Knoxville College

Last updated
Knoxville College
Knoxville-college-wallace-tn1.jpg
MottoLet There Be Light
Motto in English
Guided by Faith. Inspired by Knowledge
Type Private, HBCU
EstablishedDecember 16, 1875
AffiliationPresbyterian Church (U.S.A.)
Endowment $1 million (appx.) [1]
Chairman Jessica Thrasher Wilson
President Leonard L. Adams Jr.
Vice-presidentDr. Dasha Lundy
Academic staff
35 [2]
Students11 [3]
Location
Knoxville
,
Tennessee
,
United States

35°58′12″N83°56′45″W / 35.97000°N 83.94583°W / 35.97000; -83.94583 Coordinates: 35°58′12″N83°56′45″W / 35.97000°N 83.94583°W / 35.97000; -83.94583
CampusUrban, 39 acres (16 ha)
Colors Garnet and blue
Nickname Bulldogs
Website www.knoxvillecollege.edu

Knoxville College is a historically black liberal arts college in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, which was founded in 1875 by the United Presbyterian Church of North America. It is a United Negro College Fund member school.

Contents

A slow period of decline began in the 1970s, and by 2015, the school had an enrollment of just 11 students. In May 2015, the college suspended classes until Fall 2016 term in hopes of reorganizing. On May 17, 2018, the Tennessee Higher Education Commission gave its approval for Knoxville College to once again reopen its doors and offer classes.

On July 1, 2018, Knoxville College website announced resumption of enrolling students for fall 2018 semester. In May 2022, only three students graduated.

History

Establishment

Knoxville College is rooted in a mission school established in Knoxville in 1864 by R. J. Creswell of the United Presbyterian Church to educate the city's free Black and formerly enslaved people. [4] This school initially met in the First Baptist Church building (which at the time was located on Gay Street) before moving to a permanent facility in East Knoxville in 1866. [4] In spite of general apathy from the city's leaders and threats from poor whites, the school's enrollment gradually grew to over 100. [4] In addition to black students, the school also had many white students until 1901, when Tennessee passed a law forcibly segregating all schools. [5]

Knoxville College, as it appeared on an 1886 map of Knoxville Knoxville-college-1886-tn1.jpg
Knoxville College, as it appeared on an 1886 map of Knoxville

In the 1870s, the church's Freedmen's Mission, which had established mission schools for freed slaves across the South, decided to refocus its efforts on building a larger, better-equipped school in Knoxville, in part due to stiff competition from other denominations in Nashville. [4] In 1875, the church sold its East Knoxville property and purchased its current property, which at the time consisted of a hill that had been occupied by a Confederate battery during the Civil War. [6] The school's first building, McKee Hall, named for the Reverend O.S. McKee, was completed in 1876, and the school opened in December of that year. [4] Former governor William G. Brownlow and gubernatorial candidate William F. Yardley spoke at the opening ceremonies. [7]

The Reverend J. S. McCulloch was named the school's first principal, and Eliza B. Wallace was named the school's principal of female students. [4] [8] The new school was primarily a normal school, which trained teachers, but also operated an academy for the education of local children. In 1877, the school was designated a college by the state, to the surprise of McCulloch, as few of the school's students were ready for a college-level curriculum. [4] In 1890, the state designated the school the recipient of its Morrill Act funds for blacks, with which the school established mechanical and agricultural departments. [9]

Early 20th century growth

Knoxville College in the early 20th century Knoxville-college-1903-tn1.jpg
Knoxville College in the early 20th century

In 1901, Knoxville College finally received a charter from the State of Tennessee. [4] Six years later, the school established the Eliza B. Wallace Hospital, which served a dual purpose of training nurses and tending to the health needs of the local black community. This proved invaluable during the city's Influenza outbreak of 1918. [4]

In 1913, John Henry Michael, the head of the school's mechanical department, designed the "Negro Building" for the National Conservation Exposition, which was held across town at Chilhowee Park. [10] The building, which is no longer standing, was constructed with the help of Knoxville College students.

