Ironstone mining in Cleveland and North Yorkshire

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Ironstone mining in Cleveland and North Yorkshire
Kilton Ironstone Mine - geograph.org.uk - 682008.jpg
Kilton Ironstone Mine spoil tip
Location
County Yorkshire, North Riding [note 1]
CountryEngland
Production
CommodityIronstone
Production6,750,000 tonnes (7,440,000 tons)
Year1883

Ironstone mining in Cleveland and North Yorkshire occurred on a sizeable scale from the 1830s to the 1960s in present day eastern parts of North Yorkshire but has been recorded as far back as Roman times in mostly a small-scale and intended for local use. This Cleveland is not to be confused with a smaller area covered by the county of Cleveland from 1974-96.

Contents

Around the year 1850, large seams of ironstone were discovered in the Cleveland Hills, later also in and around Rosedale and Eskdale. Mining of these seams accelerated an industry around the River Tees's south eastern banks and around the River Tyne, where many new ironworks were built. Settlements around the Tees and Tyne, especially the Cleveland town of Middlesbrough (on the Tees) as iron and steel processing centres. These received large amounts of ironstone, first by ship and later by railway. The industry experienced a meteoric rise, in the space of twenty years (by 1870), ironstone from the Cleveland part of Yorkshire was supplying 38% of the steel and iron requirements of Britain.

Ironstone workings in Yorkshire's Cleveland declined from the 1930s onwards, imported iron ore was able to be shipped in vast quantities to the quaysides at Middlesbrough and on the Tyne. The last commercially operated ironstone mine was near Skelton-in-Cleveland, the North Skelton Mine, closed in January 1964. Restoration programmes have remediated some mine sites and they have been opened to public access, mine water has polluted some watercourses in the area.

History

Table of output (1857–1880)

The list covers all the ironstone mines in the Cleveland Ironstone Formation, and as such, extends into parts of North Yorkshire that were not traditionally designated as being in Cleveland. [note 2] The list only covers areas of productive ironstone mining, and so does not include test areas (ie Goldsborough on the North Yorkshire coast where drilling was undertaken for three years from 1912). [2] Ironstone production helped fuel the industrial revolution with smelters and ironworks in Middlesbrough accounting for 33% of iron and steel production in Britain in 1865. [3] By 1870, Britain was supplying about half of all the iron and steel across the world; 38% of that, was made from iron mined in the Cleveland Hills and North Yorkshire. [4] The table below shows the combined production of ironstone from the Cleveland Hills between 1857 and 1880.

Combined output from the ironstone mines of the Cleveland Hills (1857-1880) Combined output from the ironstone mines of the Cleveland Hills (1857-1880).svg
Combined output from the ironstone mines of the Cleveland Hills (1857–1880)
Combined output from the ironstone mines of the Cleveland Hills (1857–1880) [5]
YearNo. of minesProductionYearNo. of minesProductionYearNo. of minesProduction
1857171,414,155 tonnes (1,558,839 tons)1865202,762,359 tonnes (3,044,980 tons)1873355,617,014 tonnes (6,191,698 tons)
1858171,367,395 tonnes (1,507,295 tons)1866192,809,061 tonnes (3,096,460 tons)1874355,614,322 tonnes (6,188,731 tons)
1859151,520,542 tonnes (1,676,111 tons)1867172,739,039 tonnes (3,019,274 tons)1875396,121,794 tonnes (6,748,123 tons)
1860171,471,319 tonnes (1,621,852 tons)1868152,785,307 tonnes (3,070,275 tons)1876366,562,000 tonnes (7,233,000 tons)
1861171,212,414 tonnes (1,336,458 tons)1869163,094,678 tonnes (3,411,299 tons)1877336,284,545 tonnes (6,927,525 tons)
1862161,689,966 tonnes (1,862,869 tons)1870174,072,888 tonnes (4,489,591 tons)1878295,603,639 tonnes (6,176,955 tons)
1863132,078,806 tonnes (2,291,491 tons)1871214,581,901 tonnes (5,050,681 tons)1879294,750,000 tonnes (5,240,000 tons)
1864142,401,890 tonnes (2,647,630 tons)1872314,974,950 tonnes (5,483,940 tons)1880296,486,654 tonnes (7,150,312 tons)

