Nandrolone decanoate

Last updated
Nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone decanoate.svg
Nandrolone decanoate molecule ball.png
Clinical data
Trade names Rolon, others
Other names• Nandrolone decylate
• 19-Nortestosterone 17β-decanoate
Pregnancy
category
  • AU:D
Routes of
administration 		Intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection
Drug class Androgen; Anabolic steroid; Androgen ester; Progestogen
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability Intramuscular: 53–73% [1]
Metabolism Blood (hydrolysis), liver (reduction) [2] [3]
Metabolites • Nandrolone [2] [4]
• 5α-Dihydronandrolone [2] [4]
• 19-Norandrosterone [2]
• 19-Noretiocholanolone [2]
• Conjugates [3]
Elimination half-life • Intramuscular: 6–12 days [2] [5]
• Nandrolone: <4.3 hours [2]
Duration of action • Intramuscular: 2–3 weeks [4] [6]
Excretion Urine [2]
Identifiers
  • [(8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)-13-methyl-3-oxo-2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl] decanoate
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.006.037 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C28H44O3
Molar mass 428.657 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[C@H]1CC[C@@H]2[C@@]1(CC[C@H]3[C@H]2CCC4=CC(=O)CC[C@H]34)C
  • InChI=1S/C28H44O3/c1-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-27(30)31-26-16-15-25-24-13-11-20-19-21(29)12-14-22(20)23(24)17-18-28(25,26)2/h19,22-26H,3-18H2,1-2H3/t22-,23+,24+,25-,26-,28-/m0/s1
  • Key:JKWKMORAXJQQSR-MOPIKTETSA-N

Nandrolone decanoate, sold under the brand name ROLON [7] among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used primarily in the treatment of anemias and wasting syndromes, as well as osteoporosis in menopausal women. [8] [9] [10] [11] [4] It is given by injection into muscle or fat once every one to four weeks. [4] [12]

Contents

Side effects of nandrolone decanoate may include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, and voice changes. [4] The medication is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). [4] [13] It has strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects, which give it a mild side effect profile and make it especially suitable for use in women and children. [4] [13] [14] Nandrolone decanoate is a nandrolone ester and a long-lasting prodrug of nandrolone in the body. [4] [15]

Nandrolone decanoate was first described in 1960 and was introduced for medical use in 1962. [4] It was the second nandrolone ester to be introduced, following nandrolone phenylpropionate (NPP) in 1959, and is one of the most widely used nandrolone esters. [4] [16] It is also one of the most widely used AAS worldwide. [4] In addition to its medical use, nandrolone decanoate is used to improve physique and performance, and is said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes. [4] [17] The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit. [4]

Medical uses

Nandrolone decanoate is approved in the United States specifically for the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease and in the United Kingdom specifically for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. [4] [18] [19] In Australia, it is approved specifically for the treatment of kidney failure, chronic kidney disease, anemia of kidney failure, aplastic anemia, osteoporosis (in women in whom estrogens are contraindicated), inoperable breast cancer, and for patients on long-term corticosteroid therapy. [6] In New Zealand, it is approved for osteoporosis, inoperable breast cancer, and as an adjunct to therapy for conditions characterized by a negative nitrogen balance. [2] The drug is often used off-label to preserve lean mass in HIV/AIDS patients and in other wasting syndromes. [4]

In the past, nandrolone decanoate has also been indicated and used for a variety of other conditions and situations including pre- and postoperative use for increasing lean mass, treating weight loss due to convalescence or disease, geriatric states (e.g., general weakness, fatigue), burns, severe trauma, ulcers, and selected cases of growth failure in children. [4] Starting in the 1970s, the indications of nandrolone decanoate were refined and use of the drug became more selective and restricted. [4] Its use in medicine continues to decline and has become limited, with its sale having been discontinued in many countries. [4]

Nandrolone esters can be used as a form of androgen replacement therapy for treatment of androgen deficiency in men. [20] However, they have not generally been used for this purpose, and have instead mostly been used only as anabolic agents. [20] [21] [22] In any case, nandrolone decanoate has widely been used at low doses as a means of androgen replacement in postmenopausal women, for instance to maintain or increase bone mineral density and decrease the risk of osteoporosis. [23] [24] [25] [26] It is one of only three androgens approved for androgen replacement in postmenopausal women, the others being testosterone (and esters) and methyltestosterone. [26] Nandrolone esters have more recently been proposed for more widespread treatment of androgen deficiency in men due to favorable properties including their high ratio of anabolic to androgenic effect and hence lower or negligible risk of scalp hair loss, prostate enlargement, and prostate cancer relative to testosterone. [20] [27] [28] Nandrolone esters and related compounds such as trestolone and dimethandrolone undecanoate have also been studied as means of androgen replacement in investigational male contraceptive regimens. [20] [29] [30]

It has also been proposed for masculinizing hormone therapy in some nonbinary people assigned female at birth who want the body shape effects of testosterone without androgenic hair growth. [31]

Dosages

A dosage of nandrolone decanoate of 25 to 50 mg once every 6 to 12 weeks (working out to an average exposure of about 2 to 8 mg per week) by intramuscular injection is considered to be appropriate for general androgen replacement therapy in women. [32] [33] [20] A dosage of 50 mg once every 2 to 4 weeks by intramuscular injection is used in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and in the palliative treatment of inoperative breast cancer. [2] [6] [34] For children aged 2 to 13 years, the average dosage for anemia of chronic kidney disease is 25 to 50 mg every 3 to 4 weeks by intramuscular injection. [18] Dosages in men and for other uses have also been described. [18] [19] [6] [2] [4]

Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in women
RouteMedicationMajor brand namesFormDosage
Oral Testosterone undecanoate Andriol, JatenzoCapsule40–80 mg 1x/1–2 days
Methyltestosterone Metandren, EstratestTablet0.5–10 mg/day
Fluoxymesterone HalotestinTablet1–2.5 mg 1x/1–2 days
Normethandrone aGinecosideTablet5 mg/day
Tibolone LivialTablet1.25–2.5 mg/day
Prasterone (DHEA) b–Tablet10–100 mg/day
Sublingual Methyltestosterone MetandrenTablet0.25 mg/day
Transdermal Testosterone IntrinsaPatch150–300 μg/day
AndroGelGel, cream1–10 mg/day
Vaginal Prasterone (DHEA) IntrarosaInsert6.5 mg/day
Injection Testosterone propionate aTestovironOil solution25 mg 1x/1–2 weeks
Testosterone enanthate Delatestryl, Primodian DepotOil solution25–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Testosterone cypionate Depo-Testosterone, Depo-TestadiolOil solution25–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Testosterone isobutyrate aFemandren M, FolivirinAqueous suspension25–50 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Mixed testosterone esters ClimacteronaOil solution150 mg 1x/4–8 weeks
Omnadren, SustanonOil solution50–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Nandrolone decanoateDeca-DurabolinOil solution25–50 mg 1x/6–12 weeks
Prasterone enanthate aGynodian DepotOil solution200 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Implant Testosterone TestopelPellet50–100 mg 1x/3–6 months
Notes: Premenopausal women produce about 230 ± 70 μg testosterone per day (6.4 ± 2.0 mg testosterone per 4 weeks), with a range of 130 to 330 μg per day (3.6–9.2 mg per 4 weeks). Footnotes:a = Mostly discontinued or unavailable. b = Over-the-counter. Sources: See template.
Androgen/anabolic steroid dosages for breast cancer
RouteMedicationFormDosage
Oral Methyltestosterone Tablet30–200 mg/day
Fluoxymesterone Tablet10–40 mg 3x/day
Calusterone Tablet40–80 mg 4x/day
Normethandrone Tablet40 mg/day
Buccal Methyltestosterone Tablet25–100 mg/day
Injection (IM Tooltip intramuscular injection or SC Tooltip subcutaneous injection) Testosterone propionate Oil solution50–100 mg 3x/week
Testosterone enanthate Oil solution200–400 mg 1x/2–4 weeks
Testosterone cypionate Oil solution200–400 mg 1x/2–4 weeks
Mixed testosterone esters Oil solution250 mg 1x/week
Methandriol Aqueous suspension100 mg 3x/week
Androstanolone (DHT) Aqueous suspension300 mg 3x/week
Drostanolone propionate Oil solution100 mg 1–3x/week
Metenolone enanthate Oil solution400 mg 3x/week
Nandrolone decanoateOil solution50–100 mg 1x/1–3 weeks
Nandrolone phenylpropionate Oil solution50–100 mg/week
Note: Dosages are not necessarily equivalent. Sources: See template.

Available forms

Nandrolone decanoate has been available in 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, and 200 mg/mL formulations in oil solution for intramuscular injection. [21] [4]

Non-medical uses

Nandrolone decanoate is used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters. [4] It is consumed by bodybuilders as per 8–12 weeks bulking cycles with some form of testosterone as a base [35] because, according to the studies if consumed solo (i.e., without a base) it shuts down the natural production of testosterone by altering blood–testis barrier components. [36] Despite this fact, nandrolone decanoate is one of the most popular injectable AAS worldwide, and nandrolone esters have been said to be the most popular AAS used by bodybuilders and in sports. [4] [17] This is in part due to the high ratio of anabolic to androgenic effect of nandrolone and its weak propensity for androgenic and estrogenic side effects. [4] [37]

Contraindications

Contraindications for nandrolone decanoate include pregnancy, breastfeeding, prostate cancer, male breast cancer, breast cancer in women with hypercalcemia, hypersensitivity (to nandrolone decanoate or excipients such as arachis (peanut) oil; includes those with peanut and soy allergies), nephrosis or nephritis, liver disease with impaired bilirubin excretion, and heart failure. [6] [18] High dosages may also be considered contraindicated in women due to their high potential for virilization. [4] [6]

Side effects

The side effects of nandrolone decanoate are dependent on dosage, duration of treatment, and individual sensitivity. [6] [19] A number of common, uncommon, and rare side effects have been observed with the medication at recommended dosages. [6] [19] While less common or severe than with many other AAS, the most common side effect of nandrolone decanoate is virilization (masculinization) in women. [6] [19] Uncommon side effects of nandrolone decanoate at recommended dosages include fluid retention, inhibition of spermatogenesis, testicular atrophy, erectile dysfunction, gynecomastia, increased frequency of penile erections, increased penis size in pre-pubertal boys, clitoral hypertrophy, increased pubic hair growth, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, hyperlipidemia, decreased HDL cholesterol, increased hemoglobin (to abnormal high levels), hypertension, nausea, epididymitis, bladder irritability, reduced urine flow, benign prostatic hyperplasia, priapism, premature epiphyseal closure (in children), and acne. [6] Rare side effects include abnormal liver function, jaundice, peliosis hepatis, liver tumors, oily skin, greasy hair, rash, pruritus, exanthema, urticaria at the injection site, and furunculosis. [6] Local injection site reactions may also occur. [19]