The Negro Building at the National Conservation Exposition, designed and built by Knoxville College faculty and students Negro-building-1913-tn1.jpg
The Negro Building at the National Conservation Exposition, designed and built by Knoxville College faculty and students

During World War I, Knoxville College students helped raise money for liberty bonds and the Red Cross. [4] In the aftermath of the Riot of 1919, one of the city's worst racial episodes, the school's administration (comprising black and white members) staunchly defended the city's African American community, and praised its students' restraint. [4] In 1925, Knoxville College students staged a month-long boycott of classes to protest the school's strict behavioral code, culminating in an all-night negotiating session between student leaders and the school's dean, Herbert Telford. Telford agreed to relax some rules, and allowed the creation of a student council. [4]

In 1957, Knoxville College became one of the first group of predominantly black institutions admitted to full membership in the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). [9] Throughout the summer of 1960, Knoxville College students engaged in a series of sit-ins to protest segregation at lunch counters in downtown Knoxville, eventually convincing most downtown businesses to end the practice. [11] The school's charter was amended in 1962 to allow the admission of white students. [4]

Accreditation loss, reorganization attempts, and closure

Beginning in the 1970s, Knoxville College began to struggle financially, leading to a gradual decline. In 1997, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools withdrew Knoxville College's accreditation; enrollment dropped precipitously and the school's financial situation became dire. [1] As enrollment plummeted, the school's debt skyrocketed and it was soon unable to pay its faculty or electric bills. Throughout the rest of the 1990s, as enrollment plummeted, most campus buildings were shuttered and abandoned, with most degree programs being discontinued. In August 2005, the school's Board of Trustees fired the school's president, Barbara Hatton. [1]

Following Hatton's removal, the school's alumni association embarked on an aggressive fundraising campaign in 2006 and 2007 to save the college and return it to solvency. [1] In January 2010, the school hired Dr. Horace A. Judson as interim president. Judson implemented a new strategic plan with the following goals: (1) regain accreditation, (2) achieve fiscal stability, (3) develop academic program distinctiveness, (4) develop a department of enrollment management, (5) develop a quality student-centered living and learning environment, and (6) establish new relationships and strengthen former ones among key constituents. [12]

However, Judson soon left and the college continued to struggle. On June 9, 2014, the Environmental Protection Agency seized control of the long-shuttered A.K. Stewart Science Hall to conduct an emergency clean-up of toxic chemicals that the college had improperly stored in laboratories; [13] In early 2015 state accreditation for the college was withdrawn, further complicating the college's already strained finances. [14] In April 2015, the school announced it was suspending classes for the Fall 2015 term in hopes of reorganizing. Enrollment had dwindled to just 11 students, and the college was struggling to pay back a $4.5 million loan from 2003 and more than $425,000 to the federal government for the Stewart Science Hall cleanup. [15] In May 2015, the school announced classes would resume in the Fall 2016 term. [16]

In May 2016, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation recommended the college become a state Superfund site due to ongoing contamination concerns from the Stewart Science Hall. [17] In September 2016, the City of Knoxville demanded that Knoxville College make repairs to fourteen of its buildings within 90 days or face condemnation. [18] City crews subsequently boarded up the buildings. The Knoxville Fire Department responded to between four and five fires at abandoned buildings on campus in 2016, and estimated that since the buildings began falling into disuse after 1997, they had responded to twenty or thirty such fires there. [19]

As of August 2018, most of the campus sits abandoned, in an advanced state of disrepair. Most buildings are open to vagrants and vandals. This has caused severe damage to the buildings. The former college center has been set on fire twice. Since early 2018 The college administrative offices are back on campus again, occupying The college Annex which is next to McMillan Chapel. Plans have been made to renovate McMillan chapel and the Alumni Library. This is scheduled to take place in 2019. [20] [21]

Campus

Knoxville College Historic District
Knoxville-college-mckee-tn1.jpg
McKee Hall
USA Tennessee location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Usa edcp location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Area14.5 acres (5.9 ha)
NRHP reference No. 80003841 [22]
Added to NRHPMay 1, 1980