Early history

Evidence of iron working in the area dates back as far as the Roman times, with an ironworks at Levisham working iron believed to have been sourced from Rosedale. [6] The iron from the Cleveland seams is known to have been worked in Eskdale prior to 1750. A farm at Danby was marked on mapping as Furnace Farm and had evidence of scoria heaps (slag). Other slag heaps have been found in Glaisdale (that pre-date the Victorian ironworks) and Fryup Dale too. [7] Other workings south of Goathland, known as the Killing Pits [lower-alpha 2] also show evidence of having been worked in the post-Medieval period, but before the 19th century industrial extraction of ironstone in the area. [8]

Nodules of ironstone were quarried from the beaches and cliffs between Staithes and Kettleness since the 1830s, but this was at the mercy of the weather and the tides as the ironstone was transported by sea. [9] Most of the ironstone collected on the Yorkshire Coast was shipped to ironworks in, and around, the Newcastle area, using sea and river transport for a large part of its journey. [10] When large-scale mining was introduced, most of the mining areas were connected to the railway network either by their own lines or via a narrow gauge railway which connected to main railway network. [11] A small number used direct sea transportation, but in the end, they closed down or converted to railway operation. The growth of the railway system in North Yorkshire actually led to the discovery of ironstone in the area, when the Whitby and Pickering Railway reached Grosmont in 1835, [12] with shipping of ironstone from Grosmont, via the railway, then ship from Whitby harbour, in 1836. [13]

Quarrying and mining on the Yorkshire coast for alum was commonplace, but this industry was dying out in the latter half of the 19th century when it was discovered that alum could be sourced from colliery waste. The boom in the ironstone industry meant that some communities had a new occupational lifeline. [14] The discovery of the Eston ironstone by Henry Bolckow and John Vaughan in 1850, accelerated the industrialisation of the area as the ironstone outcropped quite close to the surface and could be recovered more easily than on the coast, which was dependent on the tides, and from the mines further south, which had to go to greater depths to recover the stone. In August 1850, the find of stone was proved, and by December of the same year, the first shipment of ironstone, 136 tonnes (150 tons), was taken over a newly built tramway from Eston into Middlesbrough. [15] The Rosedale mines developed in the 1860s, and were connected via a railway that ran across the moors, and down a steep incline near Ingleby Greenhow, which then joined with the main railway network at what would become Battersby railway station. The ore at Rosedale was roasted with coal (calcined) to remove impurities and lessen the overall weight of the ore, so that the transportation costs were cheaper, as the companies had to pay the landowners per tonne of ore transported over the railway. [16] [17]

Peak production

Production across the region as whole peaked in 1883, when 6,750,000 tonnes (7,440,000 tons) of ore was processed. After that, the tonnages declined steadily. [18] In 1936, the contribution to UK steel production from the north east was 27.3%, but by this time, much of the ore was being imported. [19] Apart from a dip in 1922, the smelters on Teesside first started using a greater proportion of imported ore over that which was mined locally, in 1936. [20]

Iron ore usage on South Teesside 1913 - 1936, expressed in tonnes Iron ore usage on South Teesside 1913 - 1936.svg
Iron ore usage on South Teesside 1913 – 1936, expressed in tonnes
Iron ore use in iron and steelworks on South Teesside [20]
YearCleveland oreImported oreTotalPercentage ratio
19135,940,9632,257,5768,198,53972.46 / 27.54
19184,544,1351,507,7956,051,93075.09 / 24.91
19221,169,7001,537,1442,706,84443.21 / 66.79
19252,284,1861,468,5603,752,74660.87 / 39.13
19282,272,1241,362,2733,634,39762.52 / 37.48
19311,493,916765,2052,259,12166.13 / 33.87
19331,012,700817,9561,830,65655.32 / 44.68
19341,641,9211,504,1113,146,03252.19 / 47.81
19351,640,0901,517,9513,158,04151.93 / 48.07
19361,800,0002,034,3053,834,30546.94 / 53.06

