Iraq–Pakistan relations

Last updated

Iraq–Pakistan relations
Iraq Pakistan Locator.png
Flag of Pakistan.svg
Pakistan 		Flag of Iraq.svg
Iraq

Iraq and Pakistan established diplomatic relations in 1947. Cultural interaction and economic trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley date back to 1800 BCE. [1] In 1955, both Iraq and Pakistan joined the Baghdad Pact, a military alliance against the Soviet Union. [2] However, when the king of Iraq was assassinated in 1958, Iraq pulled out of the Baghdad Pact, which was subsequently renamed to the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). During the Ba'athist era, relations were at times cordial and sometimes hostile. However, following the 2003 invasion of Iraq that toppled the Ba'athist government, bilateral relations have stabilized; Pakistan has supported Iraq in its fight against the Islamic State and other militant groups active in the Iraqi conflict. Iraq maintains an embassy in Islamabad while Pakistan maintains an embassy in Baghdad.

Contents

History

Zutt Rebellion

Regions from Makran and Turan to Mansura were the original homeland of the Zutt people. The provinces of Sakastan, Paradan, Turan, Makuran and Hind in the early Sasanian era.svg
Regions from Makran and Turan to Mansura were the original homeland of the Zutt people.

The Zutt Rebellion was an uprising by the Zutt tribe, who were originally from the Indus Valley region in modern-day Pakistan. [5] [6] [7] The tribe, part of the Jat group, had migrated to the region of Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) centuries before the rebellion. Over time, the Zutt became mercenaries for the Ummayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, settling in southern Iraq and forming the Banu Zutt or Az-Zutt tribe.

The rebellion began around 810, when Yusuf ibn Zutt, a leader of the tribe, challenged the Abbasid Caliphate and established semi-independent control over the marshlands of southern Iraq, including important areas like Kufa and Basra. The rebellion disrupted resource supplies to Baghdad, putting the Abbasid Caliphate in jeopardy. For years, the Zutt were successful in their raids, causing heavy damage to Abbasid forces and leaders. Their actions contributed heavily to the weakening of the Abbasid Empire, with their guerrilla tactics and raids advancing deep into Abbasid territory, further destabilizing the region. [8]

History of foreign relations

Central Treaty Organization

Pakistan and Iraq joined the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) in 1955 to oppose the Soviet Union; however, Iraq withdrew in 1959, following the 14 July Revolution. [9]

Diplomatic rift and tensions

Relations between the two countries deteriorated during the 1970s, beginning with the 1971 Organization of Islamic Conference summit in Lahore. Iraq was the second country and first Arab country to recognise Bangladesh as a sovereign nation after East Germany in 1972. [10] Iraq's then-President Hassan al-Bakr financially and militarily supported the Balochistan Liberation Army during the internal rebellion in Balochistan. The support continued till 1973 when the Military Intelligence of Pakistan convinced Akbar Bugti to join Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's government as a governor of the province, who was a Baloch leader, to defect to Pakistan.[ citation needed ]

On 10 February 1973, the Punjab Rangers and the Islamabad Police raided the Iraqi embassy in Islamabad without warning the Iraqi government. This tactical operation revealed a large cache of arms, ammunition, and hand grenades. Other weapon supplies were found in crates marked "Foreign Ministry, Baghdad" and these were allegedly for the Pakistani Baloch rebels. Pakistan expelled and declared persona non grata for Iraqi Ambassador Hikmat Sulaiman and other consular staff.

