24S-Hydroxycholesterol

Last updated
24S-Hydroxycholesterol
Cerebrosterol.svg
Names
IUPAC name
(24S)-Cholest-5-ene-3β,24-diol
Systematic IUPAC name
(1R,3aS,3bS,7S,9aR,9bS,11aR)-1-[(2R,5S)-5-Hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-9a,11a-dimethyl-2,3,3a,3b,4,6,7,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol
Other names
cerebrosterol
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
3218472
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
KEGG
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C27H46O2/c1-17(2)25(29)11-6-18(3)22-9-10-23-21-8-7-19-16-20(28)12-14-26(19,4)24(21)13-15-27(22,23)5/h7,17-18,20-25,28-29H,6,8-16H2,1-5H3/t18-,20+,21+,22-,23+,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1
    Key: IOWMKBFJCNLRTC-XWXSNNQWSA-N
  • C[C@H](CC[C@@H](C(C)C)O)[C@H]1CC[C@@H]2[C@@]1(CC[C@H]3[C@H]2CC=C4[C@@]3(CC[C@@H](C4)O)C)C
Properties
C27H46O2
Molar mass 402.663 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

24S-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-HC), also known as cholest-5-ene-3,24-diol or cerebrosterol, is an endogenous oxysterol produced by neurons in the brain to maintain cholesterol homeostasis. [1] It was discovered in 1953 by Alberto Ercoli, S. Di Frisco, and Pietro de Ruggieri, who first isolated the molecule in the horse brain [2] and then demonstrated its presence in the human brain. [3]

Contents

Structure

24S-HC is produced by a hydroxy group substitution at carbon number 24 in cholesterol, catalyzed by the enzyme cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1). [4]

Production of 24S-hydroxycholesterol from cholesterol, as catalyzed by CYP46A1. Coversion of cholesterol into 24s-hydroxycholesterol.png
Production of 24S-hydroxycholesterol from cholesterol, as catalyzed by CYP46A1.

Function

24S-HC binds to apolipoproteins such as apoE, apoJ, and apoA1 to form HDL-like complexes [5] which can cross the blood–brain barrier more easily than free cholesterol. Thus, 24S-HC production serves as one of several counterbalancing mechanisms for cholesterol synthesis in the brain. [1] [6] After entering general blood circulation and traveling to the liver, 24S-HC can be sulfated, glucuronidated, or converted into bile acids, which can ultimately be excreted. [7]

24S-HC is an agonist of liver X receptors, a class of nuclear receptors that sense oxysterols. In the brain, liver X receptor beta is the primary LXR type, which interacts with 24S-HC. [5] 24S-HC levels sensed by LXRs can regulate the expression of SREBP mRNA and protein, which in turn regulate cholesterol synthesis and fatty acid synthesis. [8]

24S-HC may participate in several aspects of brain development and function, such as axon and dendrite growth or synaptogenesis, [4] as well as acting as a positive allosteric modulator of NMDA receptors. [9] Regulation of 24S-HC metabolism in neurons may play a role in their health and function, as well as their response to injury or disease. [10] Blood plasma levels of 24S-HC may be altered after acute brain injuries such as stroke [11] or in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. [12] [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pregnenolone</span> Chemical compound

Pregnenolone (P5), or pregn-5-en-3β-ol-20-one, is an endogenous steroid and precursor/metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of most of the steroid hormones, including the progestogens, androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids. In addition, pregnenolone is biologically active in its own right, acting as a neurosteroid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apolipoprotein B</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOB gene. It is commonly used to detect risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, commonly referred to as StAR (STARD1), is a transport protein that regulates cholesterol transfer within the mitochondria, which is the rate-limiting step in the production of steroid hormones. It is primarily present in steroid-producing cells, including theca cells and luteal cells in the ovary, Leydig cells in the testis and cell types in the adrenal cortex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VLDL receptor</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