Production of ironstone in the area declined as opencast and quarried ironstone from domestic UK locations became prevalent due to it being cheaper to quarry than mining. [18] For example, the ironstone workings in Northamptonshire were all surface operations, therefore it could be mechanised easier without the need for timber props, nor the time and labour required to install the timbers. This meant that by the interwar years, Northamptonshire iron ore was five shillings per tonne cheaper to transport than Cleveland ore. [21] Additionally, the global recession in the early 1920s led to a drop in the price of iron. [22] Closures were further exacerbated by imported iron ore. [23] The last industrial operation of mining ore in the area was at North Skelton, which closed in January 1964. [24]

Occurrence

Section through the Cleveland Ironstone Section through the Cleveland Ironstone.png
Section through the Cleveland Ironstone

Apportioning strict geography to the area is different according to various sources; most agree, however, that the Cleveland Hills (or the Cleveland District) is tied in with the occurrence of the ironstone in whatever seam and thus extends from the Tees at Middlesbrough in the north, to the Vale of Pickering in the south. The North Sea coast provides the eastern limit, while the Scugdale Valley down through Felixkirk to Thirsk is seen as the western border. [25] [26]

Mining of ironstone can be grouped into three distinct localities; Cleveland mines which worked the main Cleveland seam, the Rosedale mines, which worked the Dogger seam and those grouped around Grosmont and the Esk Valley which worked the Avicula and Pecten seams. The exceptions to this rule are those on the coast south of Boulby (particularly Port Mulgrave) which worked the Dogger seam, and several localities that worked the Two-Foot Seam. [27] [28] Those mining concerns in the eastern part of Cleveland, entered around Brotton and Loftus, worked the ironstone band where it dipped in a depression, and so were the ones most likely to need shaft and deep mining experience. North Skelton was the deepest at 720 feet (220 m), followed by Kilton at 680 feet (210 m), and Lingdale at 620 feet (190 m). [29]

Both the Avicula and Pecten seams were named after a type of fossil found in the stone, avicula cygnipes, (swan), and pecten, (scallop) respectively. [30] However, some stone was quarried/mined even further south than the Murk Esk valley; at Kirby Knowle, near Thirsk, workings in the Dogger Seam were explored in the 19th century, where the ironstone is known to be 6–7 inches (150–180 mm) thick. [31] [32] It was estimated that the occurrence of ironstone underneath Cleveland and North Yorkshire extended for 500 square miles (1,300 km2). [33] The various seams had different names in places, sometimes on account of their geology, others due to a confusion of which seam was being mined; the Avicula seam was also known as the Low Seam due to its position, the Pecten seam was sometimes called the Shelly Seam due to the abundance of shells within it. [34]

Recovery of ironstone varied with location; most of the early mines centred around Grosmont used a system known as the double-stall. Others used the longwall method, whereas most mines and drifts winning stone from the Main Seam, used the pillar and bord way of mining. [35]

