Iris pamphylica

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Iris pamphylica
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Hermodactyloides
Section: Iris sect. Reticulatae
Species:
I. pamphylica
Binomial name
Iris pamphylica

Iris pamphylica is a plant species in the genus Iris . It is the largest member of the subgenus Hermodactyloides, it is also in the section Reticulatae. It is a bulbous perennial from Antalya Province in Turkey, Asia. It has long narrow leaves, shorter stem holding a bi-coloured flower in shades of purple, blue or purple-brown, with a yellow, purple-spotted section on a petal.

Contents

Description

It has long and thin bulb, [1] that has fine netted 'tunic', [2] underneath are thick fleshy roots. [1] There are short fine hairs at the base of the bulb as well as a few bulblets, which can grow into adult bulbs. [2]

In spring, it has linear, [1] narrow leaves, [3] that look square-like when seen in cross section. [2] [4] When in flower, the leaves are between 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) tall. [5] Later, the leaves extend up to 55 cm (22 in), when in full growth. [1] [2] [4] In the mesophyll (between the upper and lower layers of epidermis) of the leaves, hexagonal crystals have been found. [6]

It has a stem that is between 10–25 cm (3.9–9.8 in) tall, [2] making it the 2nd tallest Hermodactyloide Iris after Iris tuberosa . [1] [2]

The stem has several green, inflated spathes (leaves of the flower bud). [2]

It blooms in late winter-spring, [5] or early spring. [3] The slightly fragrant flowers, [1] are 5–6 cm (2–2 in) in diameter. [4] They are carried on a stem (unlike other species in the subgenus), [4] and are bi-coloured. [2] They come in shades of purple, [1] blue or purple-brown. [7] Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [8] : 17  The reflexed elliptic falls are 3.5–4 cm (1–2 in) long, purple-brown, [2] [7] in the centre of the petal is a yellow blotch, [7] or yellow, purple-spotted median ridge. [1] [2] The narrowly oblanceolate shaped standards are 4 cm (1.6 in), long and 0.6 cm wide, they are pale to deep blue, veined darker. [2]

It has style branches which are 3.5 cm long, [2] the bract same length as perianth tube at 2 cm long. [2] [9]

In 2017, a comparison was carried out on the morphological and anatomical properties of Iris masia and Iris pamphylica (another endangered Turkish endemic iris), it was found that the leaves of both taxa have xeromorphic structure. [10]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [8] : 18  It has a count of 2n = 20. [1]

Taxonomy

It was published and described by Ian Charleson Hedge in 'Notes of the Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh' Vol.23 on page 557 in 1961. [11] [12] It was also recorded in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society No.96 in 1971. [5]

It has been named after the old name for the region of Turkey, Pamphylia. In Turkish, it is known as Akseki navruzu. [13]

Iris pamphylica is an accepted name by the RHS, [14] and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 3 December 2004. [15]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia. [15]

Range

It is found in Turkey, [6] [16] within the Antalya Province (near Manavgat), [2] [16] and Mount Taurus. [1] [3]

Habitat

It is found in fields, [2] and on the edges of oak forests, [2] and open woodland on limestone soils. [3] It is normally found at 700–1,500 m (2,300–4,900 ft) above sea level. [1] [2]

Conservation

It was on the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants, [17] and was listed in the 'endangered' category of the Red Data Book of Turkish Plants (Ekim et al., 2001). It needs legal protection of habitat and help with propagation, such as tissue culture techniques. [16]

Cultivation

It likes to grow in loamy soils, [18] and is hardy, but not as hardy as other bulbs in the series. [1] It is suitable to grow in rock gardens or in pots. [1]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [19]

Culture

In Turkey, it has featured on the 7,500,000 lira coin (as part of the Turkish flowers set, issued in 2002). [20] [21]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris histrioides</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris histrioides, the orchis iris, winter iris or Harput iris, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris, subgenus Hermodactyloides of the family Iridaceae. It is a bulbous perennial, that is native to Turkey, and has blue, scented flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, and has many known cultivars.

<i>Iris danfordiae</i> Species of plant

Iris danfordiae, the dwarf iris or Danford iris, is a bulbous perennial plant in the genus Iris, it is classified in the subgenus Hermodactyloides and section Reticulatae. It is from Turkey in Asia. It has 2 gray-green or bluish green, thick leaves, short slender stem holding a scented flower, in shades of yellow. They are spotted olive-green or green and have a deep yellow or orange crest.

<i>Iris kolpakowskiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris kolpakowskiana, or Kolpakowski's iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is classified in the subgenus Hermodactyloides and section Monolepsis. It is a bulbous perennial from Asia.

<i>Iris winkleri</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris winkleri, or Winkler iris, is a species in the genus Iris, classified in the subgenus Hermodactyloides and section Monolepsis. It is a bulbous perennial from Turkestan, in Central Asia.

<i>Iris histrio</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris histrio, the Syrian iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is classified in the subgenus Hermodactyloides and section Reticulatae. It is a bulbous perennial from Central Asia: Kyrgyzstan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and southern Turkey.

<i>Iris planifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris planifolia is a species of flowering plant in the subgenus Scorpiris of the genus Iris, family Iridaceae. This bulbous perennial from Southern Europe and North Africa has long, shiny green leaves, a short stem, and large scented flowers in various shades of blue.

<i>Iris masia</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris masia, commonly known as the barbed iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Syriacae. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the Middle East and Asian Turkey. It has long grass-like leaves, unbranched stems with single flowers in late spring, in shades from purple to violet blue.