Unlike 17α-alkylated AAS such as methyltestosterone, nandrolone decanoate is not associated with liver toxicity. [4] [38]

Virilization

Nandrolone decanoate causes virilization as a common side effect in women, including acne, hoarseness of the voice, hirsutism (excessive facial/body hair growth), and libido changes, among others. [6] Clitoral enlargement is an uncommon symptom of virilization that can occur. [6] Virilization is especially prevalent and marked at high dosages of nandrolone decanoate and/or with long-term treatment, and some aspects of virilization like voice deepening can be irreversible. [6] [19] [4] Hoarseness is often the first sign of voice changes. [6] Although said to be only slightly androgenic, nandrolone decanoate may still occasionally cause virilization at recommended dosages in women, especially with long-term treatment. [4] A minor though statistically insignificant incidence of virilization has been observed in women treated with nandrolone decanoate short-term at a dosage of 100 mg every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. [4] Conversely, long-term (>1 year) studies have shown significant virilization in women even at a dosage of 50 mg every 2 or 3 weeks. [4]

Overdose

The acute toxicity of nandrolone esters in animals is very low and there are no reports of acute overdosage with nandrolone decanoate in humans. [2] [6] There are no specific recommendations for the management of nandrolone decanoate. [6]

Interactions

Antiestrogens like aromatase inhibitors (e.g., anastrozole) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (e.g., tamoxifen, raloxifene) can interfere with and prevent the estrogenic effects of nandrolone decanoate. [4] 5α-Reductase inhibitors like finasteride and dutasteride can prevent the inactivation of nandrolone in so-called "androgenic" tissues like the skin, hair follicles, and prostate gland, and may therefore considerably increase its androgenic side effects. [4] This is opposite to the case of most other AAS, which are either potentiated by 5α-reductase in such tissues or are not substrates of 5α-reductase. [4] Antiandrogens like cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, and bicalutamide can block both the anabolic and androgenic effects of AAS like nandrolone decanoate. [20]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Nandrolone, the active form of nandrolone decanoate. Nandrolone.svg
Nandrolone, the active form of nandrolone decanoate.
Androgenic vs. anabolic activity ratio
of androgens/anabolic steroids
MedicationRatioa
Testosterone ~1:1
Androstanolone (DHT) ~1:1
Methyltestosterone ~1:1
Methandriol ~1:1
Fluoxymesterone 1:1–1:15
Metandienone 1:1–1:8
Drostanolone 1:3–1:4
Metenolone 1:2–1:30
Oxymetholone 1:2–1:9
Oxandrolone 1:3–1:13
Stanozolol 1:1–1:30
Nandrolone 1:3–1:16
Ethylestrenol 1:2–1:19
Norethandrolone 1:1–1:20
Notes: In rodents. Footnotes:a = Ratio of androgenic to anabolic activity. Sources: See template.

Nandrolone decanoate is a nandrolone ester, or a prodrug of nandrolone. [6] [39] [4] [13] As such, it is an androgen and anabolic steroid, or an agonist of the AR, the biological target of androgens like testosterone and DHT. [6] [4] [13] [39] Relative to testosterone, nandrolone decanoate has enhanced anabolic effects and reduced androgenic effects. [6] [39] [13] It is considered to have strong anabolic effects but weak androgenic effects, with respective potency ratios of 3.29–4.92 and 0.31–0.41 (index value 10.6–12.1 or about an 11:1 ratio of myotrophic to androgenic effect) relative to testosterone propionate. [4] [13] [28] This is defined specifically on the basis of a rodent model in which change in the weights of the rat bulbocavernosus/levator ani muscle ("anabolic" or "myotrophic" activity) and the rat ventral prostate or seminal vesicles ("androgenic" activity) are compared with testosterone and then used to form a ratio. [13] Along with oxandrolone (which has a ratio of about 10:1), nandrolone esters are thought to have the highest ratio of anabolic to androgenic effect of any other AAS. [4] [27] For this reason, they are considered to be among the most appropriate AAS for use in women and children. [4] [14]

Androgenic effects like virilization are relatively uncommon with nandrolone decanoate at recommended dosages, though may still occur especially at higher dosages or with extended use. [4] [6] The low androgenicity of nandrolone decanoate is thought to be due to the fact that whereas many other AAS like testosterone are potentiated via transformation by 5α-reductase into more potent AR agonists like DHT in specific tissues including the skin, hair follicles, prostate gland, liver, and brain, nandrolone is instead inactivated by 5α-reductase via transformation into the low-affinity AR ligand 5α-dihydronandrolone in such tissues. [3] [4] [13] This is thought to result in a much lower incidence and magnitude of facial/body hair growth, scalp hair loss, and possibly prostate issues like prostate enlargement and prostate cancer with nandrolone esters relative to testosterone. [4] [27] [28]

In addition to its anabolic and androgenic activity, nandrolone decanoate has low estrogenic activity (via its metabolite estradiol) and moderate progestogenic activity. [4] This may result in side effects such as fluid retention and gynecomastia. [4] Like other AAS, nandrolone decanoate has antigonadotropic effects. [4] It has been found to suppress testosterone levels by 57% at a dosage of 100 mg/week and by 70% at a dosage of 300 mg/week in men following 6 weeks of treatment. [4] Both the androgenic activity and the progestogenic activity of nandrolone decanoate may contribute to its antigonadotropic potency. [4] Relative to testosterone, due to its lower estrogenic potency, much less of the antigonadotropic potency of nandrolone decanoate is derived from its estrogenic activity. [4]

