IRIS-T SL | |
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![]() IRIS-T SLM TER | |
Type | Surface-to-air missile |
Place of origin | Germany, Sweden |
Service history | |
In service | 2020 |
Used by | See operators |
Wars | Russo-Ukrainian War |
Production history | |
Designed | Since 2007 |
Manufacturer |
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Developed from | IRIS-T air-to-air missile |
Unit cost | |
Produced | Since 2020 |
Variants | IRIS-T SLS, IRIS-T SLM, IRIS-T SLX, IRIS-T HYDEF, Naval surface-to-air missile |
Specifications | |
Mass |
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Length |
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Height |
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Diameter |
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Wingspan |
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Warhead | Dual-layer HE/fragmentation |
Warhead weight | 11.4 kg (25 lb) [6] |
Detonation mechanism | Impact and active radar proximity fuse |
Engine | Solid-fuel rocket with thrust vectoring control [7] |
Propellant | HTPB [8] |
Operational range | |
Flight altitude | |
Maximum speed | |
Guidance system | Imaging infrared seeker [7] SLX: combined radar and infrared guidance [14] |
Steering system | 4 exhaust vanes and 4 tail wings [15] |
The IRIS-T SL is a family of short and high to medium air defense surface-to-air missile systems. The missile systems are developed from the IRIS-T air-to-air missile. Two variants and their derivatives are at the moment in service. Those two variants are IRIS-T SLS and the IRIS-T SLM.
The IRIS-T SLS, known locally as the Robotsystem 98 (RBS 98) entered service in 2020 after a trial period. [16] The IRIS-T SLM entered service in 2022 with Ukraine, and later with Egypt.
The IRIS-T air defence system is designed to defend an area from aircraft (including jet fighters), helicopters, cruise missiles, drones, all of which can be stealthy. [17] [18]
The IRIS-T SLS is the same missile as the air-to-air variant.
NAMMO Raufoss supplies the rocket engine with its TVC (thrust vector control) for both the IRIS-T air-to-air missile and the SL variants. [19] [20]
The design of the variants depend on the user. As a general principle, a fire unit is composed of a command vehicle equipped with a target designation radar. This command is communicates with one or several launch vehicles. A fire unit can be incorporated into a common air-defence command system. [17]
IRIS-T SLS (Surface Launched Standard) [21] [22] is the air defence system which uses the IRIS-T AAM with few software modifications. [23] [24] However, its operational range is reduced from 25 km to 12 km, as has the ceiling from 8 to 6 km. [22] [25] It has a maximum speed of Mach 2 and average speed of 400 m/s, [13] and it cannot attack targets that are closer than 1 km. [8] The IRIS-T SLS has lock-on after launch capability which enable it to launch missiles without actually locking on any target. Once the missile receives the target's data in the form of three-dimensional coordinates, it will employ inertial guidance mode during the initial phase of flight. After attaining the required engagement altitude, the seeker activates and begins scanning the expected target zone. [26] If the radar is unavailable, there is a portable target designator that is equipped with an IR camera and an integrated laser rangefinder. The crew can use it as an alternative to transmit target information to the missile. [27]
In 2018, Diehl Defence demonstrated a Bv 410-based IRIS-T SLS system integrated with a Saab Giraffe 1X radar during the ILA. In 2019, the Swedish Army fielded a ground launched version of the IRIS-T SLS, designated Luftvärnsrobotsystem 98 (lvrbs 98), to replace the RBS 70 missile system. Four missiles are carried on Eldenhet 98 (elde 98) launcher, a special version of a Bv 410 tracked, armoured vehicle. Compared to the one demonstrated on the ILA 2018, there was no radar on the Swedish Eldenhet 98. [28] [29] Instead, the Swedish Army used the Underrättelseenhet 23 (UndE 23) radar truck as its radar unit. [24]