Knoxville College is situated on a 17-building, 39-acre (16 ha) campus, located atop a hill overlooking the Mechanicsville neighborhood, just northwest of Knoxville's downtown area. Along with administration and classroom buildings, the campus includes a performing arts center, a gymnasium, a library, a chapel, and a student center. The school maintains dormitories for on-campus students, as well as a president's house, and cottages and apartments for faculty. [23]

Knoxville College Historic District

In 1980, eight buildings on the Knoxville College campus received recognition for having a role in minority education on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district. [24] Many of the earliest buildings were constructed using student labor, student-made bricks, and lumber donated by alumni. [25] The district includes the following buildings:

In 2016, the preservationist group Knox Heritage placed the Knoxville College Historic District on its "Fragile Fifteen," a list of endangered Knoxville-area historic properties. [28]

Administration

A 16-member Board of Trustees oversees Knoxville College. Its chairman is Dr. Michael V. Bowie. [15] The board includes representatives from the Knoxville College National Alumni Association.

The Board of Trustees appoints the president, who is the school's chief administrator. The most recently appointed president, Jacob Savage, was fired by the Board of Trustees on January 23, 2015, three months after he had been hired to replace Evelyn Hallman. He had agreed to take no salary for his position. In July 2017, the Board of Trustees appointed Dr. Keith E. Lindsey as Interim President to guide the rebuilding of the college. [15] The president is assisted by the academic dean, dean of students, director of admissions, and recruitment officer. [2]

Academics

As of 2010, Knoxville College offered two degrees: the four-year Bachelor of Liberal Studies, and the two year Associate of Arts. The Bachelor of Liberal Studies includes one of four areas of concentration: Humanities, Business and Computer Sciences, Natural Sciences and Mathematics, or Social and Behavioral Sciences. [2] The curriculum further requires 15 to 18 semester hours of specialization within each concentration, providing for a more in-depth understanding of a particular field. [2]

Knoxville College followed a debt-free policy that allowed students to complete the degree program without the accumulation of debt. This was accomplished primarily through its College Work Program, which allowed students to offset much of their tuition costs by working for several hours per week. This program involved a mix of performing various tasks around campus, community involvement, and internship programs. [2]

Student life

Omega Psi Phi monument Knoxville-college-fountain-tn1.jpg
Omega Psi Phi monument

Knoxville College's Student Government Association (SGA), which was elected by the student body, acted as a liaison between students and campus administration. The SGA was led by a president, elected for one term. [29]

Student activities included a dance team, a debate team, a choir, and a trivia team (which competed with other HBCUs in the Honda Bowl Competition). The school's newspaper, The Aurora, was published for over a century. The college also maintained a student ambassador program and wellness program that provided volunteer services for the surrounding community. [29]

After 1997, Knoxville College dropped most athletics programs due to declining enrollment, but as part of its reorganization, hopes to re-establish men's and women's basketball teams, as well as a cheerleading squad. [29]

Notable alumni

NameClass yearNotabilityReference(s)
James Garfield Beck1906Philanthropist who was influential in the black community in Knoxville, Tennessee [30]
William Coffee Cryptographer [31]
George E. Curry Editor-in-chief of the National Newspaper Publishers Association news service (NNPA) and BlackPressUSA.com, and is chairman of the Board of Trustees at Knoxville College
Michael Eric Dyson Attended, but transferredProfessor of sociology at Georgetown University, author, media commentator, talk radio show host [32]
Lillie England Lovinggood 1889?Writer and teacher [33]
C. Virginia Fields 1967Social worker and former Borough President of Manhattan, New York
Johnny Ford Mayor of Tuskegee, Alabama
Jake Gaither 1927 Florida A&M University football coach who won more than 85 percent of his games over a 24-year period, from 1945 to 1969. Member of College Football Hall of Fame
Grady Jackson 1997Former defensive tackle in the National Football League
Vernon Jarrett 1941First African-American columnist for the Chicago Tribune and former president of the National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ) [34]
Ken Johnson Former defensive end in the National Football League
Lyman T. Johnson Educator and influential leader of racial desegregation in the state of Kentucky during the 1940s
Edith Irby Jones First female president of the National Medical Association
Mildred Kelly 1949First Black woman to serve as a US Army sergeant major and command sergeant major
Willie E. May 1968Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology [35]
Barbara RodgersFormer anchor for KPIX TV in San Francisco
Ralph Wiley Noted author, speaker, and sports columnist for The Oakland Tribune, Sports Illustrated, and ESPN
Palmer Williams Jr. Actor, recurring role in Tyler Perry's House of Payne [36]


Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Knoxville, Tennessee</span> City and county seat of Knox County, Tennessee, United States

Knoxville is a city in and the county seat of Knox County in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 United States census, Knoxville's population was 190,740, making it the largest city in the East Tennessee Grand Division and the state's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis. Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 869,046 in 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fisk University</span> Historically black university in Nashville, Tennessee, US

Fisk University is a private historically black liberal arts college in Nashville, Tennessee. It was founded in 1866 and its 40-acre (16 ha) campus is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seton Hall University</span> Private Roman Catholic university in South Orange, New Jersey

Seton Hall University (SHU) is a private Catholic research university in South Orange, New Jersey. Founded in 1856 by then-Bishop James Roosevelt Bayley and named after his aunt, Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton, Seton Hall is the oldest diocesan university in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Tennessee at Martin</span> Public university in Martin, TN, US

TheUniversity of Tennessee at Martin is a public university in Martin, Tennessee. It is one of the five campuses of the University of Tennessee system. UTM is the only public university in West Tennessee outside of Memphis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maryville College</span> Private liberal arts college in Tennessee

Maryville College is a private liberal arts college in Maryville, Tennessee. It was founded in 1819 by Presbyterian minister Isaac L. Anderson for the purpose of furthering education and enlightenment into the West. The college is one of the 50 oldest colleges in the United States and the 12th-oldest institution in the South. It is associated with the Presbyterian Church (USA) and enrolls about 1,100 students. Maryville College's mascot is the Scots. The sports teams compete in NCAA Division III athletics in the Collegiate Conference of the South.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Union University</span> Private Christian university in Jackson, Tennessee

Union University is a private Baptist Christian university in Jackson, Tennessee, with additional campuses in Germantown and Hendersonville. The university is affiliated with the Tennessee Baptist Convention. It is a union of several different schools: West Tennessee College, formerly known as Jackson Male Academy; Union University of Murfreesboro; Southwestern Baptist University; and Hall-Moody Junior College of Martin, Tennessee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lee University</span> Private university in Tennessee, United States

Lee University is a private Christian university in Cleveland, Tennessee. It was originally the Church of God Bible Training School, a small Bible institute founded in 1918 with twelve students and one teacher, Nora I. Chambers. The school grew and became Lee College, with a Bible college and junior college on its current site, in 1948. Twenty years later, Lee received accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools as a four-year liberal arts college. In 1997, Lee made the transition from college to comprehensive university. The university is divided into six colleges and schools: the College of Arts & Sciences, the Helen DeVos College of Education, the School of Business, the School of Music, the School of Nursing, and the School of Religion. The university also offers online degrees through the Division of Adult Learning. The university is named for F.J. Lee, its second president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Tennessee system</span> Public university system in the U.S. state of Tennessee

The University of Tennessee system is a system of public universities in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is one of two public university systems, the other being the Tennessee Board of Regents (TBR). It consists of four primary campuses in Knoxville, Chattanooga, Pulaski and Martin; a health sciences campus in Memphis; a research institute in Tullahoma; and various extensions throughout the state.

King University is a private Presbyterian-affiliated university in Bristol, Tennessee. Founded in 1867, King is independently governed with covenant affiliations to the Presbyterian Church (USA) and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Johnson University</span> Private Christian university based in Tennessee

Johnson University is a private Christian university with its main campus in Kimberlin Heights, Tennessee, and a second campus in Kissimmee, Florida. It is affiliated with the Christian churches and churches of Christ, a branch of the Restoration Movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hiwassee College</span> Former Methodist college in Madisonville, Tennessee, United States

Hiwassee College was a private liberal arts college in Madisonville, Tennessee. Founded in 1849, the college offered associate degrees as well as bachelor's degrees. The majority of its associate degree graduates went on to complete bachelor's degrees elsewhere. The college closed on May 10, 2019 due to financial issues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Judson College (Alabama)</span> Defunct private womens college in Marion, Alabama

Judson College was a private women's college in Marion, Alabama. It was founded in 1838 and suspended its academic operations on July 31, 2021.