Mines

Ironstone mines in Cleveland and North Yorkshire
MineLocationDatesType [lower-alpha 3] Seam [lower-alpha 4] [36] Grid refNotesRef
Ailesbury MineWhorlton1872–1887MMS NZ494008 Most productive return was in 1874, when almost 95,000 tonnes (105,000 tons) was produced, with a value of £28,500. [37] [38]
Aysdalegate MineLockwood1863–1880MMS NZ652149 Later became part of the Spawood Mine as ventilation shafts. [39] [40] [41]
Ayton Banks MineGreat Ayton1909–1929MMS NZ581109 [42]
Ayton MinesGreat Ayton1908–1931MMS NZ581109 Also known as Monument Mine, due to its proximity to the Captain Cook Monument on the hill. A steep incline provided for onwards transportation via the Great Ayton Branch line. [43] [44] [45]
Beck HoleGrosmont1858–1864DDS NZ822018 Historically known as Beckhole. [46]
Belmont MineGuisborough1853–1933D, SMS NZ616145 Also known as the Belman Bank Mines. [47] [48]
Blakey Pit Farndale1876–1895D, SDS SE680979 Also known as Farndale. [49] [50]
BoosbeckBoosbeck1872–1887MMS NZ658168 The mine was quite productive (480,000 tonnes (530,000 tons) in 1881), but was beset by problems. It caused subsidence to the village and 700 were made homeless. An inrush of water in 1887 closed the workings. [51]
BoulbyBoulby1854–1860
1903–1934		DMS NZ760181 Worked in two stages; the 19th century venture failed due to lack of good transportation. The 20th century workings used the railway to transport the iron ore to Skinningrove Iron Works. The site now forms part of the Boulby Mine complex. [52] [53]
BrottonBrotton1865–1921MMS, TS NZ685201 [54]
Carlin HowCarlin How1869–1946MMS, TS NZ710192 [55]
Chaloner MineGuisborough1869–1939D, M, SMS NZ605173 [56]
CliffBrotton1857–1887MMS NZ689216 Before the arrival of the railway in 1865, the ironstone is thought to have been dumped over the cliff and collected from the seashore. Closed in 1877, it was re-opened in 1880 and connected underground with Huntcliff Mine. [57] [58] [59]
Coate Moor MineKildale1872–1876DMS, PS, TS NZ511604 Short-lived venture; the mine and buildings were repossessed in 1875 due to non-payment of rents [60] [61]
Codhill [note 3] Hutton Lowcross1853–1886DMS NZ600137 The building of the Middlesbrough & Guisborough railway allowed for the exploitation of the ironstone in this district. [47] [63]
Commondale MineCommondale1863–1867MMS NZ664103 [64]
Court GreenEstonc. 1883–c. 1893SMS NZ590180 [65]
Crags Hall MineBrotton1867–1893MMS NZ701196 Sometimes spelt as Craggs Hall. [66]
Eskdale MineGrosmont1848–1878
1906–1915		DAS NZ837059 North east of Grosmont with railway sidings direct onto the Whitby & Pickering Railway with the ore being taken to Chester-le-Street, then in the second incarnation, used locally at Grosmont Ironworks. [46]
Eskdale (Bolton Crag)Grosmont1848–1852DAS NZ852063 Workings developed by Losh, Wilson and Bell, but abandoned in favour of a seam discovered near Skinningrove [46] [67]
Esk Valley Mine [note 4] Grosmont1859–1877MAS NZ822044 Located on the original Whitby to Pickering Railway Beck Hole section [68] [69] [70]
Eston Mine (complex)Eston1850–1949S, D, MMS NZ563183 In 1850, the ironstone was extracted from the surface, but as the workings progressed southwards into the hill, drifting became necessary and later still, deep mining was required. At least three pit heads were established at the Eston complex for drawing the ironstone to the surface; Old Bank Drift, New bank Drift, and Trustee Level Drift. [71] [72] [73]
Glaisdale1862–1876MAS, PS NZ779054 [74]
Grinkle Mine Grinkle Park1875–1934DMS NZ762178 Ironstone forwarded originally to Port Mulgrave for sea transport [2]
Grosmont Haggs (Grosmont West) Grosmont 1864–1890MAS, PS NZ823058 This worling was north west of Grosmont, and described as having "shallow shafts". [2] [75]
Grosmont, HollinsGrosmont1836–1860
1863–1866		D, MAS, PS NZ831057 The seam was discovered when construction was underway for the Whitby and Pickering Railway. Before the North Yorkshire and Cleveland Railway reached Grosmont railway station from the west, iron ore was transported via rail to Whitby, and thence to Tyneside by ship. [2] [75]
Hob HillSaltburn1865–1874
1899–1920		D, SMS, PS NZ656205 Ironstone may have been won after 1920, as records indicate the mine was merged with Upleatham around this time. Mapping from the 1910s, shows Hob Hill and Upleatham connected by an aerial ropeway. [76] [77]
Huntcliff [note 5] Brotton1872–1906DMS NZ697214 Mining commenced between 1870 and 1872. It was later connected underground with the Cliff Mine. [79] [80]
Hummersea Bank MineLoftusC NZ734200 [66]
Hutton MineHutton Lowcross1855–1858D, SMS NZ603134 Sub-surface workings of the mine were incorporated within the Roseberry Mine workings in the early 20th century. The distance between the two was only 1.2 miles (2 km). [81]
