Estrogen is a category of sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. There are three major endogenous estrogens that have estrogenic hormonal activity: estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). Estradiol, an estrane, is the most potent and prevalent. Another estrogen called estetrol (E4) is produced only during pregnancy.
Lipotropic compounds are those that help catalyse the breakdown of fat during metabolism in the body. A lipotropic nutrient promotes or encourages the export of fat from the liver. Lipotropics are necessary for maintenance of a healthy liver, and for burning the exported fat for additional energy. Without lipotropics, such as choline and inositol, fats and bile can become trapped in the liver, causing severe problems such as cirrhosis and blocking fat metabolism.
Metandienone, also known as methandienone or methandrostenolone and sold under the brand name Dianabol (D-Bol) among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is still quite often used because of its affordability and effectiveness for bulking cycles. It is also used non-medically for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes. It is often taken by mouth.
Trenbolone is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) of the nandrolone group which itself was never marketed. Trenbolone ester prodrugs, including trenbolone acetate and trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate, are or have been marketed for veterinary and clinical use. Trenbolone acetate is used in veterinary medicine in livestock to increase muscle growth and appetite, while trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate was formerly used clinically in humans but is now no longer marketed. In addition, although it is not approved for clinical or veterinary use, trenbolone enanthate is sometimes sold on the black market under the nickname Trenabol.
Polyestradiol phosphate (PEP), sold under the brand name Estradurin, is an estrogen medication which is used primarily in the treatment of prostate cancer in men. It is also used in women to treat breast cancer, as a component of hormone therapy to treat low estrogen levels and menopausal symptoms, and as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. It is given by injection into muscle once every four weeks.
Tibolone, sold under the brand name Livial among others, is a medication which is used in menopausal hormone therapy and in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and endometriosis. The medication is available alone and is not formulated or used in combination with other medications. It is taken by mouth.
Estrogen-related receptor beta (ERR-β), also known as ESRRB or NR3B2, is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the ESRRB gene.
Estradiol undecylate, also known as estradiol undecanoate and formerly sold under the brand names Delestrec and Progynon Depot 100 among others, is an estrogen medication which has been used in the treatment of prostate cancer in men. It has also been used as a part of hormone therapy for transgender women. Although estradiol undecylate has been used in the past, it was discontinued. The medication has been given by injection into muscle usually once a month.
Trenbolone enanthate, known by the nickname Trenabol, is a synthetic and injected anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) and a derivative of nandrolone which was never marketed. It is the C17β enanthate ester and a long-acting prodrug of trenbolone. Trenbolone enanthate was never approved for medical or veterinary use but is used in scientific research and has been sold on the internet black market as a designer steroid for bodybuilders and athletes.
Roger W. Robinson was an American cardiologist who served as chief of cardiology and chief of medicine at Memorial Hospital, Worcester, MA. He was the director of the Lipid Research Laboratory and served as a professor at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. He is considered a pioneer in the field of lipid and atherosclerosis research.
Mytatrienediol, also known as 16α-methyl-16β-epiestriol 3-methyl ether or 16β-hydroxy-16α-methylestradiol 3-methyl ether, is a synthetic steroidal estrogen medication and an estrogen ether which was derived from estriol and was developed for clinical use in the late 1950s but was never marketed. It was investigated as a weak and mildly estrogenic medication for men to treat atherosclerosis, improve serum lipid profiles, and reduce the risk of myocardial infarction. However, while preclinical research supported the profile of mytatriendiol as a weak estrogen, the medication was found in clinical trials to produce estrogenic side effects including feminization, breast pain, and gynecomastia in men similarly and comparably to other estrogens such as ethinylestradiol and conjugated estrogens, and its side effects ultimately precluded its use. The medication was also studied to treat bone pain in patients with multiple myeloma, metastatic bone disease, and osteoporosis, with effectiveness seen.
Triparanol was the first synthetic cholesterol-lowering drug. It was patented in 1959 and introduced in the United States in 1960. The developmental code name of triparanol, MER/29, became so well known that it became the registered trade name of the drug. It was withdrawn in 1962 due to severe adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting, vision loss due to irreversible cataracts, alopecia, skin disorders, and accelerated atherosclerosis. It is now considered to be obsolete.