The University of the East, also known as UE, is a leading private university located in Manila, Philippines. Founded in 1946, business tycoon Lucio Tan acquired the university in 1990. UE was once labeled as the "largest university in Asia" when its enrollment in the past reached over 65,000 students.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parsons College</span>

Parsons College was a private liberal arts college located in Fairfield, Iowa. The school was named for its wealthy benefactor, Lewis B. Parsons Sr., and was founded in 1875 with one building and 34 students. Over the years new buildings were constructed as enrollment expanded. The school lost its accreditation in 1948 but regained it two years later. In 1955 the school appointed Millard G. Roberts as its president and this began a period of rapid expansion with the student population rising as high as 5,000 by 1966. There was a turning point, however, in 1966 when Life magazine published an article criticizing the college and its president. Later that year the school lost its accreditation and Roberts was asked to resign as president. Enrollment quickly declined and the college floundered with $14 million in debt and closed under bankruptcy in 1973.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Morristown College</span> United States historic place

Morristown College was an African American higher education institution located in Morristown, the seat of Hamblen County, Tennessee. It was founded in 1881 by the national Freedman's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The school was renamed Knoxville College-Morristown Campus in 1989 and closed in 1994. Prior to the civil rights movement, the college held the distinction of being one of only two institutions in East Tennessee for African Americans, the other being Knoxville College, founded in 1875.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Old City Hall (Knoxville)</span> United States historic place

Old City Hall is a complex of historic buildings located at 601 West Summit Hill Drive in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Originally constructed in 1848 as the Tennessee School for the Deaf and Dumb, the complex served as Knoxville's city hall from 1925 until 1980. The complex has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places and has been documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey. It currently houses Lincoln Memorial University's Duncan School of Law.

Andrew David Holt was an American educator who was the 16th president of the University of Tennessee, filling that position from 1959 to 1970.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Tennessee</span> Public university in Knoxville, Tennessee

The University of Tennessee is a public land-grant research university in Knoxville, Tennessee. Founded in 1794, two years before Tennessee became the 16th state, it is the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee system, with ten undergraduate colleges and eleven graduate colleges. It hosts more than 30,000 students from all 50 states and more than 100 foreign countries. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas William Humes</span> American politician

Thomas William Humes was an American clergyman and educator, active in Knoxville, Tennessee, during the latter half of the 19th century. Elected rector of St. John's Episcopal Church in 1846, Humes led the church until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he was forced to resign due to his Union sentiments. He was named president of East Tennessee University in 1865, and during his tenure, he led the school's expansion and transition into the University of Tennessee. Humes later served as the first librarian of the Lawson McGhee Library, and published a book about East Tennessee's Unionists entitled, The Loyal Mountaineers of Tennessee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burritt College</span>