The Norwegian Army ordered the "mobile ground based air defence system", based on NASAMS command and control solutions, in a direct acquisition with Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace. [30] The system will integrate tracked IRIS-T SLS launchers from Diehl Defence GmbH with High Mobility Launchers for AIM-120 and AIM-9X missiles and XENTA-M radars from Weibel Scientific; initial delivery is planned for 2023 and will include six modified M113 vehicles carrying IRIS-T SLS missiles, while additional launchers will be based on the ACSV. [31]
In 2022, Diehl Defence showed a new air defence system called IRIS-T SLS Mk. III at the Eurosatory. It was a modified Mowag Eagle 6×6 armoured vehicle integrated with IRIS-T SLS launcher, Hensoldt Spexer 2000 3D AESA or a Xenta-M, and it can be equipped with a .50 machine gun in the remote controlled weapon station. Its STANAG 4569 protection was level 1, and it could be upgraded to level 3 by adding armor kit. This vehicle had integrated the missile launcher, the radar, the sensors and the C2 command system, making it able to operate independently as an air defence system. [32]
In February 2025, it's revealed that a Ukrainian IRIS-T SLS air defence system consisted of two Italian Iveco 4×4 trucks that integrated with SLS missile launcher. The system is also integrated with the TRML-4D radar, which guides the missiles to the target. [33]
IRIS-T SLM (Surface Launched Missile) [34] [35] is the air defence system which uses the IRIS-T SL missile. [23] [36] As a part of the NATO MEADS program, the German Air Force and others are now using this missile. It has a pointed nose, unlike the regular IRIS-T, with a jettisonable drag-reducing nose cone. The missile uses a GPS-aided inertial navigation system, with radio data link for command guidance during the initial approach. The interference-resistant IR seeker head is activated at the terminal stage. [37] [38]
Compared to the IRIS-T, the diameter of the rocket motor was increased by 25 mm, to 152 mm. Test launches from a fire unit consisting of a CEA CEAFAR radar, a Diehl IRIS-T SL launcher and an Oerlikon Skymaster battle management system were performed in 2014. [36] The IRIS-T SL qualification tests were completed in January 2015 at the Denel Overberg Test Range in South Africa. [39] A further fire test on the developed system of the IRIS-T SLM was completed in January 2022. [40]
An IRIS-T SLM air defence system consists of a tactical operation center, a logistic support unit, several radar units, [41] and 3 or 4 [42] missile trucks. [43] The IRIS-T SLM can be integrated with a variety of electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) guidance systems and AESA radars, such as Hensoldt TRML-4D, Thales Ground Master 200 MM/C, CEA CEAFAR, and Saab Giraffe 4A. [23] A version with a Lockheed-Martin Skykeeper command and control station, [44] Giraffe 4A radar and Diehl IRIS-T SLM launcher was shown at IDEX 2019 under the name Falcon Ground Based Air Defence. [45] [46] [47]
Egypt ordered Diehl IRIS-T SLM launchers, Hensoldt TRML-4D radars, and fire and control stations equipped with Airbus Defence Fortion IBMS [48] integrated battle management software, all mounted on MAN 8×8 military trucks; the deal was approved by the German government in December 2021. [49] Further orders includes Hensoldt TwInvis passive radars, [50] [51] IRIS-T SLS launchers and IRIS-T SLX long-range missiles. [11] [52] [53] Passive radars can detect enemy aircraft by analysing reflections from external radio and television signals, making them effective in urban areas where active radars struggle. [54]
The German Air Force has received its first IRIS-T SLM system in 2024 and is to receive five more by 2027. Also, mixed SLS/SLM systems are being planned. [55]
IRIS-T SLX is an upgraded variant of IRIS-T surface-to-air missile which has the operational range of 80 km and ceiling of 30 km. [11] It will also use a combined radar and infrared seeker. On the ILA 2024, Diehl Defence displayed a missile model of the developing IRIS-T SLX, which looked quite different to both IRIS-T AAM and IRIS-T SL. This new missile can be integrated into the IRIS-T SLM launchers, which can be loaded with a mix of SL and SLX missiles as the result. Only 50 to 60 soldiers are needed for each system. [56] The Diehl Defence chief programme officer Harald Buschek said this variant was capable of countering standoff weapons, and it was likely to be ready for operation within around 4 years. It also would retain the ability to engage cruise missiles and helicopters. [57]