Ingleby Manor Mines (Ingleby Moor)Ingleby Greenhow1858–1865DMS NZ607023 Reached by a small spur from the Rosedale railway line. [82]
KettlenessGoldsborough1838–1842
1854–1857		CMS NZ831160 Ironstone sourced from the cliffs and beach, loaded onto ships for the Tyneside smelters of Losh, Wilson & Bell [83]
Kettleness MineGoldsborough1910–1915CDS NZ822152 North Eastern Railway records show that the Kettleness railway station handled 2,595 tonnes (2,860 tons) of iron ore in 1911. [84] [85]
Kilton1870–1876
1894–1963		MMS NZ695169 The conical shaped-heap of waste ironstone material is notable locally. The site is now a nature reserve. [86]
KirkleathamDunsdale1872–1886DMS NZ608186 [86]
Levisham1863–1874MSee note SE824929 Mine worked the Cornbrash (Ferrugious Sandstone) to the north west of Levisham village. [87] [88]
Lingdale MineLingdale1870–1962MMS NZ677165 Lay dormant between 1926 and 1940. Work restarted after four kilns were moved from the island of Raasay. [89]
Liverton MineLoftus1871–1923MMS NZ710180 [90]
Loftus MinesLoftus1830–1958C, DMS NZ711192 [91]
Longacres MineSkelton1865–1954 (1916)MMS NZ668194 Operated by Bolckow, Vaughan until 1929, Dorman Long thereafter. Output from 1916 was taken by a 1-mile (1.6 km) incline into North Skelton Mine [92]
LonsdaleKildale1865–1868MMS NZ605105 [93]
Lumpsey MineBrotton1880–1954MMS NZ686187 Official closure was in 1954, but ironstone from Lumpsey was mined and brought to the surface at North Skelton Mine until closure of North Skelton in 1964. [94] [95]
Mirkside WestGrosmont1857–1869SAS NZ819035 Also known as Murkside and Murk Side, due to being near the River Murk Esk [36]
Normanby MineNormanby1859–1899D, SMS NZ553169 [96]
North Skelton North Skelton1872–1964MMS NZ675183 Last mine to close in Cleveland [97]
OrmesbyOrmesby1865–1892D, SMS NZ541166 The seam occurs quite near to the surface, and roof falls at the site of the mine have been commonplace [98]
Port Mulgrave [note 6] Port Mulgrave1857–1881C, D, SMS NZ545167 Entire output from Port Mulgrave was transported via ship. When Port Mulgrave was exhausted, a railway was cut through the cliff to Grinkle Mine, with Port Mulgrave continuing as an export facility. [101]
Raithwaite MineSandsend1855–1860C, DDS NZ870119 A drift mine cut into the coast which has been destroyed by coastal erosion. The ironstone was loaded directly onto boats [102]
Roseberry Mine Great Ayton1881–1883
1907–1924		DMS, TS NZ580124 The site was initially closed in 1883, reopening 24 years later in 1907; in 1917, it was one of the most productive sites in Cleveland [103]
Rosedale East Rosedale1866–1926DDS SE707989 [104]
Rosedale West Rosedale1853–1885DDS SE723946 [105]
Sherriff's Pit Rosedale West1874–1911MDS SE698962 Was connected to the Rosedale Railway. The mine was named after Alexander Sherriff - one of the owners [106]
Skelton MineSkelton1861–1938MTS NZ637169 [107]
Skelton Park PitSkelton1872–1938MMS, TS NZ644180 The mine produced over 18,555,000 tonnes (20,453,000 tons) during its lifetime [108]
Slapewath Mines Slapewath 1864–1884
1886–1906		D, MMS NZ646148 Stone from Slapewath was progressively taken out via Spawood mine from 1890 onwards until closure of the shafts at Slapewath (apart from ventilation) from 1906. [109] [110]
Sleights BridgeSleights1856–1859MAS, PS NZ865082 Worked by the Eskdale Ironstone Company. The stone was between 30 and 50% iron. [111] [112]
South Skelton MineBoosbeck1872–1959MMS NZ654164 [113] [114]
SpaGuisborough1864–1904D, SMS NZ639158 [115]
Spawood MineSlapewath1864–1930MMS, TS NZ636157 [116]
Stanghow MineGuisborough1873–1925MMS NZ654156 [117]
UpleathamSaltburn1854–1923D, SMS NZ625204 [118]
UpsallEston1853–1945MMS NZ573173 Also known as Upsal. Iron quarried from here was first sent to an ironworks on Tyneside in 1811, with the response stating that the stone was "good for nothing". [119] [120]
Warren Moor Mine Kildale1865–1874DDS, MS NZ625088 The chimney still stands at this location – the only Victorian ironstone mine chimney left in the United Kingdom [121]
WaterfallGuisborough1880–1901MMS NZ626172 [122] [123]
WhitecliffeLoftus1871–1884MMS NZ711189 [124]
Wintergill1878–1881DSee note NZ760018 This short-lived mine worked the Ellerbeck Seam and exported its stone through Egton railway station being delivered there by horse and cart. A railway connection was proposed, but never built. [125]
  1. ↑ WiKtionary : Welsh < celyn > " holly ".
  2. ↑ The name Killing Pits ( " Holly Pits " ) may be derived from Cornish kelin or Welsh celyn, [lower-alpha 1]
  3. ↑ C-coastal, D-drift, M-mine, S-surface.
  4. ↑ AS-Avivcula, DS-Dogger, MS-Main Seam, PS-Pecten, TS-Two-foot Seam.