Burritt College was a college in Spencer, Tennessee, United States. Established in 1848, it was one of the first coeducational institutions in the South, and one of the first state-chartered schools in southern Middle Tennessee. Operating under the auspices of the Churches of Christ, the school offered a classical curriculum, and stressed adherence to a strict moral and religious code. While the school thrived under the leadership of presidents such as William Davis Carnes and William Newton Billingsley (1890–1911), it struggled to compete for students after the establishment of state colleges and public high schools in the early 20th century. It closed in 1939.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Reginald Stuart, Knoxville College Still in the Dark But Seeing Light, 28 April 2009. Retrieved: 7 April 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Knoxville College Catalog, 2008-2010. Retrieved: 7 April 2011.
  3. ↑ Peter Jacobs, , Business Insider, 15 April 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cynthia Fleming, "Knoxville College: A History and Some Recollections of the First Fifty Years," East Tennessee Historical Society Publications, Vol. 58-59 (1986-1987), pp. 89-111.
  5. ↑ Booker, Robert (December 27, 2016). "White students attended Knoxville College in early days". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  6. ↑ Digby Gordon Seymour, Divided Loyalties: Fort Sanders and the Civil War in East Tennessee (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1963), p. 108.
  7. ↑ East Tennessee Historical Society, Lucile Deaderick (ed.), Heart of the Valley: A History of Knoxville, Tennessee (Knoxville, Tenn.: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1976), p. 41.
  8. ↑ East Tennessee Historical Society, Mary Rothrock (ed.), The French Broad-Holston Country: A History of Knox County, Tennessee (Knoxville, Tenn.: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1972), pp. 318-319.
  9. 1 2 Lois Clark and Lowell Giffen, "Knoxville College," An Encyclopedia of East Tennessee (Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Children's Museum of Oak Ridge, 1981), pp. 274-275.
  10. ↑ Spurlock, Dreck Wilson (2004). African-American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865–1945. New York: Routledge. p. 16. ISBN   9781135956295.
  11. ↑ Proudfoot, Merrill (1962). Diary of a Sit-In. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN   9780252060625.
  12. ↑ Horace Judson, President's Update, Knoxville College Today, 28 March 2010. Retrieved: 7 April 2011.
  13. ↑ "Federal Agencies Begin Cleaning Up Hazardous Materials at Knoxville College Lab Building," WATE.com, 9 June 2014.
  14. ↑ "Knoxville College takes 'first step' in process to restore campus". Eu.knoxnews.com. 2018-10-12. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  15. 1 2 3 Megan Boehnke, "Knoxville College to Suspend Fall Classes," Knoxville News Sentinel, 13 April 2015.
  16. ↑ "Knoxville College Suspends Classes Until Fall 2016," Knoxville News Sentinel, 5 May 2015.
  17. ↑ S. Heather Duncan, "Knoxville College's Environmental Problems Complicate Redevelopment Plans," Knoxville Mercury, 8 June 2016.
  18. ↑ Boehnke, Megan (September 16, 2016). "Knoxville College has 90 days to make building repairs". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  19. ↑ Habegger, Becca (September 30, 2016). "KFD: Fire shows Knoxville College campus buildings pose threat". wbir.com. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  20. ↑ "Abandoned College Campus: Dorms and Student Union". YouTube.com. TheProperPeople. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  21. ↑ "Abandoned College Campus: Chemicals and Specimens Left Behind". YouTube.com. TheProperPeople. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  22. ↑ "National Register Information System – (#80003841)". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  23. ↑ Knoxville College - Campus Map. Retrieved: 8 April 2011.
  24. ↑ Nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com - Knox County Historic Districts. Retrieved: 8 April 2011.
  25. ↑ A Brief History of Knoxville College. Retrieved: 8 April 2011.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Nancy Curtis, Black Heritage Sites: The South (Nancy C. Curtis, 1996), pp. 222-223.
  27. ↑ Robert Booker, "Spotlight on Knoxville College's McMillan Chapel Again," Knoxville News Sentinel, 28 May 2013. Retrieved: 28 May 2013.
  28. ↑ Coury Turczyn, "Knox Heritage Announces the 2016 'Fragile Fifteen'," Knoxville Mercury, 16 May 2016.
  29. 1 2 3 Knoxville College - Campus Organizations Archived 2011-03-02 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved: 8 April 2011.
  30. ↑ "James Garfield Beck and Ethel Benson Beck". Ww2.tnstate.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  31. ↑ "About Us". Nsa.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  32. ↑ "Manning Marable: A Brother, a Mentor, a Great Mind". Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2011-07-08.
  33. ↑ Afro-American encyclopaedia, or, The thoughts, doings, and ... - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library. Mind and matter. Nashville, Tenn. 2020-03-25. hdl:2027/inu.30000029292855 . Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  34. ↑ "Vernon Jarrett Videotape Collection | Chicago Public Library". Chipublib.org. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  35. ↑ "May confirmed as NIST director, Commerce under secretary". 22 July 2017.
  36. ↑ [ dead link ]
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.