Chloroethynylnorgestrel

Last updated
Chloroethynylnorgestrel
Chloroethynyl norgestrel.svg
Clinical data
Other namesChloroethynyl norgestrel; WY-4355; 17α-Chloroethynyl-13β-ethylgon-4-en-17β-ol-3-one; 17α-Chloroethynyl-18-methylestr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one; 17α-Chloroethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone
Identifiers
  • (1S,2R,10R,11S,14S,15S)-14-(2-chloroethynyl)-15-ethyl-14-hydroxytetracyclo[8.7.0.02,7.011,15]heptadec-6-en-5-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
Chemical and physical data
Formula C21H27ClO2
Molar mass 346.90 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CC[C@]12CC[C@H]3[C@H]([C@@H]1CC[C@]2(C#CCl)O)CCC4=CC(=O)CC[C@H]34
  • InChI=1S/C21H27ClO2/c1-2-20-9-7-17-16-6-4-15(23)13-14(16)3-5-18(17)19(20)8-10-21(20,24)11-12-22/h13,16-19,24H,2-10H2,1H3/t16-,17+,18+,19-,20-,21+/m0/s1
  • Key:MISOWVVRHHLGIK-ZUHHCLADSA-N

Chloroethynylnorgestrel (developmental code name WY-4355) is a steroidal progestin of the 19-nortestosterone group related to norgestrel that was investigated as an oral contraceptive in the 1970s but was never marketed. [1] [2] [3] [4]

In combination with mestranol, similarly to ethynerone and anagestone acetate (and certain other progestogens, including progesterone and several other 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives), chloroethynylnorgestrel was found to produce striking mammary tumors in beagle dogs after administration at very high dosages (10- to 25-fold human clinical dosages) for prolonged periods of time. [1] [3] [4] This resulted in the discontinuation of its development, along with that of ethynerone and anagestone acetate, as well as the removal of several progestins, including chlormadinone acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and megestrol acetate, from various markets as contraceptives (although medroxyprogesterone acetate has since been reintroduced). [1] [5] Subsequent research revealed that the risk is species-dependent and unique to canines and that there is no similar risk for humans. [6]

Mammary tumors in beagle dogs treated by (left) MK-665 (ethynerone with mestranol) and (right) chloroethynylnorgestrel with mestranol for 4 years at a dosage of 1.05 mg/kg/day cyclically. Progestin-induced tumors in beagle dogs.png
Mammary tumors in beagle dogs treated by (left) MK-665 (ethynerone with mestranol) and (right) chloroethynylnorgestrel with mestranol for 4 years at a dosage of 1.05 mg/kg/day cyclically.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Progestogen (medication)</span> Medication producing effects similar to progesterone

A progestogen, also referred to as a progestagen, gestagen, or gestogen, is a type of medication which produces effects similar to those of the natural female sex hormone progesterone in the body. A progestin is a synthetic progestogen. Progestogens are used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy. They can also be used in the treatment of gynecological conditions, to support fertility and pregnancy, to lower sex hormone levels for various purposes, and for other indications. Progestogens are used alone or in combination with estrogens. They are available in a wide variety of formulations and for use by many different routes of administration. Examples of progestogens include natural or bioidentical progesterone as well as progestins such as medroxyprogesterone acetate and norethisterone.

Progestogen-only pills (POPs), colloquially known as "mini pills", are a type of oral contraceptive that contain synthetic progestogens (progestins) and do not contain estrogens. They are primarily used for the prevention of undesired pregnancy, although additional medical uses also exist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethinylestradiol</span> Estrogen medication

Ethinylestradiol (EE) is an estrogen medication which is used widely in birth control pills in combination with progestins. In the past, EE was widely used for various indications such as the treatment of menopausal symptoms, gynecological disorders, and certain hormone-sensitive cancers. It is usually taken by mouth but is also used as a patch and vaginal ring.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norethisterone acetate</span> Chemical compound

Norethisterone acetate (NETA), also known as norethindrone acetate and sold under the brand name Primolut-Nor among others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and for the treatment of gynecological disorders. The medication available in low-dose and high-dose formulations and is used alone or in combination with an estrogen. It is ingested orally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norgestrel</span> Progestin medication used for birth control

Norgestrel is a progestin which is used in birth control pills sold under the brand name Ovral in combination with the estrogen ethinylestradiol and Opill by itself. It is also used in menopausal hormone therapy. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Megestrol acetate</span> Pharmaceutical drug - appetite stimulant

Megestrol acetate (MGA), sold under the brand name Megace among others, is a progestin medication which is used mainly as an appetite stimulant to treat wasting syndromes such as cachexia. It is also used to treat breast cancer and endometrial cancer, and has been used in birth control. MGA is generally formulated alone, although it has been combined with estrogens in birth control formulations. It is usually taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norethisterone</span> Progestin medication

Norethisterone, also known as norethindrone and sold under many brand names, is a progestin medication used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and for the treatment of gynecological disorders. The medication is available in both low-dose and high-dose formulations and both alone and in combination with an estrogen. It is used by mouth or, as norethisterone enanthate, by injection into muscle.