Iris kobayashii is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from China. It has slightly twisted leaves, short stems and 1 to 2 purple or blue and yellow flowers.

<i>Iris sintenisii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris sintenisii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae, with tall thin stems, violet-blue flowers and long grass-like leaves. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from grass meadows parts of Europe, Russia, and Turkey. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus known as Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria and is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkey in Asia with flowers in various shades of blue, but there are rare white forms. They have a yellow centre and darker veining. It has the common name of 'Muslim iris'. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris mandshurica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, it is found in Russia, China, and Korea. It has green sword-like leaves, smooth green stem and yellow flowers, with yellow-purple veining and a yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris leptophylla is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has thin, long grey-green leaves, long slender stem and 2 fragrant purple, blue-purple, violet or lavender pink flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris griffithii is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Afghanistan. It has short, sickle-shaped leaves, short green stem and purple flowers with white beards. Several specimens exist within herbaria around Europe, but it is rarely cultivated.

<i>Iris junonia</i> Species of plant

Iris junonia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Cilicia, within the Taurus Mountains. It has glaucous short leaves, tall stems with several branches, numerous flowers in various colours from blue-purple, lavender, pale blue, cream, white and yellow, with brown veining and white tipped orange beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. Its status is still unclear, if it is a synonym of Iris germanica or a separate species.

Iris purpureobractea is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the cliffs and forest glades on the mountains of Turkey. It has straight or falcate shaped leaves, stem with several branches, the stem has purple spathes, it has up to 8 fragrant flowers, in various colours between yellow or blue. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris schachtii is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Anatolia, in Turkey. It has small, thin grey-green leaves, a short stem with 1–3 branches, which are normally, covered with a green leaf with purple staining. It has 2 or more fragrant flowers in late spring, which come in shades of yellow or purple, or violet and yellow,. It has a yellow or white with yellow-tips beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but prefers regions with dry, hot summers.

Iris taochia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains and Turkey. It forms dense clumps, with grey-green leaves, simple stems of similar height, with 1–3 branches, a flowers in various shades from white, yellow to purple. They also have yellowish or white, tipped yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris acutiloba</i> Species of plant

Iris acutiloba is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of the Caucasus and found in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Dagestan in the North Caucasus, and Iran. It is a dwarf species, with narrow, falcate or curved leaves, it has one flower in spring or early summer, that comes in shades from cream, creamy white, whitish, pale brown, light grey, to pale violet. It is heavily veined or streaked and pointed, with 2 dark spots and brown, purple, dark purple, or black short beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are two subspecies, Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata and Iris acutiloba subsp. longitepala.

Iris basaltica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the basalt deserts and hillsides of eastern Syria. It has many falcate long leaves, and long stem. Between March and April, it has white or pale green flowers covered in thick purple or black veining and dots or spots. It also has a purple or maroon beard, tipped with yellow. It is rare cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

Iris grossheimii is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. It has sickle shaped leaves, which are as long as the short stem, which carries one flower in spring. It is beige, pink or brown covered in dark lines that are, purple-brown or brown. It has a large blackish brown signal patch and brown or black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Chapter III bulbous irises". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 British Iris Society A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation , p. 279, at Google Books
  3. 1 2 3 4 Basak Gardner & Chris Gardner Flora of the Silk Road: The Complete Illustrated Guide , p. 76, at Google Books
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Iris pamphylica". encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 Walters, Stuart Max (Editor) European Garden Flora: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated , p. 354, at Google Books
  6. 1 2 Kandemir, N. (2015). "Leaf Anatomical Properties of Some Rare and Endemic Iris L. Taxa and Their Relations : subgenus Hermodactyloides in Turkey". The Iranian Journal of Botany. 21 (2): 142–151. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 "Reticulata Irises". www.pacificbulbsociety.org. 11 May 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  8. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN   0-88192-730-9.
  9. ↑ Beauchamp, R. Mitchel (1989). Herbertia, Volume 45. The American Plant Life Society.
  10. ↑ Kandemir, N.; Çelik, A. (14 September 2017). "Comparison of morphological and anatomical properties of endangered endemic Iris pamphylica and I. masia in Turkey" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 59 (3–4): 371–388. doi:10.1556/034.59.2017.3-4.6.
  11. ↑ "Canadian Iris Society, CIS newsletter Winter 2013, Volume 57, Issue 1" (PDF). www.e-clipse.ca. 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  12. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris pamphylica Hedge". ipni.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  13. ↑ "The Peerless flowers of Turkey" (PDF). floriade2012turkey.com. 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  14. ↑ "Iris pamphylica". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
  15. 1 2 "Iris pamphylica". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  16. 1 2 3 Nasircilar, Ayse Gul; Deniz, Ismail Gokhan (2014). "An Alternative Plant Propagation and Conservation Process for Iris Pampyhlica an Endemic and Endangered Geophyte" (PDF). Fifth International Scientific Agricultural Symposium Agrosym 2014. pp. 346–351. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  17. ↑ Kerry Scott Walter and Harriet J. Gillett (Editors) 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants , p. 679, at Google Books
  18. ↑ Kandemir, Nezahat; Çeliki, Ali; Surucu, Abdulkadir (12 October 2011). "Ecological Response of some Iris L. Taxa (Iridaceae) In Turkey" (pdf). www.banglajol.info (Department of Biology, Education Faculty, Amasya University). Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  19. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books
  20. ↑ "7,500,000 lira". en.numista.com. Numista. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  21. ↑ George S. Cuha (Editor) 2016 Standard Catalog of World Coins 2001-Date , p. 1249, at Google Books

Other sources

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