Juan Rodríguez de Medrano y Mesía [1] was a nobleman from the House of Medrano and the 23rd governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México between 1668 and 1671 during the reign of King Charles II of Spain. [2] During his term he had to send troops against the Apaches, [3] who carried out various attacks against the Christian communities of New Mexico. This event was a fundamental fact of his administration in the province. [4]
Governor Juan de Medrano y Mesia assumed office after his appointment by Viceroy Antonio Sebastián de Toledo. [2] Unfortunately,historical records provide limited information about his actions and administration. He was a relative and contemporary of Juan Bravo de Medrano,1st Count of Santa Rosa,and Diego Fernández de Medrano,governor of the province of Carrión in Mexico. During his tenure,persistent raids and hostilities by the Apaches instilled fear among the colonists and led to the abandonment of Chililí and the surrounding pueblos of Salinas. [5] Governor Medrano also faced significant internal conflicts,including rivalries and disputes among both secular and ecclesiastical groups. [6]
Serious accusations were leveled against him,prompting a dramatic response. Reports state that he fled his home in the midst of heavy snow,clutching a Cristo,carrying a lance and cloak,and shouting his intention to seek justice from God and the King in Mexico for what he called "a people abandoned by God." [5]
Capitán Juan Rodríguez de Medrano y Mesía,governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México during the 1660s (1668–1671),focused on granting lands for estancias and ranchos while attempting to maintain peaceful relations with the Indigenous populations. [6]
A facsimile during his time as governor still exists,preserved in the New Mexico Archives. [7]
After being appointed governor of the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México by Viceroy Antonio Sebastián de Toledo, [4] succeeding Fernando de Villanueva,he took office in November 1668. [8] [9]
Governor Juan de Medrano played a critical role in administering and enforcing the encomienda system in New Mexico,particularly during a volatile period in the late 1660s and early 1670s. On May 1,1669,Medrano reassigned a one-third share of the Jumanos encomienda to Juan Domínguez de Mendoza after its previous holder,Juan González Bernal,forfeited his rights for failing to appear for a mandatory military muster in 1668. [10]
Bernardo Gruber,a German trader operating in Sonora,Mexico,was arrested in 1668 by agents of the Spanish Inquisition on charges of practicing witchcraft. He was accused of distributing slips of paper that he claimed would render individuals invulnerable for twenty-four hours if chewed. Imprisoned near Sandia Pueblo,Gruber escaped in 1670 with the assistance of an Apache associate. Governor Juan de Medrano y Mesía played a decisive role in the aftermath of Bernardo Gruber's escape,ensuring a coordinated response to the incident. When notified of the escape on June 28,1670,Medrano swiftly dispatched Cristóbal de Anaya Almazán with a squad of soldiers and forty Indigenous trackers to pursue Gruber and his Apache accomplice. Additionally,Medrano supported Friar Juan Bernal by facilitating the circulation of bulletins to Inquisition agents in Parral and Sonora,spreading awareness of the fugitive's flight. [11]
During his government,important conflicts arose between the Apaches of various tribes (Gilas,Salineros,and the natives of “Casa Fuerte”) and the Christian communities (both of Spanish and indigenous origin). Thus,the Apaches,in alliance with the Navajos,attacked these communities,leading to the murder of a large number of people (including six Spanish soldiers and some three hundred and seventy-three Christianized Natives,according to estimates made by Medrano himself) and the theft of a large number of horses,mules and sheep (which Medrano estimates at more than 2,000 in the case of equines). In 1670 (and coinciding with the harvest season),the Apaches attacked Las Humanas región. They killed eleven people who lived there,stole church property and kidnapped thirty-one people. The Apache attacks contributed to the destruction of the populations of at least six towns in Piro and Salinas. These towns were affected by a combination of the attacks,famine,drought and disease. [8] [12] [13]