Relative affinities (%) of nandrolone and related steroids
Compound PR Tooltip Progesterone receptor AR Tooltip Androgen receptor ER Tooltip Estrogen receptor GR Tooltip Glucocorticoid receptor MR Tooltip Mineralocorticoid receptor SHBG Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin CBG Tooltip Corticosteroid-binding globulin
Nandrolone 20154–155<0.10.51.61–160.1
Testosterone 1.0–1.2100<0.10.170.919–823–8
Estradiol 2.67.91000.60.138.7–12<0.1
Notes: Values are percentages (%). Reference ligands (100%) were progesterone for the PR Tooltip progesterone receptor, testosterone for the AR Tooltip androgen receptor, estradiol for the ER Tooltip estrogen receptor, dexamethasone for the GR Tooltip glucocorticoid receptor, aldosterone for the MR Tooltip mineralocorticoid receptor, dihydrotestosterone for SHBG Tooltip sex hormone-binding globulin, and cortisol for CBG Tooltip corticosteroid-binding globulin. Sources: See template.
Relative affinities of nandrolone and related steroids at the androgen receptor
CompoundrAR(%)hAR(%)
Testosterone 3838
5α-Dihydrotestosterone 77100
Nandrolone 7592
5α-Dihydronandrolone 3550
Ethylestrenol ND2
Norethandrolone ND22
5α-Dihydronorethandrolone ND14
Metribolone 100110
Sources: See template.

Pharmacokinetics

Upon intramuscular injection in oil, which results in the formation of a long-lasting depot in the muscle, nandrolone decanoate is stored unchanged and is slowly absorbed into the body. [3] Once in the circulation, it is converted into nandrolone, which is the active form of the drug. [2] There is a sharp spike in nandrolone levels 24 to 48 hours after an intramuscular injection of nandrolone decanoate, followed by a steady decline to baseline levels within approximately two or three weeks. [4] [6] The bioavailability of nandrolone decanoate is 53 to 73% with intramuscular injection and varies with the site of injection, with the highest bioavailability seen when injected into the gluteal muscle. [1] Like testosterone, nandrolone is highly protein-bound and is present in the blood in both bound and free fractions. [3] It has very low affinity for sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), about 5% of that of testosterone and 1% of that of DHT. [3] [40]

Nandrolone decanoate is rapidly hydrolyzed in the blood by esterases into nandrolone, with a terminal half-life of one hour or less. [3] [2] It does not appear to be hydrolyzed in muscle or fat. [41] The metabolism of nandrolone occurs in the liver and is very similar to that of testosterone, including reduction by 5α-reductase and 5β-reductase, dehydrogenation by 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and conjugation. [3] The metabolites of nandrolone include 5α-dihydronandrolone, 19-norandrosterone, and 19-noretiocholanolone, with 19-norandrosterone being the major metabolite. [3] Other metabolites include 19-norandrostenedione, 19-norandrostanediols, 19-norepiandrosterone, and conjugates. [3] Nandrolone also undergoes aromatization into estradiol similarly to testosterone, though at a rate of only about 20% of that of testosterone or possibly even less; one study found virtually no aromatization of nandrolone in men. [4] [17] [3] [42]

The elimination half-life of nandrolone decanoate administered by intramuscular injection is approximately 6 to 12 days. [2] [4] Studies that have assessed the duration of nandrolone decanoate via its anabolic effects, for instance on nitrogen balance, have found that a single 50 to 100 mg intramuscular injection had a duration of about 18 to 25 days. [43] [44] The blood half-life for the combined process of hydrolysis into nandrolone and elimination of nandrolone is 4.3 hours. [2] Nandrolone and its metabolites are excreted in the urine, mainly in the form of conjugates. [3]

Although nandrolone decanoate is usually administered by intramuscular injection, it has been found to be similarly effective when administered by subcutaneous injection. [45] The pharmacokinetics of nandrolone decanoate via subcutaneous injection closely resemble those of intramuscular injection. [45] However, subcutaneous injection is considered to be easier, more convenient, and less painful compared to intramuscular injection. [45] In addition, research suggests that most intramuscular injections in practice are in fact subcutaneous injections. [45]

Parenteral durations of androgens/anabolic steroids
MedicationFormMajor brand namesDuration
Testosterone Aqueous suspensionAndronaq, Sterotate, Virosterone2–3 days
Testosterone propionate Oil solutionAndroteston, Perandren, Testoviron3–4 days
Testosterone phenylpropionate Oil solutionTestolent8 days
Testosterone isobutyrate Aqueous suspensionAgovirin Depot, Perandren M14 days
Mixed testosterone esters aOil solutionTriolandren10–20 days
Mixed testosterone esters bOil solutionTestosid Depot14–20 days
Testosterone enanthate Oil solutionDelatestryl14–28 days
Testosterone cypionate Oil solutionDepovirin14–28 days
Mixed testosterone esters cOil solutionSustanon 25028 days
Testosterone undecanoate Oil solutionAveed, Nebido100 days
Testosterone buciclate dAqueous suspension20 Aet-1, CDB-1781e90–120 days
Nandrolone phenylpropionate Oil solutionDurabolin10 days
Nandrolone decanoateOil solutionDeca Durabolin21–28 days
Methandriol Aqueous suspensionNotandron, Protandren8 days
Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate Oil solutionNotandron Depot16 days
Metenolone acetate Oil solutionPrimobolan3 days
Metenolone enanthate Oil solutionPrimobolan Depot14 days
Note: All are via i.m. injection. Footnotes:a = TP, TV, and TUe. b = TP and TKL. c = TP, TPP, TiCa, and TD. d = Studied but never marketed. e = Developmental code names. Sources: See template.

