John Bohannon

Last updated
John Bohannon
John Bohannon in Libya in 2007 (cropped).png
John Bohannon in Libya in 2007
Alma mater University of Oxford (PhD)
Known for
Scientific career
Institutions
Thesis The role of the WSS operon in the adaptive evolution of experimental populations of Pseudomonas Fluorescens SBW25  (2002)
Doctoral advisor Paul Rainey
Website www.johnbohannon.org

John Bohannon is an American science journalist and scientist who is Director of Science at Primer, an artificial intelligence company headquartered in San Francisco, California. [1] He is known for his career prior to Primer as a science journalist and Harvard University biologist, [3] most notably with his "Gonzo Scientist" online series at Science Magazine [4] and his creation of the annual "Dance Your PhD" contest. [5] His investigative journalism work includes:

Contents

Bohannon is involved in the effective altruism movement. In July 2015 he became a member of Giving What We Can, an organization whose members pledge to give at least 10% of their income to effective charities. [11]

Education

Bohannon completed his Doctor of Philosophy degree in molecular biology at the University of Oxford in 2002, supervised by Paul Rainey. [12] [13] [14] His doctoral thesis investigated the role of an operon in the adaptive evolution of populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and was supervised by Paul Rainey. [12]

Career and research

Bohannon is Director of Science at Primer, a San Francisco, California, company that develops and sells artificial intelligence technology, started by his friend Sean Gourley. [15] [1] Before joining Primer, Bohannon was a contributing correspondent for Science Magazine [15] and also wrote for Discover Magazine , Wired , The Guardian , Christian Science Monitor , and other publications. [16]

Investigative science reporting

Bohannon has frequently reported on the intersections of science and war. He received a Reuters environmental journalism award in 2006 for his reporting on the water crisis in Gaza. [17] In that year he also critiqued the Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties. [6] [7] After embedding in southern Afghanistan in 2010, he was the first journalist to convince the US military to voluntarily release civilian casualty data. [18]

Two of his later journalism projects are described below.

"Who's Afraid of Peer Review?"

In September 2013, Bohannon submitted a fake and very flawed scientific article to a large number of fee-charging open-access publishers, [8] [9] revealing that less than 40% were living up to their promise of rigorously peer-reviewing what is published. The spoof paper was accepted by 157 of the 255 open-access journals (61.6%) that said they would review it. [19] This approach was criticized by some commentators, as well as by some publishers of fee charging journals, who complained that his sting only targeted one type of open-access journal and no subscription-based journals, damaging the reputation of the open access movement. [20] [21] [22] [23]

Intentionally misleading chocolate study

The chocolate study. Click for bigger version and original PDF file. Chocolate with high Cocoa content as a weight-loss accelerator.pdf
The chocolate study. Click for bigger version and original PDF file.

Under the pseudonym Johannes Bohannon, John Bohannon wrote a paper –"Chocolate with high Cocoa content as a weight-loss accelerator" [24]  –detailing a deliberately bad study that he had designed and run to see how the media would pick up the "meaningless" [10] findings. He worked with film-maker Peter Onneken, who was making a film about junk science in the diet industry and how fad diets became headline news despite having deeply flawed study designs and very little supporting evidence. [10]

Bohannon's bogus study had a tiny sample size of 15 and measured 18 variables, almost guaranteeing an erroneously statistically significant result (false positive) due to random fluctuations in participant outcomes. He told a statistician to deliberately massage the data using overfitting and p-hacking. The study had other serious design flaws as well, but the erroneous conclusion was that eating chocolate could assist with weight loss. [10]

Bohannon submitted the manuscript to 20 open-access publishers well known for their predatory journals and ended up being published in the International Archives of Medicine . [10] He invented a fake institute, "The Institute of Diet and Health", to go along with his fake name, "Johannes Bohannon", and fabricated a press release [25] which was picked by the German tabloid Bild , as well as "the Daily Star, the Irish Examiner , Cosmopolitan 's German website, The Times of India , both the German and Indian site of the Huffington Post , and television news in the US and an Australian morning talk show." [10]

The few journalists who contacted Bohannon (acting as Johannes) asked puff piece questions, and no reporter published how many subjects were tested or quoted independent researchers. [10] Most outlets sought to maximize page views by including "vaguely pornographic images of women eating chocolate." [10] Bohannon says:

The only problem with the diet science beat is that it's science. You have to know how to read a scientific paper –and actually bother to do it. For far too long, the people who cover this beat have treated it like gossip, echoing whatever they find in press releases. Hopefully our little experiment will make reporters and readers alike more skeptical. [10]

