Intersex people in the United States military

Last updated

The regulations regarding the service of intersex people in the United States Armed Forces are vague and inconsistent due to the wide range of human intersex conditions. The United States Armed Forces as a whole does not officially ban intersex people from service but does exclude many based on the form of their status. Policies regarding all intersex people are not addressed formally although depending on the type of sex variation some intersex people are allowed to serve. [1] [2] The United States military and their requirements for service makes it so they are frequently in a unique predicament when it comes to intersex bodies. With their position of needing to discern between male and female bodies, they are exposed to a broad variety of people, such as those who are intersex whose bodies may not match either classification and are more difficult to make decisions on. This ambiguity leads to confusion regarding military medical, behavioral, and legal laws. [3]

Contents

History

When the skeleton of Casimir Pulaski, a famed American Revolutionary War general, was exhumed and studied, several female features were found which led to speculation that Pulaski was likely intersex. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Physically, Pulaski had facial hair and — despite his female sexual organs and the question of whether or not Pulaski was biologically a female or intersex — it is undeniable that his gender identity was presented as male. In a 2020 response piece by David Albert Jones, the author uses the case of Pulaski to argue that someone's initial anatomy does not impact their expression and experience of the cultural aspects of identifying as a different gender. [11] Jones argues that this has historically impacted and continues to impact the social implications of transitioning, as well as where and in what situations, such as the United States military, that intersex people fit into. [11]

In November 1861, during the Civil War, a person named Ellen Burnham, was arrested by Union Army detectives, was subjected to a medical procedure, but announced as a man to the surprised of Burnham's interrogators. Burham later changed the first name to Edgar, and has been described as "the first person" in U.S. history "to be lawfully married as both an adult male and female". [12]

A 2007 report commissioned by the Michael D. Palm Center stated that the U.S. military saw intersex and transgender individuals as "medically and psychologically deviant", with medical reasons being a disqualifying factor, with the report arguing that transphobia and discrimination against intersex people existed within the U.S. military. [3] In November 2008, the official policy of the U.S. Army and U.S. Marines was that intersex individuals, along with those who were transgender, or had other reported "disorders", had medical or psychological problems, meaning that they were ineligible to serve. In the U.S. Navy and Air Force, individuals were disqualified because of assumed "medical treatments". [13]

In May 2017, scholar Kelly L. Fisher stated that U.S. military policies prevented intersex, and transgender, people from serving openly. [14] In April 2019, U.S. military policy stated that intersex is a rare exception to a "person’s biological status". [15] Previously, in March 2017, a pamphlet from the Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center mentioned intersex individuals. [16]

In a September 2020 study of transgender soldiers in the U.S. military, 0.5% identified as intersex. [17]

Policies and treatment

People born with non-standard genital anatomy or ambiguous genitalia are largely excluded from military service. This practice is believed to have been first introduced in 1961, alongside a ban on transvestites. [18] According to a 2007 report from the Michael D. Palm Center, there is a long list of disqualifying genital differences that are used to bar individuals from service. For example, having one undescended testicle can make a man ineligible for service. [19] Enclosure 4 of "Induction in the Military Services; dated April 10, 2010" instruction, entitled "Medical Standards For Appointment, Enlistment, Or Induction", is the one that identifies the preclusion of some intersex people from serving in the military. [20] [21]

According to The Crimson, the military's policy on genital differences is explicitly discriminatory. [19] Despite the steady increase of other previously excluded members into the military since the repeal of "Don't ask, don't tell", there has not been much change with respect to the status of intersex people. Military medical policies still prevent intersex people from serving uncloseted. [14] However, the military does provide some surgeries for intersex people which they deem 'medically necessary' as opposed to 'cosmetic'. [22] The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) does distinguish between surgeries for transgender individuals and intersex persons. In 2015, this allowed intersex persons to receive medically necessary treatment that was still prohibited for transgender people. [23] [24] This was because of the belief that intersex surgery caused "fewer practical concerns". [25] However, a history of genital surgery prior to service is considered an acceptable reason to discharge a service member. [26] The acceptance of transgender individuals in 2016 by the Armed Forces did not touch on intersex people and they are still subject to specific reviews before enlistment, as noted before. [27] [28] An intersex National Guardsman who had sex reassignment surgery expressed that he was afraid and uncertain of what would become of him after the passing of the bill. [29] The subsequent attempt at banning transgender troops by President Donald Trump in 2017 also did not touch on the state of intersex personnel, and it was unclear if the ban would have any intentional or unintentional effects on them. [30] A case against the attempted ban noted that the VHA had begun health care for transgender and intersex veterans following a June 2011 order. [31]