In a letter written to President Richard Nixon on 14 February 1973, Pakistan's Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto blamed India, Afghanistan, Iraq and the Soviet Union, for involvement in a "conspiracy ... [with] subversive and irredentist elements which seek to disrupt Pakistan's integrity." [10]

A successful military operation led to dismantling of Baloch rebels in the province. [11] In the 1980s, the Martial Law Administrator of Balochistan, General Rahimuddin Khan, enacted policies that stabilized the province. [11] In the wake of the Iran–Iraq War, the Gulf Cooperation Council was formed in 1981 in the Middle East. [12] During the war, President Saddam Hussein unsuccessfully tried to work with the Baloch rebels to divert Iran's focus to Pakistan. [11] Most of the military instructors were from the Pakistan Armed Forces. Around 40,000 military personnel of Pakistan Armed Forces were stationed in Saudi Arabia to reinforce the internal and external security of the country. [12]

The Iran-Iraq war was a polarizing issue in Pakistan, with half of its population now under threat from its own Shiite population and from Iran. [13] President Zia increased Pakistan's security, knowing that since the country was close to the United States, it might get pulled into a war. The high-ranking members of Pakistan Armed Forces objected to the killing of Shiite pilgrims in Saudi Arabia. Zia did not issue any orders to Pakistan Armed Forces-Arab Contingent Forces, to engage any country militarily. [12]

The Iran–Iraq war provided Zia with an opportunity to contend with Iran. [12] Many stinger missiles shipped for Afghan Mujahideen were sold to Iran, which was a defining factor for the country in the Tanker War. [12]

Gulf War and sanctions

In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait due to the increasing political tensions between the two Arab nations. Pakistan endorsed the United States-led military campaign against Iraq, with Chief of Army staff, General Aslam Beg and Chairman Joint Chiefs Admiral Iftikhar Sirohey overseeing the deployment of the Pakistan Armed Forces Middle East Contingent forces. [14]

General Beg accused Western countries of encouraging Iraq to invade Kuwait, though he continued to lead his armed forces against Iraq in support of Saudi Arabia. [15] [16] [17] As Iraq's war with Kuwait divided Pakistanis, Beg carefully commanded and deployed the Pakistan Armed Forces' contingent forces during the Operation Desert Storm. [14] [16] [18]

After the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq began building closer relations with India. [19] In 2000, then-Iraqi Vice-president Taha Yassin Ramadan visited India, and on 6 August 2002, President Saddam Hussein conveyed Iraq's "unwavering support" to India over the Kashmir dispute with Pakistan. India and Iraq established joint ministerial committees and trade delegations to promote extensive bilateral co-operation. [20] [21]

Post-Ba'athist era

In 2003, before the outbreak of the Iraq War, Pakistan announced that it was opposed to any military action against Iraq. [22] Pakistan was under public pressure to vote against the war, although some had considered voting for the war. [23] However, after the war ended, Pakistan indicated that it was willing to send its Middle East military contingent forces to Iraq for peacekeeping if they required it. [24]

The United States and the United Kingdom made many calls for the deployment of the Pakistan military's contingent forces for peacekeeping operations in Iraq. [25] However, the Pakistan military officials said "given the uprising against the US-led coalition forces in Iraq and the internal anarchy there, sending our troops at this time would be like jumping into fire." [25] Tensions between the two countries remained intense over the issue of foreign hostages in Iraq. During 2004–05, 14 Pakistani citizens were made hostages out of which two were killed. [26] [27] However, the relations were normalized following the United States troops troop withdrawal from Iraq. In 2013, both countries signed a defence pact. [28] [29]

Iraq's ambassador to Pakistan Dr. Rushdi Al-Ani claimed that Iraq considers Pakistan "a Muslim super power" and that Iraq was willing to supply Pakistan with oil unconditionally. [30] In 2014 Iraq purchased the Super Mushak trainer aircraft from Pakistan as part of improving defense relations between the two countries. [31]

War in Iraq (2013–2017)

The War in Iraq (2013–2017), also known as the Third Iraq War, was an armed conflict between Iraq and its allies and the Islamic State from 2013 to 2017. [32] [33] [34] Neither Iraqis nor Pakistani officials have previously acknowledged Pakistan's role in the fight against the Islamic State of Iraq. During a news conference held at the embassy, Iraqi Ambassador Ali Yasin Muhammad Karim stated that Pakistan was one of several nations that backed Iraq in its war against the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (IS). The purpose of the press conference was to inform Pakistani media of the IS's evacuation from Mosul.

