James Dillon Armstrong

Last updated

James Dillon Armstrong
Member of the Virginia Senate from Hampshire, Hardy, and Morgan counties
In office
1855–1864
Spouse
Anne Waterman Foote
(m. 1849)
Relations William Henry Foote (father-in-law)
Parent
ProfessionLawyer, politician, jurist

James Dillon Armstrong (September 23, 1821 – September 4, 1893) was an American lawyer, politician, and jurist who served in the Virginia Senate from 1855 to 1864, and as Judge of the 4th and 12th West Virginia Judicial Circuits [lower-alpha 1] from 1875 to 1892.

Contents

Armstrong was born in 1821 in Frankfort, Virginia, [lower-alpha 2] and was the son of politician William Armstrong. He began practicing law in Romney in 1844 and was elected as Hampshire County Prosecuting Attorney in 1852. Armstrong served in the Virginia Senate, representing Hampshire, Hardy, and Morgan counties, from 1855 until 1864. During the American Civil War, Armstrong served on Hampshire County's committee of safety. In early 1862, Stonewall Jackson appointed Armstrong as his chief of staff in the Confederate States Army; Armstrong accepted this position but Virginia Governor John Letcher and others persuaded him to reconsider and decline Jackson's appointment because his services were required in the Virginia Senate. Following the war, Armstrong applied for a special pardon and received it from President Andrew Johnson.

In 1872, Armstrong represented West Virginia's 10th Senate district in the state's second constitutional convention. In 1875, he was appointed to serve as Judge of the 4th West Virginia Judicial Circuit [lower-alpha 1] and he remained on the bench until his resignation in 1892. Armstrong was active in the Presbyterian Church and in 1850, he became a ruling elder in Romney Presbyterian Church. In 1853, he and his father-in-law William Henry Foote organized Mount Hope Church in present-day Keyser, West Virginia. [lower-alpha 3] In the 1860s, Armstrong was a member of the General Assembly that organized the Presbyterian Church in the United States. Armstrong was one of the reestablishing members of the Romney Literary Society and he served on the Bank of Romney's board of directors when it was established in 1888. Armstriong died in Romney in 1893.

Early life and education

James Dillon Armstrong was born on September 23, 1821, in Frankfort, Virginia. [3] [lower-alpha 2] He was the son of politician William Armstrong and his wife Elizabeth Ann McCarty Armstrong. [8] Armstrong's family was Presbyterian and of Scotch-Irish descent. [8] [9] Through his father, Armstrong was a direct descendant of James Armstrong, who participated in the rising of the Covenanters at the Battle of Pentland Hills, forfeited his estate in 1666, and escaped from Annandale, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, to County Down, Ireland. [8] Armstrong's mother was the daughter of Edward McCarty, a Continental Army Colonel who served under George Washington and was present at the Siege of Yorktown during the American Revolutionary War. [8]

At the time of Armstrong's birth in 1821, James's father William Armstrong was operating a hotel in Frankfort, [3] and in 1823, William relocated the family to Romney. [3] William had represented Hampshire County in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1818 to 1820, [10] and represented Virginia's 16th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1825 to 1833. [8]

James Armstrong studied law under Hampshire County Clerk of Court John Baker White in Romney [11] and under Judge Lucas P. Thompson at Staunton Law School in Staunton, Virginia. [12] He was subsequently admitted to the bar in Hampshire County, [3] [8] and in 1844, Armstrong began practicing law in Romney. [3] [8] He continued the practice of law in Romney until he was appointed to the bench in 1875. [3] [8] Armstrong was a law partner of John B. White, son of his law teacher John Baker White, [13] and later had a law practice with Robert Wood Dailey Jr. until Armstrong took the bench in 1875. [14]

Political career

The old Hampshire County Courthouse was in use during Armstrong's tenures as the county's prosecuting attorney and as a circuit court judge Old Hampshire County Courthouse Romney WV.jpg
The old Hampshire County Courthouse was in use during Armstrong's tenures as the county's prosecuting attorney and as a circuit court judge

