "The effects of hormone substitution in depot form on the uterus in a group of 50 perimenopausal women--a vaginosonographic study". Maturitas. 21 (3): 221–225. doi:10.1016/0378-5122(94)00893-c. PMID   7616871.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Gynodian Depot".
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Muller (19 June 1998). European Drug Index: European Drug Registrations, Fourth Edition. CRC Press. pp. 566–. ISBN   978-3-7692-2114-5.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kleemann A, Engel J, Kutscher B, Reichert D (14 May 2014). Pharmaceutical Substances, 5th Edition, 2009: Syntheses, Patents and Applications of the most relevant APIs. Thieme. pp. 1172–1174, 2441–2442. ISBN   978-3-13-179525-0.
  14. ↑ Cupp MJ, Tracy TS (10 December 2002). Dietary Supplements: Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 123–147. ISBN   978-1-59259-303-3.
  15. 1 2 Prough RA, Clark BJ, Klinge CM (April 2016). "Novel mechanisms for DHEA action". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 56 (3): R139–R155. doi: 10.1530/JME-16-0013 . PMID   26908835.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Picha E, Weghaupt K (March 1972). "[Experience with a new hormone combination for menopausal disorders]" [Experience with a new hormone combination for menopausal disorders]. Medizinische Klinik (in German). 67 (11): 382–386. PMID   4259772. A new hormone combination for menopausal complaints. Since the treatment of menopausal complaints with estrogens as well as with the combination of estrogens and androgens causes undesired side effects such as bleeding, mammary changes and masculinisation, dehydroepiandrosteron (DHEA), a precursor of testosteron, has been synthesised, which has only a low conversion rate to free testosteron and no masculinising effect. The substance has been tested in combination with estrogen (200 mg DHEA-enanthate and 4 mg estradiolvalerianate per 1 ml) in 266 women with menopausal complaints. The duration of treatment has been up to 6 years with an injection interval of 3 to 8 weeks. The therapeutic results were as good as with estrogen-androgen-combinations, but there was no masculinising effect. Changes of voice, hair and libido caused by pretreatment partly disappeared. Side effects [such] as acne, mastodynia, and sensation of repletion were of transitory nature. This preparation seems to be a true alternative to the traditional estrogen-androgen-combinations.
  17. 1 2 Sauer F (February 2008). Erfolgsfaktoren für das marktorientierte Management patentgeschützter Arzneimittel: eine Analyse der Produktwahrnehmung niedergelassener Vertragsärzte unter der Berücksichtigung unsicherer Therapieergebnisse. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 37, 346. ISBN   978-3-936863-12-3.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 William Andrew Publishing (22 October 2013). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1208–. ISBN   978-0-8155-1856-3.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Micromedex products" . Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  20. ↑ Lauritzen C (1980). "Erfahrungen in der Behandlung klimakterischer Beschwerden mit Depot-Injektionen von Östradiolvalerianat-Dehydroepiandrosteronönanthat" [Experience of treatment of climacteric symptoms with depot injections of estradiol valerianate-dehydroandrosterone enantate]. Die Therapiewoche. 30 (10): 1736–1742. ISSN   0040-5973. A trial of estradiol valerianate-dehydroandrosterone oenantate (Gynodian-Depot) was conducted in 68 post-menopausal women. The treatment exerted a very favorable influence on the typical subjective disorders of the climacteric and on the atrophic alterations of the target organs. Owing to its estrogenic and dehydroepiandrosterone components, the compound also exerts a favorable psychotropic effect. It was tolerated well and caused no side effects of any significance.
  21. ↑ Jurczok F (March 1976). "[Treatment of the climacteric symptom complex with a new combined hormone preparation]" [Treatment of the climacteric symptom complex with a new combined hormone preparation]. Fortschritte der Medizin (in German). 94 (9): 524–527. PMID   134967.
  22. ↑ Dinulović D, Radonjić G (1987). "[Gynodian-depot in the treatment of castration-induced postmenopause]" [Gynodian-depot in the treatment of castration-induced postmenopause]. Jugoslavenska Ginekologija I Perinatologija (in Croatian). 27 (1–2): 37–40. PMID   2960859.
  23. ↑ D. J. Portman, S. R. Goldstein & R. Kagan (2019) Treatment of moderate to severe dyspareunia with intravaginal prasterone therapy: a review, Climacteric, 22（1）, 65-72, https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2018.1535583
  24. ↑ Rauramo L, Punnonen R, Kaihola LH, Grönroos M (January 1980). "Serum oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol concentrations in castrated women during intramuscular oestradiol valerate and oestradiolbenzoate-oestradiolphenylpropionate therapy". Maturitas. 2 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1016/0378-5122(80)90060-2. PMID   7402086.
  25. ↑ Nyholm H, Plesner R (1979). "Serum testosterone, FSH/LH and urinary excretion of estrogens and corticoids during treatment with an injectable, longacting estrogen-DHEA preparation". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 58 (4): 385–388. doi:10.3109/00016347909154601. PMID   160742. S2CID   25606982.
  26. ↑ Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 641–. ISBN   978-1-4757-2085-3.
  27. ↑ Blunt JW, Munro MH (19 September 2007). Dictionary of Marine Natural Products with CD-ROM. CRC Press. pp. 1075–. ISBN   978-0-8493-8217-8.
  28. ↑ Kaufmann M, Costa SD, Scharl A (27 November 2013). Die Gynäkologie. Springer-Verlag. pp. 917–. ISBN   978-3-662-11496-4.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.