Intersex Society of North America

Last updated
Intersex Society of North America
AbbreviationISNA
Formation1993
Dissolved2008
TypeNGO
Purpose Intersex human rights
Region served
United States and Canada
Website isna.org

The Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) was a non-profit advocacy group founded in 1993 by Cheryl Chase to end shame, secrecy, and unnecessary genital surgeries on intersex people. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Other notable members included Morgan Holmes, Max Beck, Howard (Tiger) Devore, Esther Morris Leidolf and Alice Dreger. The organization closed in June 2008, [6] and has been succeeded by a number of health, civil and human rights organizations including interACT. [7]

Contents

Advocacy

Physical integrity and bodily autonomy

The Phall-O-Meter satirizes clinical assessments of appropriate clitoris and penis length at birth. It is based on research published by Suzanne Kessler Phall-O-meter', Intersex Society of North Wellcome L0031936.jpg
The Phall-O-Meter satirizes clinical assessments of appropriate clitoris and penis length at birth. It is based on research published by Suzanne Kessler

ISNA stated that newborn intersex genitals should not be operated on, unless they need to be in order to maintain the child's physical health. It was (and to some extent still is) a common belief that a child's genitals needed to conform to average genitals of a male or female, so in the first 24 hours after birth, doctors could perform "extensive reconstructive surgery in order to avoid damage to the child's mental health" [8] (56). On the other hand, the ISNA claimed there is "no evidence that children who grow up with intersex genitals are worse off psychologically than those who are altered" [9] and that there is "no evidence that early surgery relieves parental distress". [6] They believed it to be inhumane to choose someone's genitals for them. This being said, the ISNA did not condemn surgery in general, and believed that intersex people should be allowed to opt for genital reconstruction, if they want to, when they can fully consent to the operations themselves. [10]

Alice Dreger has described how the work of clinical psychologist and surgeries survivor Tiger Devore was integral to the work of ISNA:

Devore contributed to ISNA and to the intersex rights movement the outline of what a reformed clinical system would look like: Intersex children would be given preliminary gender assignments as boys and girls (recognizing that all gender assignment is preliminary and does not require surgery); hormonal and surgical interventions would be limited to those that were needed to treat clear and present medical problems, with all elective interventions waiting until patients could consent for themselves; intersex children and adults (and their loved ones) would be provided professional, non-shaming psychosocial support and peer support. [11]

The ISNA advocated a move from a "Concealment-Centered Model" to a Patient-Centered Model. This push was to move away from a model that teaches both that "intersex is a rare anatomical abnormality" and that there needs to be immediate surgery to normalize the child's abnormal genitals, and moved toward the idea that "intersex is a relatively common anatomical variation from the 'standard' male and female types". The attempt is to treat intersex as something that is natural, as to not ostracize the intersex community, and to allow intersex people to be treated with the same ethical principles that doctors show to any other patient. [10]

The Patient-Centered Model believes that "psychological distress is a legitimate concern and should be addressed by properly trained professionals". This means that both intersex people and family members who feel burdened in any way should seek both the help of counselors trained in sex and gender issues and the support from a community of peers experiencing the same situation. This allows a network of support to help everyone through any trying times that might arise. The model also states that "care should be more focused on addressing stigma, not solely gender assignment and genital appearance." [6] The Model attempts a more caring approach toward people with intersex characteristics. [10]

Released in August 2006, the Consensus Statement on Management of Intersex Disorders was a document published in Pediatrics that mapped out a new standard of care for intersex people. [12] According to the ISNA, it made three ground-breaking changes that advocated a Patient-Centered Model, a cautious approach to surgery, and an attempt to get rid of misleading language, all of which were backed by the ISNA. However, the statement still permits surgeries, and both clinicians [13] and civil society organizations [14] question implementation. Intersex scholars such as Georgiann Davis [15] and Morgan Holmes [16] state that, instead, the statement retrenched medical authority over infants and children with intersex conditions.

First North American demonstration by intersex people

Members of ISNA held the first ever North American demonstration about intersex issues: a 1996 demonstration by Morgan Holmes, Max Beck and others as Hermaphrodites with Attitude outside the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics in Boston. [17] Georgiann Davis describes how, when the intersex movement began, "medical professional refused to engage intersex activists", and how rapidly the movement's strategy developed. "By the year 2000, Chase was delivering a plenary address to the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, a group she was once protesting against... It marked the first time an activist's perspective was solicited by organizers of a major medical conference." [18]

The 1996 demonstration is now commemorated internationally as Intersex Awareness Day. [19]

Identification documents

ISNA, like the 2013 International Intersex Forum believed that "newborns with intersex should be given a gender assignment as boy or girl". [20] Their reasoning is that they think it would be impossible to know where male ends and intersex begins or where female ends and intersex begins. They want to "make the world a safe place for intersex kids", and they believe that marking them as a third gender would exile them. [10]