Clomestrone, also known as 16α-chloroestrone 3-methyl ether, is a synthetic, steroidal, weak estrogen derived from estrone and used as an anticholesterolemic agent in the treatment of atherosclerosis. It is said to have beneficial effects on serum lipid profiles while producing minimal feminization, though some estrogenic side effects, including breast tenderness, loss of libido, and fatigue or avolition, were observed in most patients in clinical studies. The drug is a close analogue of mytatrienediol, and the two estrogens have similar drug profiles. Clomestrone was described in the literature in 1958 and introduced for medical use shortly thereafter.
16α-LE2, or 16α-lactone-estradiol, also known as 3,17β-dihydroxy-19-nor-17α-pregna-1,3,5-(10)-triene-21,16α-lactone, is a synthetic, steroidal estrogen featuring an estradiol core. It is a highly potent and selective agonist of the ERα that is used in scientific research to study the function of the ERα. It has 265-fold higher potency in transactivation assays of the ERα relative to the ERβ and 70-fold preference in binding affinity for the ERα over the ERβ.
8β-VE2, or 8β-vinylestradiol, also known as 8β-vinylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3β,17β-diol, is a synthetic estrogen featuring an estradiol core. It is a highly potent and selective agonist of the ERβ that is used in scientific research to study the function of the ERβ. It has 190-fold higher potency in transactivation assays of the ERβ relative to the ERα and 93- (rat) and 180-fold (human) preference in binding affinity for the ERβ over the ERα.
17β-Aminoestrogens are a group of synthetic, steroidal estrogens derived from estradiol which have an amine substitution in place of the hydroxyl group at the C17β position. They are estrogenic similarly, but, unlike estradiol, show sustained anticoagulant activity that appears to be mediated by non-genomic mechanisms. As such, it is thought that they may have a reduced risk of venous thromboembolism. The 17β-aminoestrogens include the base or parent estrogen aminoestradiol (AE2) and the extended-chain derivatives butolame, hexolame, pentolame, prodiame, and prolame. They are a homologous series of steroids.
An estrogen (E) is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy, and as part of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. They can also be used in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers like breast cancer and prostate cancer and for various other indications. Estrogens are used alone or in combination with progestogens. They are available in a wide variety of formulations and for use by many different routes of administration. Examples of estrogens include bioidentical estradiol, natural conjugated estrogens, synthetic steroidal estrogens like ethinylestradiol, and synthetic nonsteroidal estrogens like diethylstilbestrol. Estrogens are one of three types of sex hormone agonists, the others being androgens/anabolic steroids like testosterone and progestogens like progesterone.
Dimethylstilbestrol (DMS) is a nonsteroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group related to diethylstilbestrol which was never marketed. It is a so-called "weak", "impeded", or "short-acting" estrogen similarly to estriol and meso-butoestrol. The affinity of DMS for the ER was reported as about 10% of that of estradiol. For comparison, diethylstilbestrol had 140% of the affinity of estradiol for the ER.
Ethandrostate, also known as ethinylandrostenediol 3β-cyclohexanepropionate, is a synthetic steroidal estrogen and ester of ethinylandrostenediol (17α-ethynyl-5-androstenediol) which was developed and studied in people with certain cancers like breast cancer and prostate cancer in the 1950s but was never marketed. Although far less potent by weight than estradiol or estrone, ethandrostate produces estrogenic effects in the vagina, uterus, and mammary glands as well as antigonadotropic and secondary antiandrogenic effects like testicular and prostate atrophy in both animals and humans. Ethandrostate was assessed in humans as an aqueous suspension by intramuscular injection at doses of 100 to 200 mg/day or 100 mg three times per week and by mouth at a dose of 25 mg four times per day. It shows much greater antigonadotropic potency relative to general estrogenic potency in animals when compared with other estrogens. However, this doesn't seem to be the case in humans. In addition to its estrogenic activity, ethandrostate has very weak androgenic activity that manifests only at doses much higher than its estrogenic activity.
Ethinylandrostenediol, also known as 17α-ethynyl-5-androstenediol, is a synthetic estrogen, progestogen, and androgen which was never marketed. It is the C17α ethynyl derivative of the androgen precursor and prohormone 5-androstenediol.