Chemistry

Nandrolone decanoate, or nandrolone 17β-decanoate, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of testosterone. [8] [9] It is an androgen ester; specifically, it is the C17β decylate (decanoate) ester of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone), which itself is the 19-demethylated analogue of testosterone. [8] [9]

Structural properties of major anabolic steroid esters
Anabolic steroidStructureEsterRelative
mol. weight		Relative
AAS contentb		Durationc
PositionMoietyTypeLengtha
Boldenone undecylenate
Boldenone undecylenate.svg
C17β Undecylenic acid Straight-chain fatty acid111.580.63Long
Drostanolone propionate
Drostanolone propionate.svg
C17β Propanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid31.180.84Short
Metenolone acetate
Metenolone acetate.svg
C17β Ethanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid21.140.88Short
Metenolone enanthate
Metenolone enanthate.png
C17β Heptanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid71.370.73Long
Nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone decanoate.svg
C17β Decanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid101.560.64Long
Nandrolone phenylpropionate
Nandrolone phenylpropionate.svg
C17β Phenylpropanoic acid Aromatic fatty acid– (~6–7)1.480.67Long
Trenbolone acetate
Trenbolone acetate.svg
C17β Ethanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid21.160.87Short
Trenbolone enanthate d
Trenbolone enanthate.svg
C17β Heptanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid71.410.71Long
Footnotes:a = Length of ester in carbon atoms for straight-chain fatty acids or approximate length of ester in carbon atoms for aromatic fatty acids. b = Relative androgen/anabolic steroid content by weight (i.e., relative androgenic/anabolic potency). c = Duration by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection in oil solution. d = Never marketed. Sources: See individual articles.

History

Nandrolone decanoate was first described in the literature in 1960. [4] It was developed by Organon and was introduced for medical use under the brand name Deca-Durabolin in 1962. [4] [51] Shortly thereafter it became one of the most widely used AAS in the world. [4] Nandrolone decanoate was the second form of nandrolone to be introduced, having been preceded by nandrolone phenylpropionate in 1959. [51]

Society and culture

Generic names

Nandrolone decanoate is the generic name of the drug and its USAN Tooltip United States Adopted Name and BAN Tooltip British Approved Name. [8] [9] [10] [11] It has also been referred to as nandrolone decylate. [8] [9] [10] [11]

Brand names

Nandrolone decanoate is or has been marketed under the brand names Deca-Durabolin, Deca-Durabol, Decaneurabol, Metadec, and Retabolil, among others. [8] [9] [10] [11]

Availability

Nandrolone decanoate is available widely throughout the world, including in the United Kingdom, other European countries, Australia, New Zealand, Latin America, Asia, and elsewhere in the world. [9] [11] [4] [16] It has been discontinued in United States and Canada. [52] [53] Its availability is becoming increasingly limited with time. [4]

Nandrolone decanoate, along with other AAS, is a schedule III controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act. [54]

Research

Nandrolone decanoate has been studied in the treatment of bone loss in men, but in contrast to testosterone esters, was found to be ineffective. [55] [56] In short-term (6- to 8-week) studies in healthy male bodybuilders, nandrolone decanoate did not alter bone mineral density. [57] [58] [59] However, the short duration of these studies limits conclusions on the influence of nandrolone decanoate on bone in men. [58] [59]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methyltestosterone</span> Chemical compound

Methyltestosterone, sold under the brand names Android, Metandren, and Testred among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men, delayed puberty in boys, at low doses as a component of menopausal hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms like hot flashes, osteoporosis, and low sexual desire in women, and to treat breast cancer in women. It is taken by mouth or held in the cheek or under the tongue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nandrolone</span> Anabolic steroid

Nandrolone, also known as 19-nortestosterone, is an endogenous androgen which exists in the male body at a ratio of 1:50 compared to testosterone. It is also an anabolic steroid (AAS) which is medically used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate and nandrolone phenylpropionate. Nandrolone esters are used in the treatment of anemias, cachexia, osteoporosis, breast cancer, and for other indications. They are not used by mouth and instead are given by injection into muscle or fat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethylestrenol</span> Chemical compound

Ethylestrenol, also known as ethyloestrenol or ethylnandrol and sold under the brand names Maxibolin and Orabolin among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which has been used in the past for a variety of indications such as to promote weight gain and to treat anemia and osteoporosis but has been discontinued for use in humans. It is still available for veterinary use in Australia and New Zealand however. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norethandrolone</span> Chemical compound

Norethandrolone, sold under the brand names Nilevar and Pronabol among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which has been used to promote muscle growth and to treat severe burns, physical trauma, and aplastic anemia but has mostly been discontinued. It is still available for use in France however. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norethisterone</span> Progestin medication

Norethisterone, also known as norethindrone and sold under many brand names, is a progestin medication used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and for the treatment of gynecological disorders. The medication is available in both low-dose and high-dose formulations and both alone and in combination with an estrogen. It is used by mouth or, as norethisterone enanthate, by injection into muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mesterolone</span> Chemical compound