    Iron and steelworks

    Some of the mines roasted their iron ore, which enriched the final product before leaving the mine area, this being most notable at Rosedale where the former kilns are part of the heritage of the area and are listed as a scheduled monument. [126] An ironworks was built at Skinningrove, which produced pig iron from ore mined at Loftus, just across Kilton Beck. Whilst Loftus Mine closed in 1958, [127] the plant is still operational, producing steel profiles with raw steel railed in from primary smelters located in Lincolnshire. [128]

    Many of the companies that were working the ironstone, also had limestone and coal ventures in other parts of the north-east region, this allowed for the iron and steelworks to proliferate on the south bank of the River Tees. This, combined with the ability to ship pig iron from the docks at a cheap rate led to the ironstone and pig iron industry on south Teesside being the most prolific in output for England and Scotland. [129] Other major iron and steel centres in Northamptonshire, Shropshire and Staffordshire had overland transport costs. [130]

    Aftermath

    Waytail Beck, Whitecliff Wood; the iron in the water is from the former Liverton Mine operation Waytail Beck, Whitecliff Wood - geograph.org.uk - 337660.jpg
    Waytail Beck, Whitecliff Wood; the iron in the water is from the former Liverton Mine operation

    Several becks on the coast have been affected by pollution. [131] As the mines closed down, so the pumps were turned off and this stopped the contaminated water being pumped away. Kilton Beck has been badly affected by this, with tales of how locals could fish in the beck, but it spent a good part of the second half of the 20th century heavily poisoned and was described as being ochre in colour. It has since been remediated by a system of oxidating the ferrous content in the water. [132] [133] In the North York Moors National Park, remediation ponds have been created at Six Howe and Clitherbeck, which have helped to reduce the iron pollution in local watercourses. [134]

    Progressive closure of the mines also led to mass unemployment; Skinningrove was a very small fishing village, fairly isolated from the rest of Cleveland when the ironstone boom arrived. After closure of the mines, unemployment levels surged. [135] The miners' livelihoods were also affected by the slump in the early 1930s; one author noted that those who took part in the Jarrow March, were struck by an unemployment rate of 70%, in the East Cleveland ironstone communities, this was nearer 90%. [136]

    The closure of the ironstone mines also left a legacy of subsidence, which unlike the coal industry, had no official framework for compensation or remediation. [137] The spoil tip at Kilton remains, and in 1990, was the subject of a public inquiry into whether the tip should be reclaimed. However, the inspector found that it "...was now a uniquely recognisable industrial archaeological relic in East Cleveland...[and] its retention far outweighed the benefits of its removal." [138]

    In 2017, a four-year project was started to preserve the remains and provide better access to the historic sites at Rosedale and Warren Moor. The project was allocated £3.8 million, and would also involve the protection of wildlife habitats on previous ironstone workings. [139] Bridges on the original section of the Whitby to Pickering Railway between beck Hole and Grosmont, were renovated in 2020, with new boards by the site of Esk Valley Mine. This was done as part of the Land of Iron project. [70]