James Armstrong was elected as Hampshire County Prosecuting Attorney in 1852, winning against A. P. White. [3] In April of that year, the Virginia Whig state convention appointed Armstrong to represent Virginia's 10th congressional district as an elector for the 1852 United States presidential election. [15] [16]

In 1855, John C. B. Mullin resigned his seat in the Virginia Senate representing Hampshire, Hardy, and Morgan counties, and Armstrong became a Whig candidate for this seat. [17] Armstrong served in this Virginia Senate seat from the session beginning on December 3, 1855, until the session ending on March 10, 1864. [18] In May 1857, Armstrong was re-elected to the Senate as a Whig, [19] and in May 1859, he was re-elected to the Senate as a Democrat. [20] Armstrong was subsequently re-elected in 1861, and re-elected for his final term in 1863. [21] However, on June 20, 1863, Armstrong's senate district, consisting of Hampshire, Hardy, and Morgan counties, [18] officially became part of the new state of West Virginia. [22] [23]

Following the onset of the American Civil War in April 1861, [24] Armstrong began serving on Hampshire County's committee of safety alongside Isaac Parsons and Angus William McDonald. [25] The committee was established by a meeting of Hampshire County citizens for the purposes of ensuring the public good while the county prepared for armed conflict. [25] The committee continued to meet until May 29, 1861. [25] Hampshire County Court permitted Armstrong and Parsons to execute bonds for and on behalf of the county to raise money to fund "war purposes". [25]

Stonewall Jackson appointed Armstrong as his chief of staff in the Confederate States Army in early 1862. [8] Armstrong accepted this position but Virginia Governor John Letcher and others persuaded him to reconsider and decline Jackson's appointment because his services were required in the Virginia Senate. [8] Following the end of the American Civil War, Armstrong applied for a special pardon and received it from President Andrew Johnson. [26]

In May 1866, during the post-war Reconstruction era, Armstrong, Robert White, J. W. F. Allen, A. W. Kercheval, and Alexander W. Monroe refused to take the test oath before Hampshire County Court, [27] [28] [29] and Armstrong was forbidden to practice law, [28] and denied the right to vote by the Romney township registrar and Hampshire County board of registration. [29] [30] [31] [32] On September 14, 1866, the circuit court at Romney awarded a peremptory writ of mandate requiring the board to register Armstrong without him taking the oath. [29] [30] [31] [32]

On February 23, 1871, the West Virginia Legislature passed an act calling for an election of delegates to a constitutional convention to update the state's 1863 constitution. [33] [34] The election of delegates was held on October 26, 1871, and Armstrong was elected to represent West Virginia's 10th Senate district alongside John T. Peerce. [33] [34] [35] Armstrong participated in the constitutional convention, which assembled in Charleston from January 16, 1872, and lasted until April 9 that year. [33] [34] [35]

Judicial career

In 1872, Armstrong, Robert White, and J. W. F. Allen were candidates for the position of Judge of the 4th West Virginia Judicial Circuit. [9] [36] [lower-alpha 1] Armstrong and White withdrew in favor of Allen, [9] [36] but on December 24, 1875, Armstrong was appointed to serve as Judge of the 4th judicial circuit following the death of Allen. [3] [8] [36] In October 1876, Armstrong was elected to serve for the remainder of Allen's unexpired term. [36] In 1880, Armstrong was elected to an eight-year term on the bench beginning on January 1, 1881; at the onset of this term, the 4th judicial circuit was renumbered as the 12th judicial circuit. [37] He ran for re-election against William C. Clayton and was re-elected on November 6, 1888, with 6,203 votes, for an eight-year term starting January 1, 1889. [38] In September 1891 in Keyser, Armstrong became ill as a result of Bright's disease, [3] [39] and the following April, he resigned from the bench, [3] [9] [40] citing his health as the reason for his resignation in a letter dated April 4, 1892, which was published in the Hampshire Review . [41] At that time, he was the longest-serving judge to have presided over Hampshire County. [42] Armstrong was succeeded on the bench by Robert Wood Dailey Jr. [3] [14] [43]

Personal life

Presbyterian Church service

Romney Presbyterian Church, built in 1860, during Armstrong's tenure as a ruling elder Romney Presbyterian Church Romney WV 2015 05 10 07.JPG
Romney Presbyterian Church, built in 1860, during Armstrong's tenure as a ruling elder