Gonzo Scientist

Bohannon's science journalism extended to his on-line "Gonzo Scientist" series at Science Magazine , where he adopted the "Gonzo Scientist" persona. [4] [26] As the Gonzo Scientist, Bohannon took "a look at the intersections among science, culture, and art –and, in true gonzo style, [didn't] shrink from making himself a part of the story. The stories include original art and accompanying multimedia features." [4] In Gonzo Scientist mode, Bohannon's research on whether humans can tell the difference between pâté and dog food led to Stephen Colbert eating cat food on the Colbert Report . [27]

Dance Your PhD

Many Gonzo Scientist columns [28] [29] were devoted to advertising the Dance Your PhD [30] competition, which Bohannon created in early 2008. [5] [31] The annual competition encourages scientists from all around the world to interpret their doctoral dissertations in dance form. Slate Magazine ran a profile on Bohannon and the competition in 2011. [5]

Appearances

Bohannon performed with the Black Label Movement [32] dance troupe at TEDxBrussels in November 2011, where he satirized Jonathan Swift's A Modest Proposal by modestly proposing that PowerPoint software be replaced by live dancers. [33] Bohannon then went on to perform with Black Label Movement at TED2012 [34] in March in Long Beach, California. [35] And, in April 2012, Bohannon presented on the Dance Your PhD contest at the Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism (NECSS). [36]

In 2015, [37] Bohannon appeared on the "Adam Ruins Nutrition" episode of the Adam Ruins Everything truTV series. [38] In 2016, he joined Adam Ruins Everything host Adam Conover on episode 5 of Adam's Adam Ruins Everything podcast series, "Science Journalism with John Bohannon", where he spoke about the fake chocolate study described above and discussed how fraudulent studies are created and promoted through mass media. [38]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Association for the Advancement of Science</span> International nonprofit organization

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity. AAAS was the first permanent organization established to promote science and engineering nationally and to represent the interests of American researchers from across all scientific fields. It is the world's largest general scientific society, with over 120,000 members, and is the publisher of the well-known scientific journal Science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elsevier</span> Dutch publishing and analytics company

Elsevier is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as The Lancet, Cell, the ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals, Trends, the Current Opinion series, the online citation database Scopus, the SciVal tool for measuring research performance, the ClinicalKey search engine for clinicians, and the ClinicalPath evidence-based cancer care service. Elsevier's products and services include digital tools for data management, instruction, research analytics, and assessment. Elsevier is part of the RELX Group, known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier, a publicly traded company. According to RELX reports, in 2022 Elsevier published more than 600,000 articles annually in over 2,800 journals; as of 2018 its archives contained over 17 million documents and 40,000 e-books, with over one billion annual downloads.

<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> Species of bacterium

Pseudomonas fluorescens is a common Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. It belongs to the Pseudomonas genus; 16S rRNA analysis as well as phylogenomic analysis has placed P. fluorescens in the P. fluorescens group within the genus, to which it lends its name.

Fact-checking is the process of verifying the factual accuracy of questioned reporting and statements. Fact-checking can be conducted before or after the text or content is published or otherwise disseminated. Internal fact-checking is such checking done in-house by the publisher to prevent inaccurate content from being published; when the text is analyzed by a third party, the process is called external fact-checking.

Medknow Publications also known as Wolters Kluwer Medknow or simply Medknow, is a publisher of academic journals on behalf of learned societies and associations. Previously an independent Indian publisher, Medknow is now part of within Wolters Kluwer's Health Division, and is part of Wolters Kluwer India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Science journalism</span> Journalism genre

Science journalism conveys reporting about science to the public. The field typically involves interactions between scientists, journalists and the public.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindawi (publisher)</span> Scientific and medical journal publisher

Hindawi was a publisher of peer-reviewed, open access, scientific journals active in scientific, technical, and medical (STM) literature. It was founded in 1997 in Cairo, Egypt, and purchased in 2021 for $298 million by John Wiley & Sons, a large US-based publishing company.

e-Century Publishing Corporation is a publisher of seventeen open access scientific journals based in Madison, Wisconsin. 11 of them are indexed in the Web of Science, including the American Journal of Translational Research, the American Journal of Cancer Research, the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology. The publisher was included on Beall's list before it was taken down in 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bentham Science Publishers</span> Academic publishing company

Bentham Science Publishers is a company that publishes scientific, technical, and medical journals and e-books. It publishes over 120 subscription-based academic journals and around 40 open access journals.

The World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology or WASET is a predatory publisher of open access academic journals. The publisher has been listed as a "potential, possible, or probable" predatory publisher by American library scientist Jeffrey Beall and is listed as such by the Max Planck Society and Stop Predatory Journals. WASET's estimated annual revenue in 2017 alone was over $4 million, with other estimates ranging from $8.9 million to $11.9 million for the years 2014 to 2019 combined.

Scientific Reports is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific mega journal published by Nature Portfolio, covering all areas of the natural sciences. The journal was established in 2011. The journal states that their aim is to assess solely the scientific validity of a submitted paper, rather than its perceived importance, significance, or impact.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OMICS Publishing Group</span> Discredited academic publishing company

OMICS Publishing Group is a predatory publisher of open access academic journals. It started publishing its first journal in 2008. By 2015, it claimed over 700 journals, although about half of them were defunct. Its subsidiaries and brands include Allied Academies, Conference Series LLC LTD, EuroSciCon LTD, Hilaris Publishing, iMedPub LTD, International Online Medical Council (IOMC), Longdom Publishing SL, Meetings International, Prime Scholars, Pulsus Group, Research & Reviews, SciTechnol, Trade Science Inc, Life Science Events, Walsh Medical Media, and IT Medical Team.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Predatory publishing</span> Fraudulent business model for scientific publications

Predatory publishing, also write-only publishing or deceptive publishing, is an exploitative academic publishing business model that involves charging publication fees to authors while only superficially checking articles for quality and scientific integrity, and without providing editorial and publishing services that legitimate academic journals provide. Although the term "predatory publishing" was originally proposed to decribe open access publishers, who charge authors without providing a proper peer-review, subscription-access publishers have also resolved to predatory practices. For example, Springer and the IEEE had to retract over 120 articles, that they published in subscription-based journals, because the papers were automatically generated by the computer program SciGen.

Beall's List was a prominent list of predatory open-access publishers that was maintained by University of Colorado librarian Jeffrey Beall on his blog Scholarly Open Access. The list aimed to document open-access publishers who did not perform real peer review, effectively publishing any article as long as the authors pay the article processing charge. Originally started as a personal endeavor in 2008, Beall's List became a widely followed piece of work by the mid-2010s. The list was used by scientists to identify exploitative publishers and detect publisher spam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Who's Afraid of Peer Review?</span> Science article by John Bohannon

"Who's Afraid of Peer Review?" is an article written by Science correspondent John Bohannon that describes his investigation of peer review among fee-charging open-access journals. Between January and August 2013, Bohannon submitted fake scientific papers to 304 journals owned by fee-charging open access publishers. The papers, writes Bohannon, "were designed with such grave and obvious scientific flaws that they should have been rejected immediately by editors and peer reviewers", but 60% of the journals accepted them. The article and associated data were published in the 4 October 2013 issue of Science as open access.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jeffrey Beall</span> American librarian

Jeffrey Beall is an American librarian and library scientist, who drew attention to "predatory open access publishing", a term he coined, and created Beall's list, a list of potentially predatory open-access publishers. He is a critic of the open access publishing movement and particularly how predatory publishers use the open access concept, and is known for his blog Scholarly Open Access. He has also written on this topic in The Charleston Advisor, in Nature, in Learned Publishing, and elsewhere.

BIT Life Sciences is a for profit meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions (MICE) company based in Dalian, China, that specializes in arranging multiple scientific congresses that have been described as "predatory". The company is part of a wave of organizations that have appeared in China in the past several years noted for arranging congresses with little academic merit and with the primary aim of generating revenue rather than scientific knowledge sharing. Papers submitted are usually accepted without revisions within 24 hours, and BIT has frequently been spoofed.

Dance Your Ph.D. is a contest wherein scientists express their research through dance. The purpose of the contest is to educate by explaining complex theories through interpretive dance. The contest was first held in 2008. Dance Your Ph.D. is sponsored by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Science magazine, and Primer.ai, an artificial intelligence technology company.

Emily Conover is an American science journalist, best known for being the only two-time winner of the D.C. Science Writers Association's Newsbrief award. As of 2016, she has been a reporter for American bi-weekly magazine Science News.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Who We Are". Primer. Primer.ai. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  2. ↑ "John Bohannon". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  3. 1 2 "John Bohannon". Harvard University Program in Ethics & Health. Harvard University. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 "The Gonzo Scientist". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 Weingarten, Elizabeth (20 October 2011). "You Move Like a Sex-Crazed Fruit Fly". Slate. The Slate Group, a Graham Holdings Company. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  6. 1 2 Bohannon, John (2006). "Epidemiology: Iraqi Death Estimates Called Too High; Methods Faulted". Science. 314 (5798): 396–397. doi: 10.1126/science.314.5798.396 . PMID   17053114. S2CID   21039672.
  7. 1 2 Burnham, G.; Roberts, L.; Bohannon, J. (2006). "A Debate over Iraqi Death Estimates". Science. 314 (5803): 1241b. doi:10.1126/science.314.5803.1241b. PMID   17124305. S2CID   206578274.
  8. 1 2 Bohannon, John (4 October 2013). "Who's Afraid of Peer Review?". Science. 342 (6154). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 60–65. doi:10.1126/science.342.6154.60. PMID   24092725.
  9. 1 2 Bohannon, John (2013). "Who's Afraid of Peer Review?". Science. 342 (6154): 60–65. doi:10.1126/science.342.6154.60. PMID   24092725.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bohannon, John (27 May 2015). "I Fooled Millions Into Thinking Chocolate Helps Weight Loss. Here's How". io9. Gizmodo Media Group. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14.
  11. ↑ "Members". givingwhatwecan.org. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  12. 1 2 Bohannon, John (2002). The role of the WSS operon in the adaptive evolution of experimental populations of Pseudomonas Fluorescens SBW25. jisc.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. EThOS   uk.bl.ethos.249480.[ permanent dead link ]
  13. ↑ Spiers, A. J.; Bohannon, J.; Gehrig, S. M.; Rainey, P. B. (2003). "Biofilm formation at the air-liquid interface by the Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 wrinkly spreader requires an acetylated form of cellulose". Molecular Microbiology. 50 (1): 15–27. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03670.x . PMID   14507360. S2CID   25931595.
  14. ↑ Spiers, A. J.; Kahn, S. G.; Bohannon, J.; Travisano, M.; Rainey, P. B. (2002). "Adaptive divergence in experimental populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens. I. Genetic and phenotypic bases of wrinkly spreader fitness". Genetics. 161 (1): 33–46. doi:10.1093/genetics/161.1.33. PMC   1462107 . PMID   12019221.
  15. 1 2 Bohannon, John. "Hello world. I am John Bohannon". John Bohannon. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  16. ↑ "(untitled)". John Bohannon. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  17. ↑ Wren, Kathy (10 March 2011). "Science Exclusive: Civilian Casualties Rising in Afghanistan Conflict". AAAS. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  18. ↑ Marder, Jenny (11 March 2011). "Afghan Civilian Casualties Database Appears in Unexpected Place: Science". PBS Newshour. NewsHour Productions LLC. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  19. ↑ Vergano, Dan (4 October 2013). "Fake Cancer Study Spotlights Bogus Science Journals". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  20. ↑ Michael, Eisen (3 October 2013). "I confess, I wrote the Arsenic DNA paper to expose flaws in peer-review at subscription based journals". Michael Eisen. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  21. ↑ Eve, Martin (3 October 2013). "Flawed sting operation singles out open access journals". The Conversation. The Conversation US. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  22. ↑ Suber, Peter (3 October 2013). "New "sting" of weak open-access journals". Peter Suber Google+ Posts. Peter Suber. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  23. ↑ Shieber, Stuart (15 October 2013). "Lessons from the faux journal investigation". The Occasional Pamphlet on scholarly communication. Harvard Law School. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  24. ↑ Johannes, Bohannon (2015). "Chocolate with high Cocoa content as a weight-loss accelerator". Scribd. Scribd Inc. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  25. ↑ "International Press Release: Slim by Chocolate". IDH. Institute of Diet and Health (nonexistent institute). 29 March 2015. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  26. ↑ Bohannon, J. (2008). "The Gonzo Scientist. Slaying monsters for science". Science. 320 (5883): 1592. doi:10.1126/science.320.5883.1592c. PMID   18566270. S2CID   481899.
  27. ↑ "Stephen's Fancy Feast – The Colbert Report". Colbertnation.com. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  28. ↑ "John Bohannon". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  29. ↑ "John Bohannon". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  30. ↑ "The "Dance Your Ph.D." Contest". Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  31. ↑ "John Bohannon: Former BIDS Visiting Scholar". Berkeley Institute for Data Science. University of California Berkeley. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  32. ↑ "Black Label Movement". Black Label Movement.
  33. ↑ "John Bohannon, TEDxBrussels: Dance vs. powerpoint, a modest proposal". TED: Ideas worth spreading. TED Conferences, LLC. November 2011. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  34. ↑ Lillie, Ben (2 March 2012). "We still aren't quite sure what sex is for: John Bohannon, Black Label Movement and Jelloslave at TED2012". TED Blog. TED Conferences, LLC. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  35. ↑ "TED2012 Full Spectrum: Program". TED2012. TED Conferences, LLC. 2012. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  36. ↑ "Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism (NECSS)". Lanyrd. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  37. ↑ Conover, Adam (13 December 2015). "Adam's Sources: Adam Ruins Nutrition". truTV. Turner & truTV. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  38. 1 2 Anderson, Colin (20 July 2016). "Adam Ruins Everything: Episode 5 Science Journalism with John Bohannon". Maximum Fun. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
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