Idiosepiidae | |
---|---|
Idiosepius pygmaeus | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Mollusca |
Class: | Cephalopoda |
Superorder: | Decapodiformes |
Order: | Idiosepida |
Superfamily: | Idiosepioidea Appellöf, 1898 |
Family: | Idiosepiidae Appellöf, 1898 [1] |
Idiosepiidae, also known as the pygmy squids, is a family of squids in the superorder Decapodiformes. [2] [3] They are the smallest known squids. [3]
It is the only family in the monotypic order Idiosepida [4] and the monotypic superfamily Idiosepioidea. [5] Phylogenomic analyses have shown that species in the family Idiosepiidae are sister to all other Decapodiformes. [6]
Idiosepiidae are the smallest known squids: males can grow to about 15 mm (0.6 in) and females to about 21 mm (0.8 in) in mantle length. The mantle is elongate, obovate to cigar-shaped, with its posterior margin bluntly pointed at the distal tip. Their internal chitinous shell is vestigial, and the dorsal surface of the mantle has a unique oval adhesive organ, which secretes a sticky substance and is used to attach itself to seaweed or seagrass blades. [7] The head is prominent while the arms are short. In males, both ventral arms are differentiated, but they are also different from each other. [3] Females are generally larger and achieve sexual maturity later than males. [8]
Idiosepiidae have an Indo-west Pacific distribution, from South Africa in the west to Japan and Russia in the east. [3] They appear to be short-lived and have multiple generations per year. In temperate climates their population declines at the end of the warm season [8] . They generally live in shallow water among seagrass and mangroves. They often adhere themselves to substrate, enabling camouflage and concealment during the day. They are solitary. Mating is promiscuous with multiple matings. Young individuals are planktonic. They appear to be sit-and-wait predators. [3] They feed mainly on small crustaceans like Latreutes acicularis. [8]
The following genera are recognised in the family Idiosepiidae: [2]
Pholidoteuthis is a genus of squid in the monotypic family Pholidoteuthidae, comprising at least two species. The defunct genus Tetronychoteuthis was previously incorporated into Pholidoteuthidae based upon a singular taxon known as Tetronychoteuthis massyae. Following the discovery of Pholidoteuthis boschmai in 1950, T. massaye was placed into Pholidoteuthis, with Tetronoychoteuthis considered a nomen dubium. P. boschmai is now considered a junior synonym of P. massyae.
Parateuthis tunicata, the only known member of the genus Parateuthis, is the scientific name currently given to a species of squid based on a single specimen. The validity of Parateuthis and of P. tunicata is uncertain. The sole specimen was found in the Antarctic Ocean, and is held in the repository at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Germany.
Dentaliida is one of the two orders of scaphopod mollusks, commonly known as elephant's tusk shells. The order Dentaliida contains most of the larger scaphopods, and is distinguished from the other order by the shape of its shell, the shape of the foot, and the arrangement of some of their internal organs.
Xipholeptos is a genus of squid in the family Idiosepiidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species Xipholeptos notoides, commonly known as the southern pygmy squid. The species was originally classified as Idiosepius notoides. The southern pygmy squid is native to the southwestern Pacific Ocean, off southern and eastern Australia. It inhabits shallow, inshore waters. It has been recorded off the coasts of New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria.
Moroteuthopsis is a genus of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. The type species is Moroteuthopsis longimana.
Roblinella is a monotypic genus of small land snails in the family Charopidae. The sole species is Roblinella roblini, also known as Roblin's pinwheel snail. It is endemic to Tasmania.
Filippovia knipovitchi, the smooth hooked squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae and the sole member of the genus Filippovia. It is found in the Antarctic and Atlantic Oceans, and reaches a mantle length of 35 cm.
Onykia loennbergii, the Japanese hooked squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae, named by Swedish zoologist Einar Lönnberg. It occurs in the Western Pacific Ocean, at an estimated depth of 230–1200 m. The mantle length is approximately 300 mm. Each tentacular club contains 25 hooks. The arms are about 60% of the size of the mantle length.
Onykia robsoni, the rugose hooked squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. It occurs in the Antarctic Ocean, at an estimated depth of 250–550 meters. The mantle of this species grows to a length of 75 cm. The species has been suggested as a junior synonym of Onykia carriboea, the tropical clubhook squid, due to similarities between the species.
Pyroteuthis is a genus of squid in the family Pyroteuthidae. It is differentiated from the genus Pterygioteuthis by size, head shape and behaviour. Species within the genus are separated by the arrangement of tentacular photophores; the shape of the hectocotylus, and the shape of the hectocotylus hooks. With the exception of the Tropical Eastern Pacific, the genus is circumpolar in tropical and temperate oceans. The species P. addolux is the only member to occur in the North Pacific.
Pterygioteuthis is a genus of squid in the family Pyroteuthidae. Members are differentiated from the genus Pyroteuthis due to size and head shape. The genus is characterised by the presence of a lidded photophore over each eye.
Pterygioteuthis gemmata is a species of squid in the family Pyroteuthidae.
Todarodinae is a squid subfamily in the family Ommastrephidae.
Argonautoidea is a superfamily of the suborder Incirrata containing all known argonautoids.
After excluding groups not related, the informal group Sigmurethra has become the suborder Helicina, with the following infraorders and a collection of families with no superfamily:
Amphissa columbiana, known as the wrinkled dove snail, wrinkled amphissa, or Columbian amphissa, is a species of sea snail native to the western coast of North America, from California to Alaska.
Vema levinae is a species of monoplacophoran, a superficially limpet-like marine mollusc.
Adenopilina adenensis is a species of monoplacophoran, a superficially limpet-like marine mollusc. It is known from only one specimen collected from a depth of 3000–4000 metres in the Alula-Fartak Trench of the Gulf of Aden, off the coast of Yemen.
Amonovula is a monotypic genus of marine gastropod molluscs in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries
Calliodentalium is a genus of scaphopodan molluscs. It is monotypic within the family Calliodentaliidae. It is known from the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.