Armstrong was a Presbyterian, [3] and in August 1846, he became a member of Romney Presbyterian Church under the leadership of William Henry Foote. [44] In May 1850, Armstrong became a ruling elder in the Romney church and held this position for over 43 years. [44] In 1853, the Winchester Presbytery appointed Armstrong and his father-in-law Foote to serve as a committee to organize a Presbyterian congregation in New Creek (present-day Keyser), [lower-alpha 3] and on December 4, 1853, they organized the Church of Mount Hope there. [45] Armstrong was later involved in the reorganization of the Church of Mount Hope in 1890. [46] As a ruling elder, Armstrong was a member of the December 1861 General Assembly that organized the Presbyterian Church in the United States. [44] [47]

Educational, philanthropic, and business pursuits

On May 15, 1869, Armstrong was among the members of Romney Literary Society that met to re-establish the society following the American Civil War. [48] [49] In January 1874, Armstrong served as a delegate to the Richmond, Virginia, convention of the Friends of Hampden Sidney College, a private Presbyterian men's college. [50] On August 14, 1877, Armstrong was a founding member and elected president of the Bible Society of the County of Hampshire, which was auxiliary to the American Bible Society. [51] Armstrong was an incorporator and served on the first board of directors of the Bank of Romney, which was chartered in 1888 and went into operation in 1889. [52] [53]

Marriage

On May 1, 1849, Armstrong married Anne Waterman Foote, the daughter of William Henry Foote and Foote's wife Eliza Wilson Glasse. [8] [54] [55] Anne Foote was born in Woodstock, Virginia, [54] on June 23, 1823; [55] she was involved in the funding and erection of the Confederate Memorial in Romney, and served as treasurer of the Confederate Memorial Association. [56]

Death

Armstrong's burial monument in Indian Mound Cemetery Indian Mound Cemetery Romney WV 2015 06 08 02.jpg
Armstrong's burial monument in Indian Mound Cemetery

James Armstrong became seriously ill on August 27, 1893, [44] and he died at his Romney home the night of September 4, 1893. [3] Armstrong was survived by his wife, who was also in ill health at the time of his death. [3] [9] His funeral was held at Romney Presbyterian Church on September 7, 1893, and he was interred at the town's Indian Mound Cemetery. [3] [57] Armstrong's obituary in the Hampshire Review describes him as "an able lawyer ... an enterprising, liberal citizen, and above all, a high minded Christian gentleman". [3] Armstrong's wife Anne died in Romney on December 26, 1908; [54] [58] she was interred with her husband in Indian Mound Cemetery on December 29, 1908. [57] [58]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Confederate Memorial (Romney, West Virginia)</span> Commemoration for dead soldiers

The Confederate Memorial at Indian Mound Cemetery in Romney, West Virginia, commemorates residents of Hampshire County who died during the American Civil War while fighting for the Confederate States of America. It was sponsored by the Confederate Memorial Association, which formally dedicated the monument on September 26, 1867. The town of Romney has claimed that this is the first memorial structure erected to memorialize the Confederate dead in the United States and that the town performed the nation's first public decoration of Confederate graves on June 1, 1866.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Okonoko, West Virginia</span> Unincorporated community in West Virginia, United States

Okonoko is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Okonoko is located in northern Hampshire County, along the Potomac River and the CSX Cumberland Subdivision of the former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian Mound Cemetery</span> Cemetery in Hampshire County, West Virginia, US

Indian Mound Cemetery is a cemetery located along the Northwestern Turnpike on a promontory of the "Yellow Banks" overlooking the South Branch Potomac River and Mill Creek Mountain in Romney, West Virginia, United States. The cemetery is centered on a Hopewellian mound, known as the Romney Indian Mound. Indian Mound Cemetery is also the site of Fort Pearsall, the Confederate Memorial, Parsons Bell Tower, and reinterments from Romney's Old Presbyterian Cemetery. The cemetery is currently owned and maintained by the Indian Mound Cemetery Association, Inc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert White (attorney general)</span> American lawyer and politician

Robert White was an American military officer, lawyer, and politician in the U.S. state of West Virginia. White served as Attorney General of West Virginia (1877–1881) and served two terms in the West Virginia House of Delegates, representing Ohio County in 1885 and 1891.