Speaking about Pakistan's cooperation, the ambassador stated that in addition to receiving intelligence on terrorists, Iraq also benefited from military medical care, weapons, and ammunition supplied by Pakistan. He mentioned that Pakistan had served as a training ground for a number of the Iraqi pilots that flew against the Islamic State.

According to the ambassador, Pakistan and Iraq might deal with the growing presence of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (IS) in the region if they continue their intelligence collaboration. He also commended Pakistan for maintaining its neutral stance in the Middle East. [35] [36]

Recent visits

The state visits at ministerial levels by both countries have resulted in the improvement of relations between the two countries. Bilawal bhutto the foreign minister of Pakistan visited Baghdad on a three-day visit to sign Memorandum of Understanding among the Pakistani and Iraqi chambers of federation. During the visit, meetings were held by the foreign minister with the Iraqi leadership laid the foundation stone of Pakistan’s own embassy which was building in Iraq, according to the Pakistani foreign office. Both countries also signed agreements to end the diplomatic visas between both countries on diplomatic level. [37]

Pakistan's foreign minister stated Iraq ‘a true friend’ of Pakistan, he expressed the hope to reinvigorate fraternal ties and transform them into exemplary beneficial economic relations. Pakistan's Foreign Minister met with Iraq's President to strengthen ties between the two countries. They pledged to cooperate more in areas like water management, agriculture, defense, and trade. [38]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Treaty Organization</span> Cold War military alliance (1955–1979)

The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), formerly known as the Middle East Treaty Organization (METO) and also known as the Baghdad Pact, was a military alliance of the Cold War. It was formed on 24 February 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. Bangladesh was a province of Pakistan, known as East Pakistan, until its independence in 1971 which also marked the end of its position in the alliance. The alliance was dissolved on 16 March 1979.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zia-ul-Haq</span> President of Pakistan from 1978 to 1988

Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was a Pakistani military officer who served as the 6th president of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in 1988. He rose to prominence after leading a coup on 5 July 1977, which overthrew the democratically elected government of prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Zia subsequently imposed martial law, suspended the constitution, and served as chief martial law administrator before assuming the presidency. Zia served as the 2nd chief of the Army Staff from 1976 to 1988, a position he later leveraged to execute a coup in 1977, which was the second coup in Pakistan's history of coups; the first occurred in 1958 under Ayub Khan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</span> 4th President and 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan (1928–1979)

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was a Pakistani barrister, politician, and statesman. He served as the fourth president of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and later as the ninth prime minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. Bhutto founded the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution for murder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Military history of Pakistan</span>

The military history of Pakistan encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2,000 years across areas constituting modern Pakistan and greater South Asia. The history of the modern-day military of Pakistan began in 1947, when Pakistan achieved its independence as a modern nation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1970s operation in Balochistan</span> Conflict between Pakistan forces and Baloch-Pashtun separatists

The Fourth Balochistan Conflict was a four-year military conflict in Balochistan, the largest province of Pakistan, between the Pakistan Army and Baloch separatists and tribesmen that lasted from 1973 to 1977.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iran–Pakistan relations</span> Bilateral relations

Iran and Pakistan established relations on 14 August 1947, the day of the independence of Pakistan, when Iran became the first country to recognize Pakistan. Both sides continue to cooperate economically where possible and have formed alliances in a number of areas of mutual interest, such as fighting the drug trade along their border and combating the insurgency in the Balochistan region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iraq</span> Country in West Asia