    In 1983, the Cleveland Ironstone Mining Museum was opened near to the Skinningrove Steelworks in a former ironstone drift mine. The museum also offers the opportunity for people to tour the drift part of the mine. [140] [141]

    A monument to those who worked in the ironstone industry was unveiled in Skelton in April 2019. The sculpture is of three miners and is titled "The Spirit of East Cleveland". [142]

    Listed buildings

    Calcining Kilns, Rosedale East Calcining Kilns, Rosedale East Ironstone Mine - geograph.org.uk - 20641.jpg
    Calcining Kilns, Rosedale East

    The mine buildings on the surface of Skelton Park pit are the most numerous of those which are listed with Historic England. These include the fanhouse, [143] the main engine house, [144] the powerhouse, [145] the provender house, [146] the secondary winding engine [147] and the workshops. [148] Other listed structures at other locations include:

    See also

    Notes

    1. ↑ The last mine/working closed in 1964, ten years (1974) before North Yorkshire was created. North Yorkshire initially included the majority of Cleveland while a separate county, also called Cleveland, was operating. North Yorkshire was expanded to include all of historic Cleveland in 1996, when the separate county disbanded.
    2. ↑ Most British Geological Survey documents refer to the ironstone workings as a whole district; the Liassic Ironstones paper published in 1952, states that Cleveland refers to the tract of land south from the River Tees to the Vale of Pickering which includes the hills completely where ironstone may occur. [1]
    3. ↑ Also known as Hutton Lowcrop, or Hutton Lowcross/Low Cross. [5] [62]
    4. ↑ Also known as Holme House Mine due to being located at Holm(e) House in the hamlet of Esk Valley. [17]
    5. ↑ Also known as Huntcliffe and Hunt Cliff. [78]
    6. ↑ Port Mulgrave was originally named Rosedale (Rosedale Wyke), which was the name of the area. When the ironstone industry flourished in the valley of Rosedale Abbey to the west, this site was renamed Port Mulgrave after the local castle and family. The sheer output from the new Rosedale, outweighed the amount of ironstone that Port Mulgrave was producing, so a decision was taken to rename the site to avoid confusion. [99] [100]

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    Lockwood is a civil parish in the unitary authority of Redcar and Cleveland with ceremonial association with North Yorkshire, England. The population of Lockwood ward in the Redcar and Cleveland Unitary authority taken at the 2011 census was 2,022.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosedale, North Yorkshire</span> Valley in North Yorkshire, England

    Rosedale is a valley located almost in the centre of the North York Moors national park in North Yorkshire, England. The nearest town is Kirkbymoorside, some 7 miles (11 km) to the south. Rosedale is surrounded by moorland. To the north-west sits Blakey Ridge at over 1,300 feet (400 m) above sea level. At Dale Head is the source of the River Seven,which flows down the valley to join the River Rye at Little Habton near Malton. At its southern end Rosedale is squeezed between Spaunton Moor and Hartoft Rigg, where the river flows out through Forestry Commission woodland before passing the village of Cropton to reach the plains of the Vale of Pickering.

    The Rosedale Railway was a 19.5-mile (31.4 km) goods-only railway line running from Battersby Junction via Ingleby Incline, across the heights of the North York Moors in North Yorkshire, England to reach iron ore deposits in the remote hills of the Rosedale valley. It opened to traffic as a narrow gauge railway to Ingleby Incline top in 1858, converted to standard gauge and opened to Rosedale West in 1861, and closed completely in 1929. Apart from Ingleby Incline, no major engineering works were constructed, and as such, particularly the east branch, the railway followed the contours of the surrounding hillside. The former trackbeds of the railway are in use by walkers and cyclists.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Cleveland Ironstone Formation</span> Geological formation in Cleveland and North Yorkshire, England

    The Cleveland Ironstone Formation is a sequence of marine ironstone seams interbedded with shale and siltstone units which collectively form a part of the Lower Jurassic System of rocks underlying Cleveland in North Yorkshire. Exploitation of the ironstone seams became a major driving force behind the industrialisation of the Teesside district during the mid- to late-1800s.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">John Marley (mining engineer)</span> English mining engineer and geologist

    John Marley was an English mining engineer from Darlington who together with ironmaster John Vaughan made the "commercial discovery" of the Cleveland Ironstone Formation, the basis of the wealth of their company Bolckow Vaughan and the industrial growth of Middlesbrough. He was an effective leader of engineering operations at Bolckow Vaughan's mines and collieries. He ended his career as a wealthy independent mine-owner and president of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers (NEIMME).