The famine caused by Apache attacks in one of the missions caused the indigenous residents to steal food from the convents. To stop the attacks,Medrano promised to send a troop of fifty soldiers and six hundred indigenous people against the rebels. The indigenous members of the troop would be selected from among those who had assumed the Christian religion. The troop would depart from Jemez Pueblo. However,Medrano asked the clergy for help to carry out his mission. He asked Father Talabán for help in particular to provide food in the convents,such as wheat and corn. [12] [13] Talabán distributed them among a large number of convents,including those of Senecu,Socorro,Ácoma,Nambé,San Ildefonso and San Juan (the last three belonging to the Tewa people). The distribution of food among the convents not only alleviated the hunger of the parishioners but also prevented the priests from abandoning these religious buildings. In addition,convents in regions such as Galisteo,Sandía,and Zia received food from Pecos. A chaplain,two hundred sheep,and more than twenty cows were also sent to these regions. Medrano noted that thanks to these aids,there were still natives alive. [12] [13]
Following the devastating Siete Rios Apache attack on September 3,1670,which resulted in the destruction of the Jumanos Pueblo church,the death of eleven residents,and the capture of thirty-one individuals,Medrano labeled the incident an atrocity: [10]
The Apache Indians,common enemies,who during the seven months I have been governing have killed six Spanish soldiers and 373 Christian Indians,stolen more than two thousand horses,mares,and mules,and more than two thousand head of ganadomenor [sheep],the property of the conventos of this holy custodia and of the citizens and inhabitants of these [provinces] so ravaged and destroyed,that it is a miracle anyone remains in them. [14] [15]
The drought and widespread famine of the 1670s,along with the resulting hunger,drove Apache tribes to escalate their attacks on Puebloan and Spanish settlements with increased intensity. Following the devastating Apache raid on the Humanas Pueblo in early September 1670—resulting in the destruction of the church,eleven deaths,and the capture of thirty-one individuals—Medrano appointed Juan Domínguez de Mendoza as maestre de campo. Domínguez de Mendoza was tasked with leading a retaliatory force of thirty Spanish soldiers and three hundred Christian Natives to pursue the attackers and rescue the captives. Despite the force’s efforts,only six of the captives were successfully freed. [10] Governor Medrano documented the attack and authorized a Spanish military response:
By my order,reprisal and just war is to be made against the Apache enemies of the cordilleras [mountains]…because on the third of this month they launched a great ambuscade on the pueblo of Humanas,took possession of it,and killed eleven persons,carrying off thirty-one captives,destroying the holy temple…and committing many other atrocities. [16] [15]
As Medrano’s governorship neared its end in early summer 1671,he took further action in response to escalating Apache aggression. When the incoming governor,Juan Durán de Miranda,and his retinue were ambushed at the Paraje del Muerto,resulting in three deaths and the theft of mule teams,Governor Medrano promoted Domínguez de Mendoza to sargento mayor,the third-highest military position in the province. This elevation was based on Domínguez de Mendoza’s documented service record,which Medrano praised for its demonstration of his merits and quality. [10]
Governor Medrano left the government of Santa Fe in 1671,being replaced by Juan Durán de Miranda. [4] By 1673,Medrano was established in Mexico. [4] Medrano's safe arrival in Mexico is confirmed by records indicating that around 1673,he submitted a bid for the Mission Supply Service contract,which was under review for future policy decisions. Although his bid was more favorable than the Franciscan Order’s,a decision in 1674 ended the regular supply caravans and settled all related accounts. The supply service continued under the direction of the procurator general,but Medrano ultimately did not secure the contract. [5] [17]
Santa Fe de Nuevo México was a province of the Spanish Empire and New Spain,and later a territory of independent Mexico. The first capital was San Juan de los Caballeros from 1598 until 1610,and from 1610 onward the capital was La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís.
Antonio de Otermín was the Spanish Governor of the northern New Spain province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México,today the U.S. states of New Mexico and Arizona,from 1678 to 1682. He was governor at the time of the Pueblo Revolt,during which the religious leader Popéled the Pueblo people in a military ouster of the Spanish colonists. Otermín had to cope with the revolt with help of the settlers and their descendants in New Mexico,fighting against the Pueblo in some military campaigns and establishing a refuge for the surviving settlers and loyal native Pueblo in the vicinity of the modern Ciudad Juárez,current Mexico.
Medrano is a Spanish surname of Basque origin that means "abundance,to grow,to prosper,or to improve." It is a surname of high nobility established in the old Kingdoms of Navarre,Aragon,Castile,France,etc. They are all descendants of their progenitor,Prince Andrés Vélaz de Medrano.