Mesterolone, sold under the brand name Proviron among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used mainly in the treatment of low testosterone levels. It has also been used to treat male infertility, although this use is controversial. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trenbolone acetate</span> Chemical compound

Trenbolone acetate, sold under brand names such as Finajet and Finaplix among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used in veterinary medicine, specifically to increase the profitability of livestock by promoting muscle growth in cattle. It is given by injection into muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trestolone</span> Chemical compound

Trestolone, also known as 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT), is an experimental androgen/anabolic steroid (AAS) and progestogen medication which has been under development for potential use as a form of hormonal birth control for men and in androgen replacement therapy for low testosterone levels in men but has never been marketed for medical use. It is given as an implant that is placed into fat. As trestolone acetate, an androgen ester and prodrug of trestolone, the medication can also be given by injection into muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drostanolone propionate</span> Chemical compound

Drostanolone propionate, or dromostanolone propionate, sold under the brand names Drolban, Masteril, and Masteron among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which was used to treat breast cancer in women but is now no longer marketed. It is given by injection into muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anabolic steroid</span> Steroidal androgen that is structurally related and has similar effects to testosterone

Anabolic steroids, also known as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), are a class of drugs that are structurally related to testosterone, the main male sex hormone, and produce effects by binding to the androgen receptor. Anabolic steroids have a number of medical uses, but are also used by athletes to increase muscle size, strength, and performance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Androgen ester</span> Class of chemical compounds

An androgen or anabolic steroid ester is an ester of an androgen/anabolic steroid (AAS) such as the natural testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or the synthetic nandrolone (19-nortestosterone). Esterification renders AAS into metabolism-resistant prohormones of themselves, improving oral bioavailability, increasing lipophilicity, and extending the elimination half-life. In addition, with intramuscular injection, AAS esters are absorbed more slowly into the body, further improving the elimination half-life. Aside from differences in pharmacokinetics, these esters essentially have the same effects as the parent drugs. They are used in androgen replacement therapy (ART), among other indications. Examples of androgen esters include testosterone esters such as testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate, testosterone propionate, and testosterone undecanoate and nandrolone esters such as nandrolone decanoate and nandrolone phenylpropionate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nandrolone hexyloxyphenylpropionate</span> Chemical compound

Nandrolone hexyloxyphenylpropionate, also known as 19-nortestosterone 17β-(3- phenyl)propionate, is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and a nandrolone ester that is marketed in France, Denmark, Austria, Luxembourg, and Turkey. It has been studied as a potential long-acting injectable male contraceptive, though it has not been marketed for this indication. Approximately 70% of men became azoospermic, while the remaining men all became oligospermic. NHPP has a mean residence time in the body of 29.1 days and an elimination half-life in the body of 20.1 days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nandrolone phenylpropionate</span> Anabolic steroid

Nandrolone phenylpropionate (NPP), or nandrolone phenpropionate, sold under the brand name Durabolin among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which has been used primarily in the treatment of breast cancer and osteoporosis in women. It is given by injection into muscle once every week. Although it was widely used in the past, the drug has mostly been discontinued and hence is now mostly no longer available.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boldenone undecylenate</span> Chemical compound

Boldenone undecylenate, or boldenone undecenoate, sold under the brand names Equipoise and Parenabol among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used in veterinary medicine, mainly in horses. It was formerly used in humans as well. It is given by injection into muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">5α-Dihydronandrolone</span> Chemical compound

5α-Dihydronandrolone is a naturally occurring anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) and a 5α-reduced derivative of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone). It is a major metabolite of nandrolone and is formed from it by the actions of the enzyme 5α-reductase analogously to the formation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from testosterone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone</span> Chemical compound

11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone (11β-MNT) is a synthetic and orally active anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) and a derivative of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) which was developed by the Contraceptive Development Branch (CDB) of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and has not been marketed at this time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Androstanolone</span> Androgenic and anabolic steroid medication

Androstanolone, or stanolone, also known as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and sold under the brand name Andractim among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication and hormone which is used mainly in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men. It is also used to treat breast development and small penis in males. Compared to testosterone, androstanolone (DHT) is less likely to aromatize into estrogen, and therefore it shows less pronounced estrogenic side effects, such as gynecomastia and water retention. On the other hand, androstanolone (DHT) show more significant androgenic side effects, such as acne, hair loss and prostate enlargement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Structure–activity relationships of anabolic steroids</span>

The structure–activity relationships (SAR) of anabolic steroids (AAS) have been extensively studied.