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Saudi Arabia to the south, Iran to the east, Syria to the west, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, and Jordan to the southwest. With a population exceeding 45 million, it is the 35th-most populous country, with the largest city being Baghdad, its capital, and consists of 18 governorates. Iraqi people are diverse; mostly Arabs, as well as Kurds, Turkmen, Yazidis, Assyrians, Armenians, Mandaeans, Persians and Shabakis with similarly diverse geography and wildlife. Most Iraqis are Muslims – minority faiths include Christianity, Yazidism, Zoroastrianism, Mandaeism, Yarsanism and Judaism. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish; others also recognized in specific regions are Assyrian, Turkish, and Armenian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Korea–Pakistan relations</span> Bilateral relations

Pakistan has both diplomatic and economic relationships with North Korea. The start of relations between the two countries emerged sometime in the 1970s during the democratic prime ministerialship of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, when he made a state visit to North Korea as part of his foreign policy campaign to strengthen the relations with socialist states. Pakistan has an embassy in Pyongyang while North Korea maintains an embassy in Islamabad, a vast Consulate-General in Karachi, and consulates in other cities of Pakistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1973 raid on the Iraqi embassy in Pakistan</span> Armed raid by Pakistani forces on the Iraqi embassy in Islamabad

The 1973 raid on the Iraqi embassy in Pakistan was an armed infiltration carried out by Pakistan in February 1973 at the embassy of Ba'athist Iraq in Islamabad. The raid, carried out by the Punjab Rangers and the Islamabad Police, was launched after the interception of information by Pakistani intelligence that uncovered large-scale covert Iraqi involvement in the supply of weapons and funds to militants waging an insurgency against Iran and Pakistan in the Balochistan region situated between the two countries. Following the embassy raid, an abundance of funds and Soviet armaments from Iraq that were meant for Baloch insurgents were seized by Pakistani forces, and the Iraqi ambassador to Pakistan as well as the embassy's staff were immediately expelled from Pakistan and declared personae non gratae. Pakistan's findings in the embassy raid heightened tensions between Iran and Iraq, which, in 1974, escalated into armed clashes over the Shatt al-Arab, a river that was formerly subject to a territorial dispute between the two nations that later served as one of the key factors that propelled them into a full-scale and protracted war in 1980 following the Iranian Revolution. The event led to a severe deterioration in Iraq–Pakistan relations and contributed to Pakistan's heavy backing of Iran during the latter's eight-year-long war with Iraq.

The political history of Pakistan is the narrative and analysis of political events, ideas, movements, and leaders of Pakistan. Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom on 14 August 1947, when the Presidencies and provinces of British India were divided by the United Kingdom, in a region which is commonly referred to as the Indian subcontinent. Since its independence, Pakistan has had a colorful yet turbulent political history at times, often characterized by martial law and inefficient leadership.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iraq–Turkey relations</span> Bilateral relations

Iraqi–Turkish relations are foreign relations between Iraq and Turkey. From late 2011 relations between the two countries have undergone strained turbulence. The two countries share historical and cultural heritages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">India–Iraq relations</span> Bilateral relations

The India–Iraq relations, also known as the Indo–Iraqi relations, are the bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Iraq. Relations between the two nations have traditionally been friendly and collaborative. Cultural interaction and economic trade between Indus Valley and Mesopotamia date back to 1800 BCE. The 1952 Treaty of Friendship established and strengthened ties between contemporary India and Iraq. By the 1970s, Iraq was regarded as one of India's closest allies in the Middle East.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iran–Iraq relations</span> Bilateral relations

Iran–Iraq relations are the diplomatic and foreign relations between the two sovereign states of Iran and Iraq.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">France–Iraq relations</span> Bilateral relations

French–Iraq relations are the relations between France and Iraq. France played a major role in Iraqi secession from the Ottoman Empire and eventual freedom from British colonial status. The Franco-Iraqi relationship is often defined by conflict and peace, with France supporting Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War, supporting intervention in Iraq in Operation Desert Storm, and opposing the 2003 U.S. Invasion of Iraq. As of 2004, Iraq maintains an embassy in Paris and France maintains an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate general in Erbil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pakistan–Syria relations</span> Bilateral relations