Intersex activist and Navy veteran Dana Zzyym has expressed that their family's military background made it out of the question for them to be associated with the queer community as a youth due to the prevalence of homophobia in the armed forces. Their parents hid Zzyym's status as intersex from them and Zzyym discovered their identity and the surgeries their parents had approved for them by themselves after their Navy service. [32] Zzyym is the first veteran to be issued a gender-neutral passport. [33] [30]

In March 2017, a study in Transgender Health examined the Department of Veterans Affairs system which affects transgender and intersex veterans, noting "their experiences with healthcare services provided by the VHA", pointing out VHA directives promulgated over the years, including a directive in February 2013, and discrimination that intersex veterans face. The study concluded that more needed to be done to ensure the VA provides transgender and intersex veterans with "adequate healthcare". [34] In June 2019, a Congressional Research Service report stated that the United States Department of Veterans Affairs provides "medically necessary care" to intersex and transgender veterans. [35]

In February 2021, Lavelle Wollam described experience of being denied from the U.S. military because Wollam was intersex. [36] In March 2021, the U.S. Department of Defense stating that U.S. military would be "promoting and protecting the human rights" of intersex and other LGBTQ people. [37]

In a 2022 book about gender, identity, and behavior in the U.S. military, scholars concluded that the status of transgender and intersex people in the U.S. military is unresolved due to "legal, political, and regulatory battles". [38]

Opinions

In 2007, the Palm Center released a report concluding that most of the military's beliefs about intersex people were myths and that neither intersex nor transgender peoples' medical problems posed any barrier to effective service. The study also argued that the rigidity of sexual difference, gender roles, and sexuality are "becoming increasingly less absolute," which could raise questions regarding the admission, retention, training, housing, and other services of intersex individuals in the armed forces. [39]

In 2010, Republican representative Duncan D. Hunter implied that intersex people were always banned from service. [40] [41] However, this claim was contradicted by a veteran who stated that she was allowed to serve openly and be deployed during Desert Storm as an intersex woman. [42] Activist Autumn Sandeen also refuted Hunter's claims in a statement on her blog. [43] In contrast, another response to Hunter was from Choire Sicha of The Awl who stated that "intersex people aren't welcome to serve, but no one's quite sure how and why", but did not elaborate on if they believed this referred to all conditions or just visible ones. [44] Along with trans and non-heterosexual people, Hunter includes intersex people on his list of queer groups which he believes to be unfit for service because he holds the belief that they would disrupt unit cohesion. [40] [41] At the time when speaking about the subject he referred to intersex people by the term "hermaphrodites", which drew criticism from several intersex advocates and allies since it is a medically inaccurate term for a human being and is seen as a slur in the 20th century. His comments were also mocked on the NPR comedy news show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! which joked about his opinion on the subject, claiming that including intersex people would be advantageous to the military, since they could "pursue enemies into both men's and women's restrooms". This joke was poorly received by some, including writers of ShadowProof , who stated that it was both insulting to intersex people and a play on the negative stereotype of trans people as potential bathroom sexual predators, [45] and Queerty . [46]

In May 2018, River Champion in E-International Relations noted the "struggles for autonomy" for intersex individuals within existing "military frameworks" [47]

Veterans

Intersex veterans are entitled to "medically necessary" surgeries. [22] [23] [24] When transgender people were banned from receiving sex reassignment surgery, intersex people were also banned from these surgeries. This meant that someone who was in the military presenting as male in their records could not transition to a female identity with help from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, even if they were always predominantly female in all but writing. [48] Even if those in the Military human resources department are accepting and want to help these individuals, the established limitations would not allow them to give them assistance, whether or not these surgeries are happening as a veteran or even to "a decorated war hero". [3]

This was mended in 2011 by the Department of Veteran Affairs with the creation of the "Directive for Providing Health Care for Transgender and Intersex Veterans". Before this, transgender veterans described their care as at the Veterans Association as "inconsistent, insensitive, and, at times, prejudiced". [49] This included situations such as transgender males being denied mammograms and transgender females being denied prostate exams, a bias that presumably extended to intersex individuals whose genders could not be easily discerned.

By service

United States Air Force

Many U.S. Air Force recruiters think that intersex people should be disqualified from service due to "the expected increased demand for medical treatments" [50] but intersex persons are still allowed to serve in the Civil Air Patrol. [51] [44]

United States Army

In the U.S. Army, the official policy is that individuals who identify as intersex or have other sex-related disorders are medically problematic and/or psychologically disturbed; hence, they are not eligible to serve. [50]

United States Coast Guard

Intersex people are allowed to serve in the Coast Guard Auxiliary. [51] [44] However, they must choose to be represented as either "male" or "female" on their records. [52]

United States Marine Corps

The USMC takes the same stance as the Army, disqualifying both intersex people and transgender people from service. [50]

United States Navy

In 2008, many U.S. Navy recruiters believed that intersex people should be disqualified from service, mainly due to the expectation that they would cause increased demand for medical treatment. [50]

ROTC

The Reserve Officers' Training Corps is obliged to follow the guidelines set by the military [19] and has rejected intersex youth because of this. [53] This, along with their exclusion of transgender people, has led to criticism from and of schools such as Harvard which did not allow the ROTC until "Don't ask, don't tell" was repealed in 2010, but welcomed them afterwards. [54] The critics argue that the return of the ROTC to campus violates the school's non-discrimination clause. [55] [56] [57]

See also

Related Research Articles

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) personnel are able to serve in the armed forces of some countries around the world: the vast majority of industrialized, Western countries including some South American countries, such as Argentina, Brazil and Chile in addition to other countries, such as the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, Mexico, France, Finland, Denmark and Israel. The rights concerning intersex people are more vague.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex</span> Atypical congenital variations of sex characteristics

Intersex people are individuals born with any of several sex characteristics, including chromosome patterns, gonads, or genitals that, according to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies".

Discrimination against non-binary people, people who do not identify exclusively as male or female, may occur in social, legal, or medical contexts.

The Intersex Campaign for Equality (IC4E) is a non-governmental organization that advocates for the human rights of intersex people. It was formerly the US affiliate of Organisation Intersex International.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Films about intersex</span>

Intersex, in humans and other animals, describes variations in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies". Intersex is a part of nature and that is reflected in some representations of intersex in film and other media.

The United States Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has an LGBTQ+ Program through the Office of Patient Care Services. The “+” sign captures identities beyond LGBTQ, including but not limited to questioning, pansexual, asexual, agender, gender diverse, nonbinary, gender-neutral, and other identities. VHA began collecting data on veteran’s sexual orientation and gender identity in 2022 to inform policy and improve clinical care. There are estimated to be more than one million LGBTQ+ Americans who are military veterans. If LGBTQ+ veterans use VHA at the same rate as non-LGBTQ+ veterans, there could be more than 250,000 LGBTQ+ veterans served by VHA. Using diagnostic codes in medical record data, Blosnich and colleagues found that the prevalence of transgender veterans in VHA (22.9/100,000) is five times higher than reported prevalence of transgender-related diagnoses in the general population (4.3/100,000). Brown and Jones identified 5,135 transgender veterans receiving care in VHA using a broader set of diagnostic codes. Brown also notes that this methodology fails to identify transgender veterans who have not disclosed their gender identity to providers, those who don’t meet criteria for a diagnosis, or veterans who get their transition-related care outside of the VHA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transgender people and military service</span>

Not all armed forces have policies explicitly permitting LGBT personnel. Generally speaking, Western European militaries show a greater tendency toward inclusion of LGBT individuals. As of 2022, more than 30 countries allow transgender military personnel to serve openly, such as Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United States. Cuba and Thailand reportedly allowed transgender service in a limited capacity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex human rights</span> Human rights for intersex people

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics, such as chromosomes, gonads, or genitals, that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legal recognition of intersex people</span>

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics, such as chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that, according to the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Discrimination against intersex people</span>

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics, such as chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies". "Because their bodies are seen as different, intersex children and adults are often stigmatized and subjected to multiple human rights violations".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legal recognition of non-binary gender</span>

Multiple countries legally recognize non-binary or third gender classifications. These classifications are typically based on a person's gender identity. In some countries, such classifications may only be available to intersex people, born with sex characteristics that "do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex rights in New Zealand</span> Overview of intersex peoples rights in New Zealand

Intersex rights in New Zealand are protections and rights afforded to intersex people. Protection from discrimination is implied by the Human Rights Act and the Bill of Rights Act, but remains untested. The New Zealand Human Rights Commission states that there has seemingly been a "lack of political will to address issues involved in current practices of genital normalisation on intersex children".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex rights in the United States</span> Overview of intersex peoples rights in the United States of America