References

  1. 1 2 Bagchus WM, Smeets JM, Verheul HA, De Jager-Van Der Veen SM, Port A, Geurts TB (May 2005). "Pharmacokinetic evaluation of three different intramuscular doses of nandrolone decanoate: analysis of serum and urine samples in healthy men". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 90 (5): 2624–2630. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-1526 . PMID   15713722.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "ROLON IN" (PDF). medsafe.govt.nz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Thomas JA (6 December 2012). Drugs, Athletes, and Physical Performance. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 27–29. ISBN   978-1-4684-5499-4.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Llewellyn W (2011). Anabolics. Molecular Nutrition Llc. pp. 402–412, 193–194. ISBN   978-0-9828280-1-4.
  5. ↑ Minto CF, Howe C, Wishart S, Conway AJ, Handelsman DJ (April 1997). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nandrolone esters in oil vehicle: effects of ester, injection site and injection volume". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 281 (1): 93–102. PMID   9103484.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 "DECA-DURABOLIN (nandrolone decanoate)" (PDF). gp2u.com.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  7. ↑ "ROLON 250mg/ml Solution for Injection - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc)". www.medicines.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 660–. ISBN   978-1-4757-2085-3.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. pp. 716–717. ISBN   978-3-88763-075-1.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   978-94-011-4439-1.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 "Nandrolone - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". Drugs.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  12. ↑ Singh GK, Turner L, Desai R, Jimenez M, Handelsman DJ (July 2014). "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of subcutaneous injection of depot nandrolone decanoate using dried blood spots sampling coupled with ultrapressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assays". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 99 (7): 2592–2598. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1243 . PMID   24684468.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kicman AT (June 2008). "Pharmacology of anabolic steroids". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 502–521. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.165. PMC   2439524 . PMID   18500378.
  14. 1 2 Kochakian CD (6 December 2012). Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 401–. ISBN   978-3-642-66353-6.
  15. ↑ Wijnand HP, Bosch AM, Donker CW (1985). "Pharmacokinetic parameters of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) after intramuscular administration of nandrolone decanoate (ROLON) to healthy volunteers". Acta Endocrinologica. Supplementum. 271 (3_Suppla): 19–30. doi:10.1530/acta.0.109s00019. PMID   3865478.
  16. 1 2 Sneader W (23 June 2005). Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 206–. ISBN   978-0-471-89979-2.
  17. 1 2 3 Jameson JL, De Groot LJ (25 February 2015). Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 2388–. ISBN   978-0-323-32195-2.
  18. 1 2 3 4 "NANDROLONE DECANOATE INJECTION, USP". Dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Package leaflet: Information for the patient : ROLON 250 mg/ml Solution for Injection (Nandrolone decanoate)" (PDF). Medicines.org.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bagatell C, Bremner WJ (27 May 2003). Androgens in Health and Disease. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 25, 146, 374, 408–409. ISBN   978-1-59259-388-0.
  21. 1 2 Becker KL (2001). Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1185, 2146. ISBN   978-0-7817-1750-2.
  22. ↑ Meikle AW (1 June 1999). Hormone Replacement Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 271–. ISBN   978-1-59259-700-0.
  23. ↑ Davis S (June 1999). "Androgen replacement in women: a commentary". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 84 (6): 1886–1891. doi: 10.1210/jcem.84.6.5802 . PMID   10372681.
  24. ↑ Abraham D, Carpenter PC (November 1997). "Issues concerning androgen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 72 (11): 1051–1055. doi: 10.4065/72.11.1051 . PMID   9374980.
  25. ↑ Meikle AW (24 April 2003). Endocrine Replacement Therapy in Clinical Practice. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 519–. ISBN   978-1-59259-375-0.
  26. 1 2 Davis SR (1999). "The therapeutic use of androgens in women". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 69 (1–6): 177–184. doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(99)00054-0. PMID   10418991. S2CID   23520067.
  27. 1 2 3 Wu C, Kovac JR (October 2016). "Novel Uses for the Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Nandrolone and Oxandrolone in the Management of Male Health". Current Urology Reports. 17 (10): 72. doi:10.1007/s11934-016-0629-8. PMID   27535042. S2CID   43199715.
  28. 1 2 3 Pan MM, Kovac JR (April 2016). "Beyond testosterone cypionate: evidence behind the use of nandrolone in male health and wellness". Translational Andrology and Urology. 5 (2): 213–219. doi: 10.21037/tau.2016.03.03 . PMC   4837307 . PMID   27141449.
  29. ↑ Long JE, Lee MS, Blithe DL (January 2019). "Male Contraceptive Development: Update on Novel Hormonal and Nonhormonal Methods". Clinical Chemistry. 65 (1): 153–160. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.295089 . PMID   30602479.
  30. ↑ Nieschlag E (November 2010). "Clinical trials in male hormonal contraception" (PDF). Contraception. 82 (5): 457–470. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.020. PMID   20933120.
  31. ↑ Cocchetti C, Ristori J, Romani A, Maggi M, Fisher AD (May 2020). "Hormonal Treatment Strategies Tailored to Non-Binary Transgender Individuals". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (6): 1609. doi: 10.3390/jcm9061609 . PMC   7356977 . PMID   32466485.
  32. ↑ Morley JE, Perry HM (May 2003). "Androgens and women at the menopause and beyond". The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 58 (5): M409–M416. doi: 10.1093/gerona/58.5.M409 . PMID   12730248.
  33. ↑ Lobo RA, Kelsey J, Marcus R (22 May 2000). Menopause: Biology and Pathobiology. Academic Press. pp. 454–. ISBN   978-0-08-053620-0.