Publications

ISNA published the journal Hermaphrodites with Attitude , edited by Cheryl Chase, between 1994 and 2005. [21] The first issue appeared in Winter 1994, containing six pages of articles, analysis and case studies, including articles by people with lived experience, activists, doctors and academics. It was distributed to subscribers in five countries and 14 States of the United States. [22]

Language

In a significant shift from publishing a regular journal titled Hermaphrodites with Attitude and demonstrating using the same name, the last stated goal of the organization was to eradicate what the organization deemed as "misleading language". [6] The ISNA claimed that nomenclature based on hermaphroditism was stigmatizing [23] to intersex individuals, as well as potentially panic-inducing to parents of intersex children. The suggested solution put forth by the ISNA was to restructure the system of intersex taxonomy and nomenclature to not include the words 'hermaphrodite', 'hermaphroditism', 'sex reversal', or other similar terms. [24] This "standard division of many intersex types into true hermaphroditism, male pseudohermaphroditism, and female pseudohermaphroditism" [25] is described by the ISNA and its advocates as confusing and clinically problematic. [24]

The ISNA attempted to dispel what it sees as "harmful language" by providing information on intersex definitions and prevalence. The Intersex Society of North America stated that the term hermaphrodite is a "mythological term" and a "physiologic impossibility"; true hermaphrodites cannot exist. [23]

While some intersex people seek to reclaim the word "hermaphrodite" with pride to reference themselves (much like the words "dyke" and "queer" have been reclaimed by LBGT people), the ISNA suggested that be avoided. They believed that it will not help the cause of intersex rights and could in fact be counter productive as people would not understand that word is being used as an attempt to empower intersex people, not classify them. [23]

International work

ISNA made various efforts to spread intersex activism, [26] and were a resource for a 1999 Colombian court case decision on surgical guidelines for intersex children. [27]

Closure and succession

By 2008, even though ISNA felt that they were able to come to a "consensus on improvements to [medical] care" for people born intersex with a large amount of the medical community, they ran into many problems in implementing these ideas. There was a "concern among many healthcare professionals, parents, and mainstream healthcare system funders that ISNA's views are biased", and many of these people feared that they would be shunned by colleagues if it was found out they were associated with the ISNA. The ISNA gave a statement saying that "at present, the new standard of care exists as little more than ideals on paper, thus falling short of its aim[s]" to fulfill its goals. [28] The ISNA decided its best course of action was to "support a new organization with a mission to promote integrated, comprehensive approaches to care that enhance the overall health and well-being of persons [who are intersex] and their families."

The ISNA website identifies interACT as a successor, and the organization charged with preserving the site as a "historical archive". [7] The Accord Alliance, which opened in April 2008, was also a successor to ISNA. [6]

Writing in Sociology of Diagnosis, Georgiann Davis describes Organisation Intersex International (OII) and ISNA as "activist organisations". [18] OII continues today with affiliates in many countries. Other intersex and DSD activist and advocacy organisations also continue their work around the world. interACT, Organisation Intersex International, and many other organizations participate in the International Intersex Forum.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex medical interventions</span> Performed to modify atypical or ambiguous genitalia

Intersex medical interventions, also known as intersex genital mutilations (IGM), are surgical, hormonal and other medical interventions performed to modify atypical or ambiguous genitalia and other sex characteristics, primarily for the purposes of making a person's appearance more typical and to reduce the likelihood of future problems. The history of intersex surgery has been characterized by controversy due to reports that surgery can compromise sexual function and sensation, and create lifelong health issues. Timing, evidence, necessity and indications for surgeries in infancy, adolescence or adult age have been controversial, associated with issues of consent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of intersex surgery</span> Aspect of history

The history of intersex surgery is intertwined with the development of the specialities of pediatric surgery, pediatric urology, and pediatric endocrinology, with our increasingly refined understanding of sexual differentiation, with the development of political advocacy groups united by a human qualified analysis, and in the last decade by doubts as to efficacy, and controversy over when and even whether some procedures should be performed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cheryl Chase (activist)</span> American activist

Bo Laurent, better known by her pseudonym Cheryl Chase, is an American intersex activist and the founder of the Intersex Society of North America. She began using the names Bo Laurent and Cheryl Chase simultaneously in the 1990s and changed her name legally from Bonnie Sullivan to Bo Laurent in 1995.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">True hermaphroditism</span> Intersex condition including both ovarian and testicular tissue

True hermaphroditism, sometimes referred to as ovotesticular syndrome, is an outdated term for an intersex condition in which an individual is born with both ovarian and testicular tissue. Commonly, one or both gonads is an ovotestis containing both types of tissue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disorders of sex development</span> Medical conditions involving the development of the reproductive system

Disorders of sex development (DSDs), also known as differences in sex development, diverse sex development and variations in sex characteristics (VSC), are congenital conditions affecting the reproductive system, in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex</span> Atypical congenital variations of sex characteristics

Intersex people are individuals born with any of several sex characteristics including chromosome patterns, gonads, or genitals that, according to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies".

Hermaphrodites with Attitude was a newsletter edited by Cheryl Chase and published by the Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) between 1994 and 2005. The full archives are available online. In 2008, ISNA transferred its remaining funds, assets, and copyrights to Accord Alliance and then closed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hida Viloria</span> American activist (born 1968)

Hida Viloria is a Latine American writer, author, producer, and human rights activist. Viloria is intersex, nonbinary, and gender nonconforming, using they/them pronouns. They are known for their writing, their intersex and non-binary human rights activism, and as one of the first people to come out in national and international media as a nonbinary intersex person. Viloria is Founding Director of the Intersex Campaign for Equality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Intersex Forum</span>

The International Intersex Forum is an annual event organised, then later supported, by the ILGA and ILGA-Europe that and organisations from multiple regions of the world, and it is believed to be the first and only such intersex event.

Tiger Devore, previously known as Howard Devore and Tiger Howard Devore, is an American clinical psychologist, sex therapist, and spokesperson on intersex issues. He was a member of the defunct Intersex Society of North America. Historian Alice Dreger credits him with starting the work of the intersex movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Literature about intersex</span>

Intersex, in humans and other animals, describes variations in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies".

The Phall-O-meter is a satirical measure that critiques medical standards for normal male and female phalluses. The tool was developed by Kiira Triea based on a concept by Suzanne Kessler and is used to demonstrate concerns with the medical treatment of intersex bodies.

Max Beck was an American intersex advocate, who was active in the now-defunct Intersex Society of North America (ISNA). On October 26, 1996 in Boston, Beck participated in the first known public demonstration against human rights violations on intersex people. The event is now annually commemorated and recognized as Intersex Awareness Day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex and LGBT</span> Relationship between different sex and gender minorities

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics that "do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies". They are substantially more likely to identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) than the non-intersex population, with an estimated 52% identifying as non-heterosexual and 8.5% to 20% experiencing gender dysphoria. Although many intersex people are heterosexual and cisgender, this overlap and "shared experiences of harm arising from dominant societal sex and gender norms" has led to intersex people often being included under the LGBT umbrella, with the acronym sometimes expanded to LGBTI. Some intersex activists and organisations have criticised this inclusion as distracting from intersex-specific issues such as involuntary medical interventions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of intersex history</span> Overview of notable events in the timeline of intersex history

The following is a timeline of intersex history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex rights in the United States</span> Overview of intersex peoples rights in the United States of America

Intersex people in the United States have some of the same rights as other people, but with significant gaps, particularly in protection from non-consensual cosmetic medical interventions and violence, and protection from discrimination. Actions by intersex civil society organizations aim to eliminate harmful practices, promote social acceptance, and equality. In recent years, intersex activists have also secured some forms of legal recognition. Since April 11, 2022 US Passports give the sex/gender options of male, female and X by self determination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetic diagnosis of intersex</span>

Intersex people are born with natural variations in physical and sex characteristics including those of the chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies". Such variations may involve genital ambiguity, and combinations of chromosomal genotype and sexual phenotype other than XY-male and XX-female. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis allows the elimination of embryos and fetuses with intersex traits and thus has an impact on discrimination against intersex people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex people and military service</span> Minority in military service

Military service of intersex people varies greatly by country. Some armed forces such as the Australian fully embrace intersex people in modern-day while others have vague rules or policies or treat the subject on a case by case basis, such as the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States partial military ban on intersex people</span> United States military ban on some intersex people

The (DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m is the writing which bars persons with "true hermaphroditism", "pseudohermaphroditism" and "pure gonadal dysgenesis" from serving in the United States Armed Forces. The three are all intersex conditions and are as of now considered to be medically incompatible with military service in the United States. "DoDI" stands for "Department of Defense Instruction," the 6130.03 instruction concerns "Medical Standards for Appointment, Enlistment, or Induction in the Military Services" in the Armed Forces of the United States. Section 5 focuses on disqualifying conditions of the male and female reproductive system, on the female page the subheader 13 and paragraph f name true hermaphroditism, pseudohermaphroditism and pure gonadal dysgenesis specifically, and on the male page the subheader 14 and paragraph m also name exactly true hermaphroditism, pseudohermaphroditism and pure gonadal dysgenesis, respectively. There is no differentiation made between males and females with these conditions. Many doctors, medical professionals and intersex advocates find the terms hermaphroditism to be outdated and stigmatized, therefore it and its derivative words are seldom used in the 2000s, with the word hermaphrodite itself being considered a slur when used against a human.