Intersex people in the United States have some of the same rights as other people, but with significant gaps, particularly in protection from non-consensual cosmetic medical interventions and violence, and protection from discrimination. Actions by intersex civil society organizations aim to eliminate harmful practices, promote social acceptance, and equality. In recent years, intersex activists have also secured some forms of legal recognition. Since April 11, 2022 US Passports give the sex/gender options of male, female and X by self determination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex rights in Germany</span> Overview of intersex peoples rights in Germany

Intersex people in Germany have legal recognition of their rights to physical integrity and bodily autonomy, with exceptions, but no specific protections from discrimination on the basis of sex characteristics. In response to an inquiry by the German Ethics Council in 2012, the government passed legislation in 2013 designed to classify some intersex infants as a de facto third category. The legislation has been criticized by civil society and human rights organizations as misguided.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex rights in the United Kingdom</span> Overview of intersex peoples rights in the United Kingdom

Intersex people in the United Kingdom face significant gaps in legal protections, particularly in protection from non-consensual medical interventions, and protection from discrimination. Actions by intersex civil society organisations aim to eliminate unnecessary medical interventions and harmful practices, promote social acceptance, and equality in line with Council of Europe and United Nations demands. Intersex civil society organisations campaign for greater social acceptance, understanding of issues of bodily autonomy, and recognition of the human rights of intersex people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military</span> LGBT in the US military

In the past most lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) personnel had major restrictions placed on them in terms of service in the United States military. As of 2010 sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military varies greatly as the United States Armed Forces have become increasingly openly diverse in the regards of LGBTQ people and acceptance towards them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex people and military service</span> Minority in military service

Military service of intersex people varies greatly by country. Some armed forces such as the Australian Defence Force fully embrace intersex people in the modern era, while others such as the United States Armed Forces have vague rules or policies or treat the subject on a case by case basis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dana Zzyym</span> American intersex activist

Dana Alix Zzyym is an intersex activist and veteran of the U.S. Navy. After the culmination of a six-year legal battle, they became the first U.S. citizen to receive an official U.S. passport with an "X" sex/gender marker.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States partial military ban on intersex people</span> United States military ban on some intersex people

The (DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m is the writing which bars persons with "true hermaphroditism", "pseudohermaphroditism" and "pure gonadal dysgenesis" from serving in the United States Armed Forces. The three are all intersex conditions and are as of now considered to be medically incompatible with military service in the United States. "DoDI" stands for "Department of Defense Instruction," the 6130.03 instruction concerns "Medical Standards for Appointment, Enlistment, or Induction in the Military Services" in the Armed Forces of the United States. Section 5 focuses on disqualifying conditions of the male and female reproductive system, on the female page the subheader 13 and paragraph f name true hermaphroditism, pseudohermaphroditism and pure gonadal dysgenesis specifically, and on the male page the subheader 14 and paragraph m also name exactly true hermaphroditism, pseudohermaphroditism and pure gonadal dysgenesis, respectively. There is no differentiation made between males and females with these conditions. Many doctors, medical professionals and intersex advocates find the terms hermaphroditism to be outdated and stigmatized, therefore it and its derivative words are seldom used in the 2000s, with the word hermaphrodite itself being considered a slur when used against a human.

References

  1. ↑ Cohen, Rachel S. (May 13, 2021). "Leading Advocacy Group for Gay Rights in the US Military Shutting Down". Air Force Times . Archived from the original on August 30, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
  2. ↑ Kime, Patricia (September 26, 2022). "Leading Advocacy Group for Gay Rights in the US Military Shutting Down". Military.com . Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 Witten, Tarynn (2007). Gender identity and the military : transgender, transsexual, and intersex-identified individuals in the U.S. Armed Forces (PDF). Michael D. Palm Center. OCLC   174132779. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 21, 2016.
  4. ↑ Pinkowski, Jack (April 18, 2008). "The Pulaski Mystery". Poles.org. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
  5. ↑ Virginia Hutton Estabrook, Melissa A Powell (November 18, 2016). "The Female Pelvis of Casimir Pulaski: Misidentified Skeleton or Intersex War Hero?". American Anthropological Association. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  6. ↑ Landers, Mary (March 3, 2016). "A tale of two Pulaskis: Savannah to celebrate historic general's birthday". Savannah Morning News . Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  7. ↑ Roseberry, J.R. (October 3, 2017). "Pondering Pulaski". Connect Savannah. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  8. ↑ Bynum, Russ (June 22, 2005). "DNA from Pulaski monument inconclusive". StarNews Online. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  9. ↑ Samoray, Jeff (2018). "Buried Secrets: Eastern anthropology expert Megan Moore puts historical questions to rest". Eastern News. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  10. ↑ Reis, Elizabeth (September 2005). "Impossible Hermaphrodites: Intersex in America, 1620–1960" (PDF). The Journal of American History . 92 (2): 411–441. doi:10.2307/3659273. JSTOR   3659273. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  11. 1 2 Jones, David Albert (July 2020). "Gender Identity, Analogy and Virtue: A Response Newton and Watt". New Blackfriars. 101 (1094): 478–489. doi:10.1111/nbfr.12548. ISSN   0028-4289. S2CID   213755518.
  12. ↑ White, Jonathan W. (September 2016). "A Civil War Hermaphrodite" . Civil War History . 62 (3): 321–328. doi:10.1089/trgh.2019.0044. PMC   7906232 . PMID   33644309.
  13. ↑ Marom, Taj (November 2008). "Intersex Patients in Military Service" . Military Medicine. 173 (11): 1134. doi:10.7205/MILMED.173.11.1132. PMID   19055190.
  14. 1 2 Fisher, Kelly L. (2017). "Military expatriates". In McNulty, Yvonne; Selmer, Jan (eds.). Research Handbook of Expatriates. Nebraska: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 309. ISBN   9781496230850.
  15. ↑ Military Transgender Service (PDF) (Report). U.S. Coast Guard. April 12, 2019. p. 6-1. COMDTINST M1000.13A. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 26, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  16. ↑ "Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity" (PDF). Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center. U.S. Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2018.
  17. ↑ Schvey, Natasha A.; Klein, David A.; Pearlman, Arielle T.; Riggs, David S. (September 2020). "A Descriptive Study of Transgender Active Duty Service Members in the U.S. Military". Transgender Health. 5 (3): 478–489. doi:10.1089/trgh.2019.0044. PMC   7906232 . PMID   33644309.
  18. ↑ Belkin, Aaron (June 28, 2016). "Here Today, Gone Tomorrow: Why The US Military's Transgender Ban Unraveled So Quickly" (PDF). Michael D. Palm Center . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2022.
  19. 1 2 3 Bakkila, Samuel; Hui Lee, Jia (January 28, 2011). "Continued Discrimination in ROTC". The Harvard Crimson . Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  20. ↑ Sandeen, Autumn (May 5, 2021). "A Reminder About Those In LGBT Community Who Won't Be Able To Serve When DADT Repeal Is Implemented". Shadowproof. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  21. ↑ "DOD INSTRUCTION 6130.03 MEDICAL STANDARDS FOR APPOINTMENT, ENLISTMENT, OR INDUCTION INTO THE MILITARY SERVICES" (PDF). May 6, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  22. 1 2 Life Course Perspectives on Military Service; 117
  23. 1 2 Evan, Young (December 5, 2015). "Does VA distinguish between transsexual gender-confirmation surgery and intersex surgery?". Transgender American Veterans Association. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  24. 1 2 Steve, Williams (June 13, 2011). "VHA Issues New Directive on Trans and Intersex Veteran Health Care". Care2 . Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  25. ↑ Report of the Task Force on Military Engagement (PDF) (Report). New York, New York: Columbia University Task Force on Military Engagement. March 4, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  26. ↑ "Transgender persons and transsexuals in the military Part 1". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. September 22, 2012. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  27. ↑ Taylor, Tavis J.; Bell, Shaquita (March 2017). "Evolving two spirit awareness and roles in native and non native communities" (PDF). Canadian Pediatric Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  28. ↑ Inclusion in the American Military: A Force for Diversity; 163