The Hypersonic Defence (HYDEF) is a program for missile defence against hypersonic threats. The consortium of this project consists of 13 companies from seven European nations. The HYDEF project is based on the successful contract signing in July 2022, dealing with a project study of an overall endo-atmospheric interceptor concept for air defence. At that time, the HYDEF project prevailed over the competitor and could win the Europe-wide tender. Hensoldt and Airbus are also involved as national partners in the HYDEF project. On 31 October 2023, SMS (Spanish Missile Systems, a collaborative proposal of Escribano Mechanical & Engineering , GMV and SENER AEROSPACIAL from Spain) and Diehl Defence signed the contract with OCCAR, marking the official start of the project. [58] It has the operational range of 100 km and ceiling of 50 km. [12]
On the ILA 2024, Diehl Defence revealed that they were working on a two-stage missile to defend against hypersonic weapons. It will consist of a booster as a starting engine and a warhead called "Kill vehicle" for the direct hit. This should enable it to attack targets at a distance of up to 100 km and an altitude of 50 km with a high level of agility. It should refer to IRIS-T HYDEF. [56]
Diehl mentioned that the IRIS-T SLM missile was being integrated to the Mark 41 vertical launching system. [59]
The German procurement agency BAAINBw signed a contract with Diehl for a feasibility study to integrate the IRIS-T SLM to the Baden-Württemberg class (F125) in December 2024. [60] This contract includes a risk analysis, and the production of a system demonstrator.
The first IRIS-T SLM system was delivered in 2021 to Egypt, and trials followed, seeing the successful downing of two drones. [114]
In September 2024, The German Air Force activated its first IRIS-T SLM fire unit. [115]
On 24 October 2022, at the opening of the 5th Business Forum on the Reconstruction of Ukraine, the Prime Minister of Ukraine Denys Shmyhal noted that German IRIS-T system had the highest successful hit rate among others in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and it could destroy 9 out of 10 Russian missiles. [116]
Following another Russian missile attack against Ukraine on 31 October 2022, the Ukrainian Air Force stated that IRIS-T missiles had a 100% success rate countering the attack. [117]
On 15 November, 2022 footage appearing to show the IRIS-T system shooting down two cruise missiles circulated. One missile appeared to be a Kalibr cruise missile. [118] [119]
During the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive, a TRML-4D multi-functional radar from the IRIS-T SLM air defence system was reportedly damaged by a Russian ZALA Lancet drone, with the extent of damage unclear. [120] [121] According to Ukraine, the system remained functional. [122]
As of October 2023 Germany had transferred to Ukraine three IRIS-T air defence systems. [123]
On 23 November 2023, the German Federal Ministry of Defence announced that an additional four IRIS-T SLM medium-range air defence systems would be supplied to Ukraine as part of a military aid package worth more than €1.3 billion (US$1.4 billion). The systems will be supplied from 2025. . [124]
By June 2024, Helmut Rauch, the CEO of Diehl Defence claimed that 240 kills were achieved by the IRIS-T SLM and SLS in Ukraine with an almost 100% success rate. [43] [125]
During an undated engagement a fire unit commander reported an IRIS-T destroying 8 cruise missiles with 8 interceptors within 30 seconds, while protecting critical infrastructure: "We destroyed all targets within 30 seconds. The Russian cruise missiles entered the engagement zone literally one after another, and we immediately locked onto them as targets and fired upon them. For each target, we used one of our guided anti-aircraft missiles. We operated with 100 percent accuracy. The IRIS-T system can simultaneously engage many targets. And this allows successfully repelling massive enemy missile strikes," Having previously operated the Buk-M1 he said that the IRIS-T “exceeded all our expectations.” [126]