Combined injectable contraceptives (CICs) are a form of hormonal birth control for women. They consist of monthly injections of combined formulations containing an estrogen and a progestin to prevent pregnancy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlormadinone acetate</span> Chemical compound

Chlormadinone acetate (CMA), sold under the brand names Belara, Gynorelle, Lutéran, and Prostal among others, is a progestin and antiandrogen medication which is used in birth control pills to prevent pregnancy, as a component of menopausal hormone therapy, in the treatment of gynecological disorders, and in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions like enlarged prostate and prostate cancer in men and acne and hirsutism in women. It is available both at a low dose in combination with an estrogen in birth control pills and, in a few countries like France and Japan, at low, moderate, and high doses alone for various indications. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dimethisterone</span> Chemical compound

Dimethisterone, formerly sold under the brand names Lutagan and Secrosteron among others, is a progestin medication which was used in birth control pills and in the treatment of gynecological disorders but is now no longer available. It was used both alone and in combination with an estrogen. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Algestone acetophenide</span> Chemical compound

Algestone acetophenide, also known more commonly as dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide (DHPA) and sold under the brand names Perlutal and Topasel among others, is a progestin medication which is used in combination with an estrogen as a form of long-lasting injectable birth control. It has also been used alone, but is no longer available as a standalone medication. DHPA is not active by mouth and is given once a month by injection into muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</span> Injectible form of birth control

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), also known as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) in injectable form and sold under the brand name Depo-Provera among others, is a hormonal medication of the progestin type. It is used as a method of birth control and as a part of menopausal hormone therapy. It is also used to treat endometriosis, abnormal uterine bleeding, paraphilia, and certain types of cancer. The medication is available both alone and in combination with an estrogen. It is taken by mouth, used under the tongue, or by injection into a muscle or fat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Noretynodrel</span> Chemical compound

Noretynodrel, or norethynodrel, sold under the brand name Enovid among others, is a progestin medication which was previously used in birth control pills and in the treatment of gynecological disorders but is now no longer marketed. It was available both alone and in combination with an estrogen. The medication is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conjugated estrogens</span> Estrogen medication

Conjugated estrogens (CEs), or conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs), sold under the brand name Premarin among others, is an estrogen medication which is used in menopausal hormone therapy and for various other indications. It is a mixture of the sodium salts of estrogen conjugates found in horses, such as estrone sulfate and equilin sulfate. CEEs are available in the form of both natural preparations manufactured from the urine of pregnant mares and fully synthetic replications of the natural preparations. They are formulated both alone and in combination with progestins such as medroxyprogesterone acetate. CEEs are usually taken by mouth, but can also be given by application to the skin or vagina as a cream or by injection into a blood vessel or muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anagestone acetate</span> Chemical compound

Anagestone acetate, sold under the brand names Anatropin and Neo-Novum, is a progestin medication which was withdrawn from medical use due to carcinogenicity observed in animal studies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethynerone</span> Chemical compound

Ethynerone, also known as 17α-(2-chloroethynyl)estra-4,9-dien-17β-ol-3-one, is a steroidal progestin of the 19-nortestosterone group that was first reported in 1961 but was never marketed. Under the developmental code name MK-665, it was studied in combination with mestranol as an oral contraceptive. Development of the drug was discontinued due to concerns surrounding toxicity findings in dogs. It is a chloroethynylated derivative of norethisterone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate</span> Pharmaceutical combination

Estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate (EC/MPA), sold under the brand name Cyclofem among others, is a form of combined injectable birth control. It contains estradiol cypionate (EC), an estrogen, and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a progestin. It is recommended for short-term use and is given once a month by injection into a muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estrogen (medication)</span> Type of medication

An estrogen (E) is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy, and as part of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. They can also be used in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers like breast cancer and prostate cancer and for various other indications. Estrogens are used alone or in combination with progestogens. They are available in a wide variety of formulations and for use by many different routes of administration. Examples of estrogens include bioidentical estradiol, natural conjugated estrogens, synthetic steroidal estrogens like ethinylestradiol, and synthetic nonsteroidal estrogens like diethylstilbestrol. Estrogens are one of three types of sex hormone agonists, the others being androgens/anabolic steroids like testosterone and progestogens like progesterone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cymegesolate</span> Chemical compound

Cymegesolate, also known as cypionyl megestrol acetate or as megestrol acetate 3β-cypionate, is a progestin medication which was never marketed. It was developed in China in the late 1970s and early to mid 1980s for use as a hormonal contraceptive. The medication was formulated at a dose of 50–100 mg in combination with a "trace" dose of 0.25–0.5 mg quinestrol as a long-lasting, once-a-month combined oral contraceptive pill. This combination has been studied in 1,213 women across a total of 9,651 menstrual cycles, with contraceptive effectiveness of over 99.13% and "very few side effects." At the high dose, it showed an anovulation rate of only about 60%, and instead mediated its contraceptive effects via a marked anti-implantation effect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estradiol benzoate/progesterone</span> Drug combination

Estradiol benzoate/progesterone (EB/P4), sold under the brand names Duogynon and Sistocyclin among others, is a combination medication of estradiol benzoate (EB), an estrogen, and progesterone (P4), a progestogen. It has been formulated both as short-acting oil solutions and long-acting microcrystalline aqueous suspensions and is given by injection into muscle either once or continuously at regular intervals.

References

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  5. Streffer C, Bolt H, Follesdal D, Hall P, Hengstler JG, Jacob P, Oughton D, Prieß K, Rehbinder E, Swaton E (11 November 2013). "Interspecies Extrapolation". Low Dose Exposures in the Environment: Dose-Effect Relations and Risk Evaluation. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 135–. ISBN   978-3-662-08422-9.
  6. Neumann F, Düsterberg B, Laurent H (6 December 2012). "Development of progestogens.". In Runnebaum B, Rabe T, Kiesel L (eds.). Female Contraception: Update and Trends. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 134–. ISBN   978-3-642-73790-9.