Pakistan–Syria relations are the historic, international, and bilateral relations between Syria and Pakistan. Syria has an embassy in Islamabad. Pakistan is represented in Syria through its embassy in Damascus and honorary consulate in Homs. Through the ancient civilization exchange, areas of modern Pakistan were part of the silk route with the Syria and for centuries, Syrian Islamic missionaries that introduced Islam in the parts of now integrated in Pakistan after 711 AD were from Syria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Egypt–Pakistan relations</span> Bilateral relations

Egypt–Pakistan relations refers to the bilateral relations between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Modern relations traced back to 1947 when founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah paid a farewell visit to Egypt on the special invitation sent by King Fuad II. Egypt has an embassy in Islamabad and Pakistan has an embassy in Cairo. Both countries are members of the OIC and the "D8". Pakistan and Egypt are both designated Major Non-NATO allies, giving them access to certain levels of hardware and surplus military equipment from the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pakistan in the Iran–Iraq War</span> Overview of Pakistans role in the Iran–Iraq War

During the 1980s Iran–Iraq War, the foreign policy of Pakistan played a complex role in the war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zutt Rebellion</span>

Zutt Rebellion was a rebellion by the Zutt (Jats) Who were inhabitants of lower Indus Valley (Pakistan), between 810 and 835 in Iraq during the reign of al-Ma'mun and continued to the era of al-Mu'tasim.

Zuṭṭ is an Arabicised form of Jat. Originally inhabitants of lower Indus Valley (Pakistan), Jats were present in Mesopotamia from the 5th century AD since the times of the Sasanian Empire, although their main migration occurred after the establishment of Umayyad Caliphate. They were one of the prominent ethnic groups in lower Iraq during the Islamic Golden Age, supplying mercenary soldiers to the Muslim states. Their mention fades from Arab chronicles after the 11th century.

The Capture of Basra was a significant event during the Zutt Rebellion, in which the Zutts seized control of the city and ruled it independently. The rebellion stemmed from their dominance over waterways and canals, allowing them to exert control over vital resources and trade routes in the region.