References

  1. ↑ Re-membering a Queer Body Archived 2013-05-11 at the Wayback Machine , AISSG, syndicated copy of article from Undercurrents (May 1994: 11–13) by the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Ontario.
  2. ↑ Re-membering a Queer Body Archived 2013-12-30 at the Wayback Machine , UnderCurrents (May 1994: 11–13), Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Ontario.
  3. ↑ Matthews, Karen (Oct 22, 2000). Debate Grows Over Using Surgery on Infants with Ambiguous Genitals. Los Angeles Times
  4. ↑ Murrell, Nancy (October 28, 1998). Intersex group raises questions about genital surgery. Miami Herald
  5. ↑ Hackford-Peer, Kim (2005). Cheryl Chase Founds the Intersex Society of North America. in GLBT History, 1993–2004; 2005, p28-30, 2p
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Staff report (June 28, 2008). Farewell message. Archived 2008-08-03 at the Wayback Machine via ISNA.org
  7. 1 2 "Intersex Society of North America".
  8. ↑ "Fausto-Sterling, Anne "Of Gender and Genitals" from Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality New York, NY: Basic Books, 2000, [Chapter 3, pp. 44–77]" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  9. ↑ "What's wrong with the way intersex has traditionally been treated?". Intersex Society of North America. 2004-01-22. Archived from the original on 2014-06-26. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Dreger, Alice. "Shifting the Paradigm of Intersex Treatment". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2014-06-26. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  11. ↑ Dreger, Alice (May 2018). "Twenty Years of Working toward Intersex Rights". Bioethics in Action. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–73. doi:10.1017/9781316343197.004. ISBN   978-1-316-34319-7.
  12. ↑ Lee, P. A.; Houk, C. P.; Ahmed, S. F.; Hughes, I. A. (August 2006). "Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. International Consensus Conference on Intersex". Pediatrics. 118 (2): e488–500. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0738. PMC   2082839 . PMID   16882788.
  13. ↑ Creighton, Sarah M.; Michala, Lina; Mushtaq, Imran; Yaron, Michal (January 2, 2014). "Childhood surgery for ambiguous genitalia: glimpses of practice changes or more of the same?" (PDF). Psychology and Sexuality. 5 (1): 34–43. doi: 10.1080/19419899.2013.831214 . ISSN   1941-9899. S2CID   89605693. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
  14. ↑ interACT (June 2016). "Recommendations from interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth regarding the List of Issues for the United States for the 59th Session of the Committee Against Torture" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
  15. ↑ Davis, Georgiann (2011). McGann, PJ; Hutson, David J. (eds.). "DSD is a Perfectly Fine Term": Reasserting Medical Authority through a Shift in Intersex Terminology". Sociology of Diagnosis (Advances in Medical Sociology). Advances in Medical Sociology. 12: 155–182. doi:10.1108/S1057-6290(2011)0000012012. ISBN   978-0-85724-575-5. Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  16. ↑ Holmes, Morgan (2011). "The Intersex Enchiridion: Naming and Knowledge in the Clinic". Somatechnics. 1 (2): 87–114. doi:10.3366/soma.2011.0026.
  17. ↑ Beck, Max. "Hermaphrodites with Attitude Take to the Streets". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2015-10-05.
  18. 1 2 ""DSD is a Perfectly Fine Term": Reasserting Medical Authority through a Shift in Intersex Terminology". Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  19. ↑ "The 14 days of intersex". Star Observer. 2011-10-25. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  20. ↑ "What does ISNA recommend for children with intersex?". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2014-06-25. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  21. ↑ "Hermaphrodites with Attitude". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  22. ↑ "Hermaphrodites with Attitude" (PDF). Hermaphrodites with Attitude. 1 (1). 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-09-10. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  23. 1 2 3 "Is a person who is intersex a hermaphrodite?". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  24. 1 2 "Getting Rid of "Hermaphroditism" Once and For All". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  25. ↑ Dreger AD, Chase C, Sousa A, Gruppuso PA, Frader J (August 2005). "Changing the nomenclature/taxonomy for intersex: a scientific and clinical rationale". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 18 (8): 729–33. doi:10.1515/jpem.2005.18.8.729. PMID   16200837. S2CID   39459050.
  26. ↑ "Intersex Society of North America (ISNA)". Gay Alliance. Archived from the original on 2015-03-10. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  27. ↑ "Case 1 Part I (Sentencia SU-337/99)". Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
  28. ↑ "Dear ISNA Friends and Supporters". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2014-06-25. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
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