Julie Nixon Eisenhower (born July 5, 1948) is an American author who is the younger daughter of former U.S. president Richard Nixon and his wife, Pat Nixon. Her husband, David, is the grandson of former U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower and his wife, Mamie Eisenhower.
Born in Washington, D.C. in 1948, while her father was a Congressman, Julie and her older sister, Tricia Nixon Cox, grew up in the public eye. Her father was elected U.S. Senator from California when she was two and Vice President of the United States when she was four. Her 1968 marriage to David Eisenhower was seen as a union between two of the most prominent political families in the United States.
Throughout the Nixon administration (1969 to 1974), Julie worked as the assistant managing editor of The Saturday Evening Post while holding the unofficial title of "First Daughter". She was widely noted as one of her father's most vocal and active defenders and was named one of the "Ten Most Admired Women in America" for four years of the 1970s by readers of Good Housekeeping magazine. After her father resigned from the presidency in 1974, she wrote a biography of her mother, the New York Times best-seller Pat Nixon: The Untold Story. She continues to engage in works that support her parents' legacies and is on the board of directors of the Richard Nixon Foundation.
She is the mother of two daughters, Jennie Eisenhower and Melanie Catherine Eisenhower, and a son, Alex Eisenhower.
Julie Nixon was born at Columbia Hospital for Women in Washington, D.C., while her father, Richard Nixon, was a Congressman, but much of her childhood coincided with her father's term as Dwight Eisenhower's vice-president (1953–1961). She recalled her father as being romantic, while her mother was "practical and down to earth".[1] Her mother tried to "seal" her and her sister from much of her father's political career.[2] At his second inauguration, President Eisenhower suggested to eight-year-old Julie as their photograph was being taken, to hide a black eye (which she had acquired in a sledding accident) by turning her head. She turned her head towards David, which made it appear that he had been staring directly at her.[3] Her grandmother Hannah Nixon would come to watch her and her sister whenever her parents traveled.[4] As a child, one of her favorite pets was a cocker spaniel named Checkers, who figured prominently in one of her father's most famous speeches, given during his 1952 campaign for Vice President of the United States.
After her father lost his presidential bid in 1960 the family returned to California, where her father ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1962. The Nixons moved to New York City after the gubernatorial race, and Julie attended Smith College after her graduation from the Chapin School.[5] She received a master's degree in education from Catholic University of America in 1971. When she was at Smith, David Eisenhower, the grandson of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, attended Amherst College nearby. Julie and David were both invited to address the Hadley Republican Women's Club. The club learned that the two were only seven miles apart, and invited them to be featured speakers.[6] They discussed the invitations and both chose to decline, but would come in contact again when David visited Julie with his roommate from Amherst and took her and a friend out for ice cream. David reflected: "I was broke, my roommate forgot his wallet. The girls paid."[7]
She began to date David Eisenhower in the fall of 1966 when both were freshmen at Smith College and Amherst College, respectively. They became engaged a year later. [8] Both Julie and David have said that Mamie Eisenhower played a major part in their relationship.[9][10] In 1966 during the funeral for Raymond Pitcairn, a friend of the Nixons, Julie mentioned to Mamie that she would be attending Smith College. Mamie told her of David's plans to go to Amherst College, and soon started trying to get David to call on her.[11]
Julie and David married on December 22, 1968, after her father was elected president in the 1968 presidential election, but before he took office. The couple decided they did not want the publicity of a White House wedding.[13] The Reverend Norman Vincent Peale officiated in the non-denominational rite at the Marble Collegiate Church in New York City.
The couple left Massachusetts in 1970 when their classes there were canceled after the Kent State shootings. After her father resigned from office, the two lived in California near Julie's parents and later in the suburbs of Philadelphia.[14] The Eisenhowers have three children: actress Jennie Elizabeth (born August 15, 1978), [15] Alexander Richard (b. 1980), and Melanie Catherine Eisenhower (b. 1984), a Child Life Specialist in the oncology department at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.[16]
First daughter
Julie with her father in the Oval Office in December 1971Julie and her mother, First Lady Pat Nixon, with former First Lady Mamie Eisenhower in January 1973
During the United States presidential election of 1968, when her father was the Republican nominee, Julie began to feel that she was not active enough in her father's campaign and worried over what she believed was Hubert Humphrey's popularity at Smith College, which she was attending at the time.[17] She took an active role in his campaign, and shook hands for hours while greeting people. Despite not liking the publicity and hating to answer "personal questions", she did anything she could to help her father.[18]
While her father served as President (1969–1974), Julie became active at the White House as a spokesperson for children's issues, the environment, and the elderly. She gave tours to disabled children, filled in for her mother at events, and took an active interest in foreign policy. She and Tricia were placed in charge of Caroline Kennedy and John F. Kennedy, Jr., when they visited the White House in 1971. The sisters took the young Kennedys on a tour of their former residence, which included going to their old bedrooms and to the Oval Office.[19]
In 1971, when David was assigned to the Mayport, Florida-based USSAlbany, they moved to the Jacksonville beach community of Atlantic Beach, Florida. She had been hired to teach third grade at Atlantic Beach Elementary School beginning that fall, but she had to quit when she broke her toe just before classes were to start. The Eisenhowers continued to live in Atlantic Beach until 1973, even hosting the President and the First Lady at their beachfront garage apartment on Beach Avenue.[20]
From 1973 to 1975, she served as Assistant Managing Editor of the Saturday Evening Post and helped establish a book division for Curtis Publishing Co., its parent corporation. It was during this time that Julie wrote the book Eye On Nixon, full of photographs of her father's first administration.