References

  1. ↑ McEvilley, Thomas (November 2001). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Allworth Communications, Inc., 2002. ISBN   9781581152036.
  2. ↑ Butt, Gerald (26 February 2003). "Lesson from history: 1955 Baghdad Pact". BBC News. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  3. ↑ Westphal-Hellbusch & Westphal 1964, p. 75.
  4. ↑ Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (1994). "Early Arab Contact with South Asia". Journal of Islamic Studies. 5 (1): 52–69. ISSN   0955-2340. JSTOR   26196673.: 57 
  5. ↑ Ali, Shahbaz (2016). The Arains: A Historical Perspective. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 142. ISBN   9781532781179. Zutts who inhabited the mountains of Baluchistan and deserts of Sindh.
  6. ↑ Westphal-Hellbusch, Sigrid; Westphal, Heinz (1986). The Jat of Pakistan. Dunker & Humblot. p. 67. ISBN   9783428067713. ...the Zutt from Pakistan to Iraq, it came from the Indian subcontinent...{{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  7. ↑ Westphal-Hellbusch, Sigrid; Westphal, Heinz (1964). Zur Geschichte und Kultur der Jat. E.J. Brill. p. 12. ISBN   9789004067592. Arabic Geographers and Historians speak of the Zutt living in the Lower Indus Valley, "between Makran and Mansura" and sharing Sindh with the Meds.
  8. ↑ Houtsma, M. Th. (1993). E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 4. Brill. pp. 901, 1030. ISBN   90-04-08265-4.
  9. ↑ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (2008-01-07). "The Baghdad Pact (1955) and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)". 2001-2009.state.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
  10. 1 2 Shahid Saeed (3 April 2011). "Caught! (But what?): Follows the mystery of the arms cache that was discovered in the Iraqi embassy in Islamabad in 1973". Friday Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  11. 1 2 3 Mylroie, Laurie (2001). Study of Revenge: The First World Trade Center Attack and Saddam Hussein's War Against America (Rev. ed.). Washington, D.C.: AEI Press. ISBN   0-8447-4169-8.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Shah, Mehtab Ali (1997). The foreign policy of Pakistan : ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971-1994. London [u.a.]: Tauris. ISBN   1-86064-169-5.
  13. ↑ Talbot, Ian (1998). Pakistan: A Modern History (Revised ed.). St. Martin's Press. pp.  432. ISBN   9780312216061 . Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  14. 1 2 Singh, R.S.N. (2008). "Nawaz Sharif and Military". The military factor in Pakistan. New Delhi: Frankfort, IL. pp. 84–85. ISBN   978-0-9815378-9-4.
  15. ↑ Hiro, Dilip (2003). Desert shield to desert storm : the second Gulf war. New York: Authors Choice Press. ISBN   0-595-26904-4.
  16. 1 2 Ghareeb, Majid Khadduri, Edmund (2001). War in the Gulf, 1990-91 : the Iraq-Kuwait conflict and its implications. Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press, Ghareeb. ISBN   0-19-514979-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Petre, H. Norman Schwarzkopf, written with Peter (1993). It doesn't take a hero : the autobiography (Bantam paperback ed.). New York: Bantam Books. ISBN   0-553-56338-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Crossette, Barbara (August 14, 1990). "CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF; Pakistanis Agree to Join Defense of Saudi Arabia". New York Times. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  19. ↑ Schaffer, Teresita C. (2009). India and the United States in the 21st Century: Reinventing Partnership. Washington, D.C.: CSIS Press. ISBN   978-0892065721.
  20. ↑ Iraq prizes ties with India: Saddam
  21. ↑ Iraq Economic and Commercial Relations Archived 2008-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ Pakistan opposes Iraq war - BBC News
  23. ↑ Pakistan's key Iraq decision - BBC News
  24. ↑ Pakistan willing to send Iraq troops - BBC News
  25. 1 2 Qudssia Akhlaque (July 9, 2003). "Pakistan to wait for appropriate time: Troops for Iraq". Dawn Area studies. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  26. ↑ Gloobalaging.org [usurped]
  27. ↑ Sinan, Omar (July 29, 2004). "Pakistani hostages killed by militants". The Independent. London. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  28. ↑ APP (18 November 2011). "Pakistan to improve relations with Iraq: Khar". Gazette. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  29. ↑ APP (March 25, 2013). "Pakistan, Iraq to sign defence cooperation pact". The Nation. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  30. ↑ "Iraq wants to provide oil to Pakistan unconditionally". 24 August 2011.
  31. ↑ "Iraq Buys Aircraft from Pakistan Following Iran, Syria & Saudi Arabia". 17 May 2014.
  32. ↑ D. Petersen, Roger (2024). "16: The Third Iraq War". Death, Dominance, and State-Building: The US in Iraq and the Future of American Military Intervention. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10018, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 311–327. ISBN   9780197760741. LCCN   2023049372.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  33. ↑ Stoker, Donald (2024). Purpose and Power. Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8EA, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 654–660. ISBN   978-1-009-25727-5. LCCN   2022040999.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  34. ↑ Wright, Robin (17 June 2014). "A Third Iraq War?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014.
  35. ↑ "Pakistan provided key intelligence, military support to defeat ISIS in Iraq: Iraqi Ambassador". Times of Islamabad. 2017-07-15. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
  36. ↑ Syed, Baqir Sajjad (2017-07-15). "Pakistan helped Iraq in defeating IS, says Iraqi envoy". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
  37. ↑ "FM Bhutto-Zardari calls for transforming Pakistan, Iraq ties into partnership". Arab News. 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
  38. ↑ Khan, Iftikhar A. (2023-06-06). "Pakistan, Iraq ink MoU on visa-free travel". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.