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Kettleness</span> Hamlet in North Yorkshire, England

    Kettleness, is a hamlet in the Scarborough District of North Yorkshire, England. The settlement only consists of half-a-dozen houses, but up until the early 19th century, it was a much larger village. However, most of that village, which was on the headland, slipped into the sea as a result of instability caused by quarrying for the alum industry. Kettleness became a smaller settlement, with houses rebuilt slightly further inland.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Grinkle Mine</span> Former ironstone mine in North Yorkshire, England

    Grinkle Mine, was an ironstone mine working the main Cleveland Seam near to Roxby in North Yorkshire, England. Initially, the ironstone was mined specifically for the furnaces at the Palmer Shipbuilders in Jarrow on the River Tyne, but later, the mine became independent of Palmers. To enable the output from the mine to be exported, a 3-mile (4.8 km) narrow-gauge tramway was constructed that ran across three viaducts and through two tunnels to the harbour of Port Mulgrave, where ships would take the ore directly to Tyneside.

    North Skelton Mine was an ironstone mine in the village of North Skelton in North Yorkshire, England. The mine was the deepest of the ironstone mines in Cleveland and was also the last to close, which came in January 1964. Some buildings still exist on the surface as well as spoil heaps.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Roseberry Mine</span> A former ironstone mine in Great Ayton, North Yorkshire, England

    Roseberry Mine was an ironstone mine in the North Riding of Yorkshire, England, which operated between 1883 and 1924, with a break of 24 years. Both periods of mining used a form of tramway to transport the ironstone out, which connected with the railway line north of Great Ayton railway station. The mine was located on the south side of Roseberry Topping digging into the hillside. Of the three ironstone mines in the Great Ayton area, Roseberry was the largest.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Warren Moor Mine</span> Former ironstone mine in North Yorkshire, England

    The Warren Moor Mine, was a short-lived mining concern south of Kildale, North Yorkshire, England. Activity at the site was limited to drift mining, and although shafts were sunk to mine the underground schemes, these ventures failed. The site of the workings have been stabilised, and the old chimney is the only Victorian ironstone mining chimney left in the United Kingdom.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Ironstone mining in Rosedale</span> Ironstone mining in Rosedale, North Yorkshire, England

    The Ironstone mining in Rosedale, was a major mining concern, in Rosedale, North Yorkshire, England. It flourished in the 19th century and ceased in the early 20th, though smaller scale iron workings were in use through the Middle Ages. The ironstone from Rosedale was typically rated at a higher iron ore concentration in the rock than other mines in the Cleveland and North Yorkshire area.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Hutton Village</span> Village in North Yorkshire, England

    Hutton Village is a settlement in the Hutton Lowcross area of Guisborough in North Yorkshire, England. Whilst the area itself is mentioned in the Domesday Book, the village was built largely due to the development of the ironstone industry in the Cleveland Hills. The name Hutton Lowcross referred to the township in the area, whereas the settlement is now known as Hutton Village. The village is set in a narrow dale that carries Hutton Beck northwards towards Guisborough.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Skelton Beck</span> River in North Yorkshire, England

    Skelton Beck is a small river in North Yorkshire, England. The beck only runs for 23 kilometres (14 mi) and feeds directly into the North Sea on the south side of Saltburn beach. The beck is noted for occasionally being polluted with wastewater from the abandoned ironstone workings in its headwaters.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Slapewath</span> Hamlet in Redcar and Cleveland, England

    Slapewath is a hamlet in the borough of Redcar and Cleveland and the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. Whilst the name of the hamlet is recorded as far back as the 13th century, it was developed due to the alum and ironstone industries of the North-Eastern part of Yorkshire in the 16th and 19th centuries respectively. The hamlet lies on the A171 road.

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    Sources

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