  29. ↑ Stephens, Jen (April 19, 2020). "LGBTQ Concerns in the 2020 Election". Options Magazine. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  30. 1 2 Dolgan, Janet (2017). "Discriminating Gender: Legal, Medical, and Social Presumptions About Transgender and Intersex People" (PDF). Southwestern Law Review. 47 (61): 61–117. doi:10.1089/trgh.2016.0040. PMC   5436371 . PMID   28861546. Zzyym case is on pages 84-89
  31. ↑ Jane Doe 2, et al. v. Donald J. Trump, 18USCA5257 , 40.2( United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit September 21, 2018).
  32. ↑ "Lambda Legal Client Dana Zzyym Receives First 'X' U.S. Passport" (Press release). New York City: Lambda Legal. October 24, 2021. Archived from the original on January 3, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  33. ↑ Goldberg, Barbara (September 20, 2018). "U.S. Court rules for Colorado 'intersex' veteran denied passport". Reuters . Archived from the original on January 3, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  34. ↑ Dietert, Michelle; Dentice, Dianne; Keig, Zander (March 1, 2017). "Addressing the Needs of Transgender Military Veterans: Better Access and More Comprehensive Care". Transgender Health. 2 (1): 35–44. doi:10.1089/trgh.2016.0040. PMC   5436371 . PMID   28861546.
  35. ↑ Kamarck, Kristy N. (June 5, 2019). Diversity, Inclusion, and Equal Opportunity in the Armed Services: Background and Issues for Congress (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 54. R44321. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  36. ↑ Wollam, Lavelle (February 1, 2021). "Transgender Military Ban Or Not, Intersex People Like Me Still Can't Serve". InterAct. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  37. ↑ Promoting and Protecting the Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Intersex Persons Around the World (PDF) (Report). U.S. Department of Defense. March 12, 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 1, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  38. ↑ Bailey, Beth; Doan, Alesha E.; Portillo, Shannon; Vuic, Kara Dixon (2022). Managing Sex in the U. S. Military: Gender, Identity, and Behavior. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. p. 231. ISBN   9781496230850.
  39. ↑ "Palm Center Releases Study on Gender Identity in U.S. Military" (Press release). May 31, 2007. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
  40. 1 2 Polacek, Summer (February 10, 2010). "Gender, Sexuality and Joining the Military". Voice of San Diego. Archived from the original on November 6, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  41. 1 2 Smith, Ben (February 3, 2010). "The great hermaphrodites-in-the-military debate". POLITICO . Archived from the original on November 6, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  42. ↑ "Attn: Rep Hunter, Intersex People CAN Serve in the Military". Feministing. February 7, 2010. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  43. ↑ Finkelstein, Matt (February 3, 2010). "Rep. Hunter Warns Against Opening The Military To "Transgenders" And "Hermaphrodites"". Political Correction. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  44. 1 2 3 Sicha, Choire (February 3, 2010). "DADT: And Then They Came For The Hermaphrodites". The Awl. Archived from the original on November 6, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  45. ↑ Sandeen, Autumn (February 8, 2010). "Wait, Wait, Please Do Tell Us, NPR, What Is So Funny About Intersexed People?". Shadowproof. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  46. ↑ Villarreal, Daniel (February 9, 2010). "Trans Soldiers Are a Terrorist Bathroom Joke to NPR. But What About Real-Life T-roops?". Queerty . Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  47. ↑ Champion, River (May 14, 2018). "Do Gender Minorities Belong in the Military?". E-International Relations . Archived from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  48. ↑ Abrahams, Tom (December 3, 2014). "Veteran born with male and female anatomy wants VA to pay for surgery". ABC13 Houston . Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  49. ↑ Yerke, Adam F.; Mitchell, Valory (February 2013). "Transgender People in the Military: Don't Ask? Don't Tell? Don't Enlist!". Journal of Homosexuality. 60 (2–3): 436–457. doi:10.1080/00918369.2013.744933. ISSN   0091-8369. PMID   23414281. S2CID   20898020.
  50. 1 2 3 4 Marom, Tal; Itskoviz, David; Ostfeld, Ishay (November 2008). "Intersex patients in military service". Military Medicine. 173 (11): 1132–1135. doi:10.7205/MILMED.173.11.1132. ISSN   0026-4075. PMID   19055190.
  51. 1 2 2014; Operative Pediatric Surgery - Page 901
  52. ↑ Tsoulis-Reay, Alexa (September 15, 2015). "What It's Like to Be an Intersex Nudist". The Cut . Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  53. ↑ "A human rights investigation into the medical "normalization" of intersex people" (PDF). Human Rights Campaign . April 28, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 6, 2022.
  54. ↑ Balasubramanian, Janani (February 3, 2011). "LETTER: ROTC Discriminates Against Transgender People". The Harvard Crimson . Archived from the original on September 7, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  55. ↑ "SSQL'S ROTC Argument". Stanford Students for Queer Liberation. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  56. ↑ McCarthy, Timothy Patrick (September 26, 2012). "After DADT Repeal: Choosing Our Battles". The Nation . ISSN   0027-8378. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  57. ↑ "Moving Forward with the Military". The Harvard Crimson . March 8, 2011. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.