  34. ↑ Khorram O (December 2001). "Potential therapeutic effects of prescribed and over-the-counter androgens in women". Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 44 (4): 880–892. doi:10.1097/00003081-200112000-00025. PMID   11600868. S2CID   40818075.
  35. ↑ "Deca Durabolin Cycle: The most effective ways to use Deca". myleanbody.net. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  36. ↑ Barone R, Pitruzzella A, Marino Gammazza A, Rappa F, Salerno M, Barone F, et al. (August 2017). "Nandrolone decanoate interferes with testosterone biosynthesis altering blood-testis barrier components". Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. Wiley-Blackwell. 21 (8): 1636–1647. doi:10.1111/jcmm.13092. PMC   5542904 . PMID   28244681.
  37. ↑ "Side Effects of Deca Durabolin". myleanbody.net. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  38. ↑ Hohl A (30 March 2017). Testosterone: From Basic to Clinical Aspects. Springer. pp. 394–. ISBN   978-3-319-46086-4.
  39. 1 2 3 Gao W, Bohl CE, Dalton JT (September 2005). "Chemistry and structural biology of androgen receptor". Chemical Reviews. 105 (9): 3352–3370. doi:10.1021/cr020456u. PMC   2096617 . PMID   16159155.
  40. ↑ Saartok T, Dahlberg E, Gustafsson JA (June 1984). "Relative binding affinity of anabolic-androgenic steroids: comparison of the binding to the androgen receptors in skeletal muscle and in prostate, as well as to sex hormone-binding globulin". Endocrinology. 114 (6): 2100–2106. doi:10.1210/endo-114-6-2100. PMID   6539197.
  41. ↑ Kalicharan RW, Bout MR, Oussoren C, Vromans H (December 2016). "Where does hydrolysis of nandrolone decanoate occur in the human body after release from an oil depot?". International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 515 (1–2): 721–728. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.068. PMID   27989828.
  42. ↑ Behre HM, Kliesch S, Lemcke B, von Eckardstein S, Nieschlag E (December 2001). "Suppression of spermatogenesis to azoospermia by combined administration of GnRH antagonist and 19-nortestosterone cannot be maintained by this non-aromatizable androgen alone". Human Reproduction. 16 (12): 2570–2577. doi: 10.1093/humrep/16.12.2570 . PMID   11726576.
  43. ↑ Vermeulen A (1975). "Longacting steroid preparations". Acta Clinica Belgica. 30 (1): 48–55. doi:10.1080/17843286.1975.11716973. PMID   1231448.
  44. ↑ Dorfman RI (5 December 2016). Steroidal Activity in Experimental Animals and Man. Elsevier Science. pp. 68–. ISBN   978-1-4832-7300-6.
  45. 1 2 3 4 Singh GK, Turner L, Desai R, Jimenez M, Handelsman DJ (July 2014). "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of subcutaneous injection of depot nandrolone decanoate using dried blood spots sampling coupled with ultrapressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assays". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 99 (7): 2592–2598. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1243 . PMID   24684468.
  46. ↑ Bagchus WM, Smeets JM, Verheul HA, De Jager-Van Der Veen SM, Port A, Geurts TB (2005). "Pharmacokinetic evaluation of three different intramuscular doses of nandrolone decanoate: analysis of serum and urine samples in healthy men". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90 (5): 2624–30. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1526. PMID   15713722.
  47. ↑ Minto CF, Howe C, Wishart S, Conway AJ, Handelsman DJ (1997). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nandrolone esters in oil vehicle: effects of ester, injection site and injection volume". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 281 (1): 93–102. PMID   9103484.
  48. ↑ Belkien L, Schürmeyer T, Hano R, Gunnarsson PO, Nieschlag E (May 1985). "Pharmacokinetics of 19-nortestosterone esters in normal men". J. Steroid Biochem. 22 (5): 623–9. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(85)90215-8. PMID   4010287.
  49. ↑ Kalicharan RW, Schot P, Vromans H (February 2016). "Fundamental understanding of drug absorption from a parenteral oil depot". Eur J Pharm Sci. 83: 19–27. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2015.12.011. PMID   26690043.
  50. ↑ Kalicharan, Raween Wikesh (2017). New Insights into Drug Absorption from Oil Depots (PhD). Utrecht University.
  51. 1 2 Consolidated List of Products Whose Consumption And/or Sale Have Been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted Or Not Approved by Governments. United Nations Publications. 1983. pp. 153–154. ISBN   978-92-1-130230-1.[ permanent dead link ]
  52. ↑ "Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products". United States Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  53. ↑ "Drug Product Database - Health Canada". Health Canada. 18 March 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  54. ↑ Karch SB (21 December 2006). Drug Abuse Handbook, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 30–. ISBN   978-1-4200-0346-8.
  55. ↑ Hamdy RC, Moore SW, Whalen KE, Landy C (March 1998). "Nandrolone decanoate for men with osteoporosis". American Journal of Therapeutics. 5 (2): 89–95. doi:10.1097/00045391-199803000-00006. PMID   10099043. S2CID   25222622.
  56. ↑ Crawford BA, Liu PY, Kean MT, Bleasel JF, Handelsman DJ (July 2003). "Randomized placebo-controlled trial of androgen effects on muscle and bone in men requiring long-term systemic glucocorticoid treatment". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 88 (7): 3167–3176. doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-021827 . PMID   12843161.
  57. ↑ Lippi G, Franchini M, Banfi G (May 2011). "Biochemistry and physiology of anabolic androgenic steroids doping". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 11 (5): 362–373. doi:10.2174/138955711795445952. PMID   21443514.
  58. 1 2 van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Hartgens F, Vollaard NB, Ebbing S, Kuipers H (March 2004). "Bodybuilders' body composition: effect of nandrolone decanoate". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 36 (3): 484–489. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000117157.06455.B0 . PMID   15076791.
  59. 1 2 Hartgens F, Van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Ebbing S, Vollaard N, Rietjens G, Kuipers H (April 2001). "Body composition and anthropometry in bodybuilders: regional changes due to nandrolone decanoate administration". International Journal of Sports Medicine. 22 (3): 235–241. doi:10.1055/s-2001-18679. PMID   11354529. S2CID   260193226.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.