Related Research Articles
A multinational corporation is a corporate organization that owns and controls the production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country. Control is considered an important aspect of an MNC to distinguish it from international portfolio investment organizations,such as some international mutual funds that invest in corporations abroad simply to diversify financial risks. Black's Law Dictionary suggests that a company or group should be considered a multinational corporation "if it derives 25% or more of its revenue from out-of-home-country operations".
In economics,internationalization or internationalisation is the process of increasing involvement of enterprises in international markets,although there is no agreed definition of internationalization. Internationalization is a crucial strategy not only for companies that seek horizontal integration globally but also for countries that addresses the sustainability of its development in different manufacturing as well as service sectors especially in higher education which is a very important context that needs internationalization to bridge the gap between different cultures and countries. There are several internationalization theories which try to explain why there are international activities.
Small businesses are types of corporations,partnerships,or sole proprietorships which have a small number of employees and/or less annual revenue than a regular-sized business or corporation. Businesses are defined as "small" in terms of being able to apply for government support and qualify for preferential tax policy. The qualifications vary depending on the country and industry. Small businesses range from fifteen employees under the Australian Fair Work Act 2009,fifty employees according to the definition used by the European Union,and fewer than five hundred employees to qualify for many U.S. Small Business Administration programs. While small businesses can be classified according to other methods,such as annual revenues,shipments,sales,assets,annual gross,net revenue,net profits,the number of employees is one of the most widely used measures.
Hamid Etemad is a Canadian organizational theorist,and Professor at the Desautels Faculty of Management,McGill University. He is best known for his work on international entrepreneurship and business,specifically the "internationalization of small and medium‐sized enterprises."
International business refers to the trade of Goods and service goods,services,technology,capital and/or knowledge across national borders and at a global or transnational scale.
Mittelstand commonly refers to a group of stable business enterprises in Germany,Austria and Switzerland that have proved successful in enduring economic change and turbulence. The term is difficult to translate and may cause confusion for non-Germans. It is usually defined as a statistical category of small and medium-sized enterprises with annual revenues up to 50 million Euro and a maximum of 500 employees.
Mark Casson is a British economist and academic. He is a professor of economics at the University of Reading in England. He served as Head of the Department of Economics from 1987 to 1994 and is currently the Director of the Centre for Institutional Performance at the same institution.
Zoltan J. