Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica

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Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Species:
I. barnumiae
Subspecies:
I. b. subsp. demawendica
Trinomial name
Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica
Synonyms
  • Iris acutiloba var. demawendicaBornm.
  • Iris acutiloba subsp. demawendica(Bornm.) Bornm.
  • Iris demawendica(Bornm.) Dykes

Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica (also spelled as demavendica) is a species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Elburz Mountains in Iran. It was originally thought to be a separate species before going through various changes before being classed as a subspecies of Iris barnumiae. It has erect, grey-green (grass-like) leaves and two large flowers, which come in shades from claret-red, burgundy, violet-blue, to dark purple, with a white or cream beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to the environmental conditions it prefers.

Contents

Description

It is a geophyte, [1] with small rhizomes and very short fibrous secondary roots. The roots do not multiply very quickly, to make clumps of plants. [2]

The leaves are erect, [3] grass-like and grey green. [2] They can grow up to 15 cm (6 in) long, [2] and between 0.4 and 0.7 cm wide. [4] After the blooms died, the leaves also die back. [2]

It has a slender stem or peduncle, that can grow up to 15 cm (6 in) tall. [5] [6] [7]

The stems hold 2 terminal (top of stem) flowers, [5] [8] which bloom between April, [9] May, [8] [10] or June to July. [3]

The flowers are larger than Iris iberica , [10] and come in shades from claret-red, [5] [8] [10] burgundy, [2] violet, [9] violet-blue, [7] [11] [12] to dark purple. [2] [3]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [13] : 17  The falls are larger, [6] and wider than I. barnumiae. [3] They have deep violet-red veins, [2] [6] [8] and a narrow and sometimes unseen, [3] darker signal patch. [7] In the middle of the falls, is a narrow, [6] row of short hairs called the 'beard', which is white, [2] [3] grey-white, [9] or cream. [4] [11] [12] The standards are paler than the falls. [5] [8]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, which has not yet been described.

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [13] : 18  In 1977, 47 species of the irises in the Oncocyclus section were analysed, [14] and found to have a chromosome count of 2n=20. [2]

Taxonomy

The Latin specific epithet demawendica refers to Mount Damavand in Iran, [10] [11] where the iris can be found. [1]

It is sometimes referred to as demavendica. [2] [3] [9]

On 4 June 1902, a specimen of the iris (labelled as I. demawendica), was collected from 'Persia borealis' (Northern Iran) by J. Bornmuller, and A. Bornmuller. [15]

It was first published as Iris demawendica by Joseph Friedrich Nicolaus Bornmüller (1862–1948) in 1902. [7] It was also published in Gardeners' Chronicle in 1906, Vol. 3339 (third Series) on page364. [5] [8] It was classified as being a member of the Cushion Iris group (an older name of the Oncocyclus section). [8] [10]

In 1908, it was re-assessed by Bornmuller and renamed as a variant of Iris acutiloba , it was published as Iris acutiloba var. demawendica in Bull. Herb. Boissier Vol.II, Edition 8 on page 727. [16]

In 1912, it was re-assessed by Dykes and renamed Iris demawendica (Bornm.) Dykes in Gen. Iris on page 123. [17]

In 1950, it was re-assessed by Karl Heinz Rechinger (based on a description by Bornmueller) and re-published as Iris acutiloba var. demawendica, [18] in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien lvii. page 68. [6] and then with an illustration in Botanical Magazine Vol.448 in 1964. [4]

It was then finally re-assessed and classed as I. barnumiae subsp. demawendica by B.Mathew and Wendelbo in 'Flora Iranica' (Fl. Iranica, with editor – Rechinger) Vol.112 on page 35 in 1975. [4] [6] [19]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life as 'Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica', [20] and in the Catalogue of Life. [21]

It has not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List as of June 2016. [22]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to Asia as an Irano-Turanian species. [1]

Range

It is found in Iran, [12] (or Persia, [5] [8] ) within the Elburz Mountains, [4] [6] [9] (or Alborz Mountains, [23] ). Between the Khandavan Pass, [14] to Firouzkuh, [3] including the Jahan Nama Protected Area. [24]

Habitat

It grows on the rocky mountain slopes (of the Elburz Mountains). [2] [3]

They can be found at an altitude of 2,300–4,200 m (7,500–13,800 ft) above sea level. [2]

Cultivation

In 1903, a specimen of the species was given to Kew Botanical gardens, from Max Leichtlin, (from Baden-Baden, Germany). [8]

Iris demawendica was listed for sale by Barr and Sons in 1904. [10]

It is hardy (in UK), when planted in a south-facing border, at the base of a wall. [8] In winter, it must not have its roots in water, as the frost will kill the rhizomes, also in summer, water around the roots provides host for viruses. [2]

In Kandevan, Iran it has been found that Davidiella tassiana (de Not.) Crous & U. Braun and Pleospora chlamydospora Sacc. (two types of fungi) can be found on Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica (Bornm.) Mathew & Wendelbo. [25]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [26] or by seed growing. [27] Every three years, the clumps of irises are normally divided, as the plants are highly likely to get bacterial rot if they suffer any moisture or humidity. They are best re-planted in late September when temperatures are low and humidity is also low. This is also when the plants generate root and shoot growth. [27] Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves. [28]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [29]

Culture

On 2 March 1991, Iran published a set of stamps called the 'Flora of Iran' collection, which included I. demawendica. [30]

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<i>Iris acutiloba <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> lineolata</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

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<i>Iris acutiloba</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris bostrensis</i> Species of plant

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Iris grossheimii is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. It has sickle shaped leaves, which are as long as the short stem, which carries one flower in spring. It is beige, pink or brown covered in dark lines that are, purple-brown or brown. It has a large blackish brown signal patch and brown or black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris hermona</i> Species of flowering plant

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Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima is a subspecies in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a subspecies of Iris iberica and is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Turkey and Iran. It has large, thin and falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, slender stem with a single flower between April and May. It has a white, cream or pale yellow ground, which is covered in dark veining or speckling in violet, mauve, purple or brown shades. The larger standards are paler, normally white and less veined. The falls, have darker veining and a dark signal patch and brown or purple beard. It is commonly known as Iris elegantissima, especially in Europe and Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but normally needs some protection during the winter period.

<i>Iris paradoxa</i> Species of plant

Iris paradoxa is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia. It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals, which is unique amongst most iris forms. They come in various shades from white, lavender, mauve, medium purple, violet, dark purple to black. It has a black or purplish black beard on the lower petals. It comes from the region of Transcaucasia, and is found in the countries of Iran,, Turkey, Armenia and in Azerbaijan.

Iris kirkwoodiae is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Syria and Turkey. It has white or pale greenish flowers, heavily covered with dark purple veins or dots, deep purple round signal and a beard of long brown/purple hairs. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

References

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  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation , p. 72, at Google Books
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  14. 1 2 Avishai, Michael; Zohary, Daniel (1977). "Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises". Botanical Gazette. 138 (4): 502–511. doi:10.1086/336956. JSTOR   2473887. S2CID   84941000.
  15. ↑ "Type of Iris demawendica Bornm. [family IRIDACEAE]". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved 13 June 2016.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ↑ "Iris acutiloba var. demawendica Bornm. is a synonym of Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica (Bornm.) B.Mathew & Wendelbo". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  17. ↑ "Iris demawendica (Bornm.) Dykes is a synonym of Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica (Bornm.) B.Mathew & Wendelbo". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  18. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris demavendica Bornm. ex Rech.f". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  19. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris barnumiae Foster & Baker subsp. demawendica (Bornm. ) B.Mathew & Wendelbo". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  20. ↑ "Iris demavendica". eol.org. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  21. ↑ "Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica". catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  22. ↑ "Search". iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  23. ↑ Naderi, Reza; Rahiminejad, Mohammad Reza; Eslami, Bahman; Afsharzadeh, Saeed (2012). "Flora and vegetation of Golestanak (Alborz Mts), Iran" (PDF). Phytologia Balcanica. 18 (1): 59–68. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  24. ↑ Jafari, S. M.; Akhani, H. "Plants Of Jahan Nama Protected Area, Golestan Province, N. Iran". Pak. J. Bot. 40 (4): 1533–1554.
  25. ↑ Ershad, Djafar (2009). Fungi Of Iran (PDF) (3rd ed.). technicalsupport.iripp.ir. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  26. ↑ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  27. 1 2 "Growing Aril Irises". edgewoodgardens.com. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  28. ↑ Waters, Tom (December 2010). "Growing Irises from Seed". telp.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  29. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books
  30. ↑ "Stamp catalog : Stamp ' Iris demawendica". colnect.com. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
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