Jusepe Gutierrez,) was a Native Nahua guide and explorer. He was the only known survivor of the Humana and Leyva expedition to the Great Plains in 1594 or 1595. In 1599 he guided Vicente de Zaldivar and in 1601 Governor Juan de Oñate on expeditions to the plains.
Juan Sabeata was a Jumano Indian leader in present day Texas who tried to forge an alliance with the Spanish or French to help his people fend off the encroachments of the Apaches on their territory.
Antonio Valverde y Cosío was the architect behind the disastrous Villasur expedition wherein the famous Spanish colonial scout JoséNaranjo perished.
Juan Francisco Treviño was the Governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México from 1675 to 1679. As governor,he persecuted the Pueblo Native Americans,causing the Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish settlers.
Juan Durán de Miranda was a soldier who served as governor of New Mexico in the 1600s. He occupied the charge of governor of New Mexico twice. The existing information on him is scarce.
Pedro Zambrano Ortiz,O.F.M.,was a Spanish Franciscan friar who was guardian of the Mission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos in the settlement of Pecos,in the Province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México of New Spain,from no later than 1619 until the fall of 1621. He then served at Galisteo Pueblo,and was still in charge of the mission in 1632
Juan Domínguez de Mendoza was a Spanish soldier who played an important role in suppressing the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and who made two major expeditions from New Mexico into Texas.
Domingo Jironza Pétriz de Cruzate was a Spanish soldier who was Governor of New Mexico from 1683 to 1686,and again from 1689 to 1691. He came to office at a time a large part of the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was independent of Spanish rule due to the Pueblo Revolt. With limited resources,he was unable to reconquer the province.
Juan de Eulate was a Spanish soldier who served with distinction in the Netherlands,and later was appointed Governor of New Mexico between 1618 and 1625 at a time when it was a province of New Spain. He then became Governor of the Margarita Province,based on Isla Margarita off the coast of what today is Venezuela,from 1630 to 1638 before retiring to Spain.
Manuel de Portillo y Urrisola,also known as Manuel de Portillo y Urrizola,was a judge who served as the acting Spanish colonial governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México province from 1760 to 1762,located in the northern Viceroyalty of New Spain.
Fernando de Argüello was a Spanish soldier who served as Governor of New Mexico,between 1644 and 1647.
Juan de Samaniego y Díez de Ulzurrun Xaca ("Jaca") y Roncal,better known just as Juan Samaniego y Jaca,was a prominent Spanish military officer who served as Governor of New Mexico between 1653 and 1656. He initiated several expeditions to liberate native people from Amerindians who attacked,kidnapped and took those native people as prisoners.
Juan Manso de Contreras was the Spanish governor of New Mexico between 1656 and 1659. He was also a businessman who organized and led wagon trains carrying supplies from Mexico City and Parral,Chihuahua to New Mexico.
ToméDomínguez III de Mendoza was a Spanish soldier who served as acting Governor of New Mexico in 1664.
Juan de Ulibarrí or Uribarrí (1670-1716) was a Spanish or Criollo soldier and explorer who lived in New Mexico. In 1706 he led an expedition to El Cuartelejo on the Great Plains of western Kansas and eastern Colorado. Ulibarrí's diary survives and is an important source for the history of Spanish exploration of the Great Plains and relationships with the Apache and Pueblo Indians. The purpose of Ulibarrí's expedition was to find and escort back to New Mexico about 60 people from Picuris Pueblo who had earlier fled Spanish rule in New Mexico and established communities on the Great Plains. The Cuartelejo Ruins in Kansas are a remnant of the Pueblos who lived on the plains.
Alonso de Llanos y Posada González (1626-?) was a Franciscan missionary who worked among the Puebloans and the Hopi Indians in northern New Spain. He became the Custos (leader) of the Franciscans in New Mexico. Posada suppressed the indigenous religious practices of the Hopi and Puebloans. Posada was often in conflict with the secular government of New Mexico. He was the Franciscan leader in disputes with two New Mexican governors,Bernardo López de Mendizábal and Diego de Peñalosa,which led to their dismissal and prosecution. In the 17th century,the secular authorities and the Franciscan missionaries in New Mexico were often in conflict as they competed for power,wealth,and the resources and labor of the Indians. Historian John L. Kessell said,"No friar ever wielded the authority of the Inquisition in New Mexico" that Posada did.
Nicolás de Freitas was a Franciscan missionary to New Spain.