The very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a transmembrane lipoprotein receptor of the low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family. VLDLR shows considerable homology with the members of this lineage. Discovered in 1992 by T. Yamamoto, VLDLR is widely distributed throughout the tissues of the body, including the heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the brain, but is absent from the liver. This receptor has an important role in cholesterol uptake, metabolism of apolipoprotein E-containing triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, and neuronal migration in the developing brain. In humans, VLDLR is encoded by the VLDLR gene. Mutations of this gene may lead to a variety of symptoms and diseases, which include type I lissencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, and atherosclerosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liver X receptor</span> Nuclear receptor

The liver X receptor (LXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors and is closely related to nuclear receptors such as the PPARs, FXR and RXR. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are important regulators of cholesterol, fatty acid, and glucose homeostasis. LXRs were earlier classified as orphan nuclear receptors, however, upon discovery of endogenous oxysterols as ligands they were subsequently deorphanized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase also known as cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase or cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP7A1 gene which has an important role in cholesterol metabolism. It is a cytochrome P450 enzyme, which belongs to the oxidoreductase class, and converts cholesterol to 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol, the first and rate limiting step in bile acid synthesis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8</span> Cell surface receptor, part of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8), also known as apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRP8 gene. ApoER2 is a cell surface receptor that is part of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family. These receptors function in signal transduction and endocytosis of specific ligands. Through interactions with one of its ligands, reelin, ApoER2 plays an important role in embryonic neuronal migration and postnatal long-term potentiation. Another LDL family receptor, VLDLR, also interacts with reelin, and together these two receptors influence brain development and function. Decreased expression of ApoER2 is associated with certain neurological diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">7α-Hydroxycholesterol</span> Chemical compound

7α-Hydroxycholesterol is a precursor of bile acids, created by cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Its formation is the rate-determining step in bile acid synthesis.

The RAR-related orphan receptors (RORs) are members of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors. There are three forms of ROR, ROR-α, -β, and -γ and each is encoded by a separate gene, RORA, RORB, and RORC respectively. The RORs are somewhat unusual in that they appear to bind as monomers to hormone response elements as opposed to the majority of other nuclear receptors which bind as dimers. They bind to DNA elements called ROR response elements (RORE).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase</span> Protein family

Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase, also commonly known as cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase, cholesterol 24-monooxygenase, CYP46, or CYP46A1, is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to 24S-hydroxycholesterol. It is responsible for the majority of cholesterol turnover in the human central nervous system. The systematic name of this enzyme class is cholesterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (24-hydroxylating).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha</span> Nuclear receptor protein found in humans

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), also known as NR1C1, is a nuclear receptor protein functioning as a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the PPARA gene. Together with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPAR-alpha is part of the subfamily of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. It was the first member of the PPAR family to be cloned in 1990 by Stephen Green and has been identified as the nuclear receptor for a diverse class of rodent hepatocarcinogens that causes proliferation of peroxisomes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liver X receptor alpha</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Liver X receptor alpha (LXR-alpha) is a nuclear receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the NR1H3 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CYP7B1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

25-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase also known as oxysterol and steroid 7-alpha-hydroxylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP7B1 gene. This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OSBP</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Oxysterol-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSBP gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OSBPL2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSBPL2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CYP39A1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

CYP39A1 also known as oxysterol 7-α-hydroxylase 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP39A1 gene.

An oxysterol is a derivative of cholesterol obtained by oxidation involving enzymes and / or pro-oxidants. Such compounds play important roles in various biological processes such as cholesterol homeostasis, lipid metabolism, apoptosis, autophagy, and prenylation of proteins; the mode of action of oxysterols in these effects is still poorly understood. Several oxysterols are associated with age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, eye disease, certain neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. The activities of oxysterols in these diseases could be due to their pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory activities and their ability to act on cellular organelles that can contribute to activate apoptosis and autophagy. There are arguments supporting that oxysterols have important roles in atherosclerosis progression which is involved in several cardiovascular diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">27-Hydroxycholesterol</span> Chemical compound

27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-HC) is an endogenous oxysterol with multiple biological functions, including activity as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and as an agonist of the liver X receptor (LXR). It is a metabolite of cholesterol that is produced by the enzyme CYP27A1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soticlestat</span> Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase inhibitor

Soticlestat is an experimental anticonvulsant and cholesterol 24-hydroxylase inhibitor being investigated as a treatment for Dravet syndrome, Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, dup15q syndrome, and CDKL5 deficiency disorder. The development rights to the drug were purchased by Takeda Pharmaceuticals from Ovid Therapeutics in 2021.