William Armstrong was an American lawyer, civil servant, politician, and businessperson. He represented Hampshire County in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1818 to 1820, and Virginia's 16th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1825 to 1833.

Romney Academy was an educational institution for higher learning in Romney, Virginia. Romney Academy was first incorporated by the Virginia General Assembly on January 11, 1814, and was active until 1846 when it was reorganized as the Romney Classical Institute. In addition to the Romney Classical Institute, Romney Academy was also a forerunner institution to Potomac Seminary. Romney Academy was one of the earliest institutions for higher learning within the present boundaries of the state of West Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander W. Monroe</span> American lawyer, politician, and military officer

Alexander W. Monroe was a prominent American lawyer, politician, and military officer in the U.S. states of Virginia and West Virginia. Monroe served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and West Virginia House of Delegates representing Hampshire County. He was the Speaker of the West Virginia House of Delegates during the 1875–1877 legislative session. Monroe also represented Hampshire County in the West Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1872.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy (politician)</span> American politician and lawyer

Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy was an American lawyer, politician, and businessperson in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Flournoy served as a state senator representing the 12th Senatorial District in the West Virginia Senate (1885–1890) and served three terms as mayor of Romney, West Virginia. Flournoy unsuccessfully ran as a candidate for the West Virginia Democratic Party gubernatorial nomination in 1900.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Collins Covell</span> American educator and school administrator

John Collins Covell was a 19th-century American educator and school administrator specializing in deaf education in the U.S. states of Virginia and West Virginia.

<i>Virginia Argus and Hampshire Advertiser</i> Weekly newspaper in Romney, West Virginia

The Virginia Argus and Hampshire Advertiser, often referred to simply as the Virginia Argus, was a weekly newspaper published between July 1850 and August 1861 in Romney, Virginia. The paper's circulation of 800 copies was the second-highest in Hampshire County, after the South Branch Intelligencer's. The Virginia Argus ceased publication following its closure by the Union Army during the American Civil War, after which it was not revived.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Bell Gilkeson</span> American politician and lawyer

Henry Bell Gilkeson was an American lawyer, politician, school administrator, and banker in West Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Howard Hille Johnson</span> American educator and school founder

Howard Hille Johnson was a blind American educator and writer in the states of Virginia and West Virginia. Johnson was instrumental in the establishment of the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind in 1870, after which he taught blind students at the institution's School for the Blind for 43 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Baker White (clerk of court)</span> American military officer and lawyer (1794–1862)

John Baker White was a 19th-century American military officer, lawyer, court clerk, and civil servant in the U.S. state of Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joshua Soule Zimmerman</span> American politician

Joshua Soule Zimmerman was an American lawyer, politician, and orchardist in the U.S. state of West Virginia. In the early years of the 20th century, Zimmerman served as the Prosecuting Attorney for Hampshire County and as a Democratic member of the West Virginia House of Delegates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Sloan Kuykendall</span> American politician and lawyer

James Sloan Kuykendall was an American farmer, lawyer, and Democratic politician in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Kuykendall was twice elected as a member of the West Virginia House of Delegates representing Hampshire County. Kuykendall also served three terms as the mayor of Romney and later fulfilled the position of city attorney.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian Streit White</span> American military officer, lawyer, court clerk, pisciculturist, and politician

Christian Streit White was an American military officer, lawyer, court clerk, pisciculturist, and politician in the U.S. states of Virginia and West Virginia.

Andrew Wodrow (1752–1814) was a prominent Scottish American merchant, militia officer, clerk of court, lawyer, and landowner in the colony of Virginia.

