Saccharin,also called saccharine or benzosulfimide,or used in saccharin sodium or saccharin calcium forms,is a non-nutritive artificial sweetener. Saccharin is a benzoic sulfimide that is about 500 times sweeter than sucrose,but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste,especially at high concentrations. It is used to sweeten products,such as drinks,candies,baked goods,tobacco products,excipients,and for masking the bitter taste of some medicines. It appears as white crystals and is odorless.
Bruce Nathan Ames is a prominent American biochemist. He is a professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Emeritus at the University of California,Berkeley,and was a senior scientist at Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI). Throughout his career,Dr. Ames has made significant contributions to understanding the mechanisms of mutagenesis and DNA repair. One of his most notable achievements is the invention of the Ames test,a widely used assay for easily and cheaply evaluating the mutagenicity of compounds. The test revolutionized the field of toxicology and has played a crucial role in identifying numerous environmental and industrial carcinogens.
The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) conducts research into the effects of the environment on human disease,as one of the 27 institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is located in the Research Triangle Park in North Carolina,and is the only primary division of the NIH located outside of the Washington metropolitan area.
Toxicogenomics is a subdiscipline of pharmacology that deals with the collection,interpretation,and storage of information about gene and protein activity within a particular cell or tissue of an organism in response to exposure to toxic substances. Toxicogenomics combines toxicology with genomics or other high-throughput molecular profiling technologies such as transcriptomics,proteomics and metabolomics. Toxicogenomics endeavors to elucidate the molecular mechanisms evolved in the expression of toxicity,and to derive molecular expression patterns that predict toxicity or the genetic susceptibility to it.
David Platt Rall was a cancer specialist and a leader in environmental health studies,whose work in environmental health helped turn it into a scientific discipline. Rall also advanced public health and prevention. He directed the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences from 1971 to 1990,year in which he retired. His work on toxicology and carcinogenesis was recognized by his appointment as the first director of the National Toxicology Program in 1978. He held the rank of Assistant Surgeon General in the United States Public Health Service. He also chaired the World Health Organization's Program on Chemical Safety.
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is an inter-agency program run by the United States Department of Health and Human Services to coordinate,evaluate,and report on toxicology within public agencies.
TOXMAP was a geographic information system (GIS) from the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) that was deprecated on December 16,2019. The application used maps of the United States to help users explore data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and Superfund programs with visual projections and maps.
Tyrone B. Hayes is an American biologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California,Berkeley. He is known for his research in frogs,concluding that the herbicide atrazine is an endocrine disruptor that demasculinizes male frogs,causing them to display female characteristics. Hayes is an advocate for the critical review and regulation of pesticides as well as other chemicals that may cause adverse health effects. He has presented hundreds of papers,discussions,and seminars on his research's conclusion that environmental contaminants have played a major role in the global amphibian decline as well as being linked to the many health disparities that occur in minority and low income populations.
Paul James Lioy was a United States environmental health scientist born in Passaic,New Jersey,working in the field of exposure science. He was one of the world's leading experts in personal exposure to toxins. He published in the areas of air pollution,airborne and deposited particles,Homeland Security,and Hazardous Wastes. Lioy was a professor and division director at the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health,Rutgers University - School of Public Health. Until 30 June 2015 he was a professor and vice chair of the Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine,Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. He was deputy director of government relations and director of exposure science at the Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute in Piscataway,New Jersey.
Panos G. Georgopoulos is a Greek scientist working in the field of Environmental Health and specializing in Mathematical Modeling of Environmental and Biological Systems. He is the architect or the MOdeling ENvironment for Total Risk studies (MENTOR) the DOse Response Information and Analysis system (DORIAN),and Prioritization/Ranking of Toxic Exposures with GIS Extension (PRoTEGE),all under continuing development at the Computational Chemodynamics Laboratory of the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI).
Frédéric Yves Bois is a French biological scientist working in toxicology and bioinformatics. He is currently Senior Scientific Advisor at Simcyp,a Certara-owned company.
Leona D. Samson is the Uncas and Helen Whitaker Professor and American Cancer Society Research Professor of Biological Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,where she served as the Director of the Center for Environmental Health Sciences from 2001 to 2012. Before her professorship at MIT,she held a professorship at the Harvard School of Public Health. She is on the editorial board of the journal DNA Repair. Her research interests focus on "methods for measuring DNA repair capacity (DRC) in human cells",research the National Institute of Health recognized as pioneering in her field,for which the NIH granted her the National Institutes of Health Director's Pioneer Award.
Linda Silber Birnbaum is an American toxicologist,microbiologist and the former director of the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences,as well as the National Toxicology Program,positions she held from January 18,2009 until October 3,2019. She also serves as an adjunct professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health and as a member of the editorial board of Environment International.
Michael L. Dourson is an American toxicologist and Director of Science at the nonprofit organization,Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment. He was formerly a senior advisor to the Administrator of EPA,and prior to that,a professor at the Risk Science Center at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Prior to joining the University of Cincinnati,he was founder and president of the nonprofit Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment. Earlier in his career,he was employed by the Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office,among other assignments.
The International Society of Exposure Science (ISES),is a non-profit organization established in 1990 by a group of scientists and engineers,including Paul Lioy. The formation of this society was at least partially in response to a National Research Committee (NRC) on Exposure Assessment that held a series of meetings and workshops beginning in 1987 that formed the foundation of exposure science and defined basic principles. The expertise of members in ISES is interdisciplinary and draws upon a broad array of disciplines,including:exposure assessment;biochemistry;risk assessment;bioinformatics;physiology;toxicology;epidemiology;ecology;environmental chemistry;and environmental engineering. The Society’s membership is professionally diverse and includes academic,governmental,and private sector scientists,as well as policy makers who have a common interest in exposure science. ISES has operated with a President,President-elect,Treasurer,and Secretary as well as Councilors. Councilors are elected from the membership and are allocated from the various professional categories that represent Society membership. The first set of Bylaws was approved by the membership in 1991.
Darlene Dixon is an American veterinary scientist and toxicologic pathologist researching the pathogenesis/carcinogenesis of tumors affecting the reproductive tract of rodents and humans and assessing the role of environmental and endogenous hormonal factors in the growth of these tumors. She is a senior investigator at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
Marian Cecelia Johnson-Thompson is an American virologist who was a professor at the University of the District of Columbia. She was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Gwen W. Collman is an American environmental epidemiologist. Collman is acting deputy director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and works as director of the division of extramural research and training.
Dr. Bruce Hammock is an American entomologist,chemist and toxicologist. He is known for his research regarding improving pest control agents,monitoring and determining the human and environmental health effects of pesticides and in medicine work on the inflammation resolving branch of the arachidonate cascade leading to a drug candidate to treat pain and inflammatory disease. Additionally,he made many advances in U.S. agriculture which led to him receiving the Frasch and Spencer Awards of the ACS and the Alexander von Humboldt Award in Agriculture. His early work tested the basic hypothesis in both insects and mammals that regulation of chemical mediators could be as much by specific degradation as by biosynthesis. He exploited this fundamental knowledge both in agriculture and in human pharmacology.
Trevor K. Archer is a Bahamian research scientist who is a National Institutes of Health Distinguished Investigator and deputy director at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. He leads the Chromatin and Gene Expression Group,who investigate chromatin,epigenetics and embryonic stem cells pluripotency.