After the news of the Watergate break-in and suspicions that it might reach as high as the Oval Office began to mount, Julie took on the press at home and abroad. Journalist Nora Ephron wrote, "In the months since the Watergate hearings began, she [Julie] has become her father's... First Lady in practice if not in fact."[21]
Taking on the "role of trying to explain her father to the world",[22] Julie's public defense of her father began at Walt Disney World on May 2, 1973. She gave a total of 138 interviews across the country. On July 4, 1973, she told two reporters that her father had considered resigning over Watergate, but that the family had talked him out of it.[21] On May 7, 1974, Julie and David met with the press in the East Garden of the White House. She announced that the President planned "... to take this constitutionally down to the wire."[21] Just before noon on August 9, 1974, Julie stood behind her father while he gave his goodbye speech to the White House staff. She later said it was the hardest moment for him.[21]
Julie and David settled in Berwyn, Pennsylvania, where she wrote several books, including Pat Nixon: The Untold Story and Going Home to Glory; A Memoir of Life with Dwight D. Eisenhower, written with her husband David Eisenhower. She has an extensive record of community service and a special interest in at-risk youth. For over twenty years she served on the board of directors for Jobs for America's Graduates, a national organization that helps young people graduate from high school and transition into a first job. She was named a Distinguished Daughter of Pennsylvania for her civic contributions.[23] She is active with the Richard Nixon Foundation, sitting on its board. From 2002 to 2006 she was Chair of the President's Commission on White House Fellowships, a program fostering leadership in the nation's most exceptional young adults.[24]
Along with her sister and father, she was with her mother when she died of lung cancer on June 22, 1993.[25] Four days later on June 26, 1993, she attended her mother's funeral service on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Library in Yorba Linda, California. Ten months later, she was by her father's bedside with her sister when he died.[26] Julie attended the funeral on April 27, 1994.[27] Her father's death left her and her sister with his diary entries, binders and tapes among other things.[28]
She has expressed distaste in a few adaptations of presidencies, and labeled them as giving young viewers a "twisted sense of history".[29] This extended to Oliver Stone's film Nixon, an adaptation of her father's presidency.[30][31]Walt Disney's daughter, Diane Disney Miller, wrote a letter to Julie and her sister saying that Stone had "committed a grave disservice to your family, to the Presidency, and to American history".[32]
In 2001, she expressed interest in exhuming the body of Checkers, a dog attributed to her father's career when he campaigned for vice president that died in 1964. Her desire was to move the remains to the Nixon Presidential Library and Museum.[34]
Julie Nixon Eisenhower spoke at Southern Arkansas University in September 2013 (top) and signed copies of her books for students (below).
She and her sister got into a legal battle over an estimated "as-high-as" $19 million, left by Bebe Rebozo for the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace Foundation. As opposed to Tricia's wish for the money to be controlled by a group affiliated with their family, Julie wanted it to be controlled by the library's board.[35] On the relationship strain the two were experiencing during the dispute, Julie said "I think it is very sad"[36] and stated, "It's very heartbreaking because I love my sister very much".[37] Ultimately, the lawsuit was settled to the satisfaction of both sides.[38]
It's not right, struggling for the money. My father should be in the system. As long as he's on the outside, historians will continue to look at him, I feel, in a more negative light. There is always going to be negativity, but he has to be part of the continuum of presidents.[36]
On March 16, 2012, she and her sister arrived in Yorba Linda, California, to celebrate what would have been their mother's 100th birthday.[43] On November 23, 2013, Eisenhower and her husband opened a holiday exhibit for the Nixon Library, which remained there until January 5, 2014.[44]
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