References

  1. 1 2 Mahley RW (2016). "Central Nervous System Lipoproteins: ApoE and Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 36 (7): 1305–15. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.307023. PMC   4942259 . PMID   27174096.
  2. ↑ Ercoli A, Di Frisco S, De Ruggieri P (1953). "Isolation, constitution and biological significance of cerebrosterol, a companion of cholesterol in the horse brain". Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 29 (4): 494–7. PMID   13105923.
  3. ↑ Di Frisco S, De Ruggieri P, Ercoli A (1953). "Isolation of cerebrosterol from human brain". Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 29 (7): 1351–2. PMID   13140512.
  4. 1 2 Lund EG, Xie C, Kotti T, Turley SD, Dietschy JM, Russell DW (2003). "Knockout of the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase gene in mice reveals a brain-specific mechanism of cholesterol turnover". J Biol Chem. 278 (25): 22980–8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M303415200 . PMID   12686551.
  5. 1 2 Wang Y, Kumar N, Crumbley C, Griffin PR, Burris TP (2010). "A second class of nuclear receptors for oxysterols: Regulation of RORalpha and RORgamma activity by 24S-hydroxycholesterol (cerebrosterol)". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1801 (8): 917–23. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.02.012. PMC   2886165 . PMID   20211758.
  6. ↑ Björkhem I (2007). "Rediscovery of cerebrosterol". Lipids. 42 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1007/s11745-006-1003-2. PMID   17393206. S2CID   4005673.
  7. ↑ Lütjohann D (2006). "Cholesterol metabolism in the brain: importance of 24S-hydroxylation". Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 185: 33–42. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00683.x. PMID   16866909. S2CID   44809894.
  8. ↑ Cartagena CM, Burns MP, Rebeck GW (2010). "24S-hydroxycholesterol effects on lipid metabolism genes are modeled in traumatic brain injury". Brain Res. 1319: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.080. PMC   2826556 . PMID   20053345.
  9. ↑ Paul SM, Doherty JJ, Robichaud AJ, Belfort GM, Chow BY, Hammond RS, Crawford DC, Linsenbardt AJ, Shu HJ, Izumi Y, Mennerick SJ, Zorumski CF (October 2013). "The major brain cholesterol metabolite 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol is a potent allosteric modulator of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors". The Journal of Neuroscience . 33 (44): 17290–300. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2619-13.2013. PMC   3812502 . PMID   24174662.
  10. ↑ Sun MY, Linsenbardt AJ, Emnett CM, Eisenman LN, Izumi Y, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S (2016). "24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol as a Modulator of Neuronal Signaling and Survival". Neuroscientist. 22 (2): 132–44. doi:10.1177/1073858414568122. PMC   4821654 . PMID   25628343.
  11. ↑ Sun MY, Taylor A, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S (2017). "24S-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol differentially impact hippocampal neuronal survival following oxygen-glucose deprivation". PLOS ONE. 12 (3): e0174416. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1274416S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174416 . PMC   5367825 . PMID   28346482.
  12. ↑ Leoni V, Caccia C (2013). "24S-hydroxycholesterol in plasma: a marker of cholesterol turnover in neurodegenerative diseases". Biochimie. 95 (3): 595–612. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.025. PMID   23041502.
  13. ↑ Bandaru VV, Haughey NJ (2014). "Quantitative detection of free 24S-hydroxycholesterol, and 27-hydroxycholesterol from human serum". BMC Neurosci. 15: 137. doi: 10.1186/s12868-014-0137-z . PMC   4304132 . PMID   25539717.
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