Romney Classical Institute was a 19th-century coeducational collegiate preparatory school in Romney, Virginia, between 1846 and shortly after 1866. Romney had previously been served by Romney Academy, but by 1831 the school had outgrown its facilities. The Virginia General Assembly permitted the Romney Literary Society to raise funds for a new school through a lottery. On December 12, 1846, the assembly established the school and empowered the society with its operation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romney Literary Society</span> 19th-century literary society

The Romney Literary Society existed from January 30, 1819, to February 15, 1886, in Romney, West Virginia. Established as the Polemic Society of Romney, it became the first organization of its kind in the present-day state of West Virginia, and one of the first in the United States. The society was founded by nine prominent men of Romney with the objectives of advancing literature and science, purchasing and maintaining a library, and improving educational opportunities.

William C. Clayton was an American educator, lawyer, politician, and businessperson in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Clayton served in the West Virginia Senate representing the Eleventh Senatorial District of West Virginia from 1875 until 1879. He was twice principal of the Romney Classical Institute in Romney in 1853 and 1866.

References

Explanatory notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 From January 1, 1873, to January 1, 1881, including when Armstrong took the bench in 1875, the 4th West Virginia Judicial Circuit consisted of Hampshire, Mineral, Grant, Hardy, and Pendleton counties. [1] On January 1, 1881, the 4th judicial circuit was renumbered as the 12th judicial circuit, covering the same counties. [1] [2]
  2. 1 2 3 The post office for Fort Ashby, West Virginia, was established in 1800 as Frankfort, which it was named at the time of Armstrong's birth, [3] and it was subsequently renamed Alaska in 1881 and Fort Ashby in 1932. [4] Fort Ashby was located in the U.S. state of Virginia until West Virginia's creation in 1863, and was located in Hampshire County until the establishment of Mineral County in 1866. [4]
  3. 1 2 The post office for Keyser, West Virginia, was first established as Paddytown in 1811; reestablished as Paddy Town in 1852; then renamed New Creek Depot in 1852; then Wind Lea in 1855; then New Creek Station in 1857; and finally Keyser in 1874, when the city was incorporated. [5] [6] Keyser was located within Virginia until the formation of West Virginia in 1863; and it was a part of Hampshire County until the creation of Mineral County in 1866. [4] [7]

Citations

  1. 1 2 Atkinson & Gibbens 1890, p. 50.
  2. Maxwell & Swisher 1897, pp. 275–276.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Judge Armstrong Dead". Hampshire Review . Romney, West Virginia. September 7, 1893. p. 5. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023 via Potomac State College of West Virginia University, Mary F. Shipper Library, West Virginia Newspapers.
  4. 1 2 3 "Postmasters by City: Fort Ashby Post Office in Mineral County, West Virginia". United States Postal Service Postmaster Finder. USPS Historian's Office. United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  5. "Postmasters by City: Keyser Post Office, Mineral County West Virginia". United States Postal Service Postmaster Finder. United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  6. Wolfe 1974, pp. 4, 8, 12 & 22.
  7. Wolfe 1974, p. 20.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Scotch-Irish Society of America 1894 , p. 206.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "Death of Judge Armstrong" (PDF). Wheeling Daily Register. Wheeling, West Virginia. September 7, 1893. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 24, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  10. Munske & Kerns 2004 , pp. 46–47.
  11. Maxwell & Swisher 1897 , p. 741.
  12. "Judge James D. Armstrong". Staunton Vindicator. Staunton, Virginia. September 29, 1893. p. 3. Retrieved September 30, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  13. Maxwell & Swisher 1897 , p. 742.
  14. 1 2 Callahan 1923 , p. 85.
  15. "Whig State Convention" (PDF). Richmond Daily Times . Richmond, Virginia. April 22, 1852. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  16. "Whig Organization" (PDF). Richmond Enquirer . Richmond, Virginia. April 23, 1852. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  17. "News of the Day" (PDF). Alexandria Gazette . Alexandria, Virginia. October 30, 1855. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  18. 1 2 Lewis 1908 , pp. 147–150.
  19. "James D. Armstrong" (PDF). Alexandria Gazette . Alexandria, Virginia. June 6, 1857. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  20. "The Next Legislature of Virginia: Members of the Senate of Virginia" (PDF). Alexandria Gazette . Alexandria, Virginia. November 24, 1859. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  21. Lewis 1908 , p. 150.
  22. West Virginia Legislature 2018 , p. 1041.
  23. Lewis 1908 , p. 202.
  24. McPherson 1988 , p. 264.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Maxwell & Swisher 1897 , pp. 548–549.
  26. "Decision in West Virginia" (PDF). Alexandria Gazette . Alexandria, Virginia. September 24, 1866. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  27. "Can't Take the Oath" (PDF). Wheeling Daily Register. Wheeling, West Virginia. May 18, 1866. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 24, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  28. 1 2 "News of Fifty Years Ago" (PDF). Richmond Times-Dispatch . Richmond, Virginia. May 15, 1916. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  29. 1 2 3 Parker 1875 , pp. 276–277.
  30. 1 2 "Important Judicial Decision – The Test Oath Unconstitutional" (PDF). Wheeling Daily Register. Wheeling, West Virginia. September 19, 1866. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 24, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  31. 1 2 "The Registration Case in Hampshire County – Order of the Court" (PDF). Wheeling Daily Register. Wheeling, West Virginia. September 20, 1866. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 24, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  32. 1 2 "An Outrageous Decision" (PDF). The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer . Wheeling, West Virginia. September 21, 1866. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 24, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  33. 1 2 3 Maxwell & Swisher 1897 , pp. 114–115.
  34. 1 2 3 Lewis 1908 , pp. 297–298.
  35. 1 2 Atkinson & Gibbens 1890 , p. 56.
  36. 1 2 3 4 Atkinson & Gibbens 1890 , p. 47.
  37. Atkinson & Gibbens 1890 , pp. 47–48.
  38. Atkinson & Gibbens 1890 , pp. 48 & 134.
  39. "Judge Armstrong Ill" (PDF). South Branch Intelligencer. Romney, West Virginia. September 11, 1891. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 24, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  40. Munske & Kerns 2004 , p. 41.
  41. "Judge Armstrong Resigns". Hampshire Review . Romney, West Virginia. April 7, 1892. p. 2. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023 via Potomac State College of West Virginia University, Mary F. Shipper Library, West Virginia Newspapers.
  42. Maxwell & Swisher 1897 , p. 275.
  43. Maxwell & Swisher 1897 , p. 276.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Scotch-Irish Society of America 1894 , p. 207.
  45. "Interesting History of Church Revealed as Presbyterians Mark Centennial". Mineral Daily News-Tribune . Keyser, West Virginia. December 4, 1953. p. 7. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023 via Potomac State College of West Virginia University, Mary F. Shipper Library, West Virginia Newspapers.
  46. "Interesting History of Church Revealed as Presbyterians Mark Centennial (Second Portion)". Mineral Daily News-Tribune . Keyser, West Virginia. December 7, 1953. p. 3. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023 via Potomac State College of West Virginia University, Mary F. Shipper Library, West Virginia Newspapers.
  47. Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America 1861 , p. 60.
  48. Maxwell & Swisher 1897 , p. 435.
  49. Brannon 1976 , p. 261.
  50. "Convention of the Friends of Hampden Sidney College" (PDF). The Daily Dispatch . Richmond, Virginia. January 14, 1874. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  51. "Bible Society". South Branch Intelligencer. Romney, West Virginia. August 17, 1877. p. 3. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023 via Potomac State College of West Virginia University, Mary F. Shipper Library, West Virginia Newspapers.
  52. Maxwell & Swisher 1897 , p. 347.
  53. West Virginia Legislature 1889 , pp. 579–580.
  54. 1 2 3 "Obituaries: Mrs. Anne Waterman Armstrong" (PDF). The Presbyterian of the South. Atlanta. February 17, 1909. p. 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023 via Chronicling America.
  55. 1 2 Waterman & Jacobus 1939 , p. 549.
  56. Maxwell & Swisher 1897 , pp. 694–695.
  57. 1 2 "Indian Mound Cemetery, "A" through "C"". HistoricHampshire.org. HistoricHampshire.org, Charles C. Hall. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
  58. 1 2 "Mrs. Armstrong Dead". Hampshire Review . Romney, West Virginia. January 6, 1909. p. 5. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023 via Potomac State College of West Virginia University, Mary F. Shipper Library, West Virginia Newspapers.

Bibliography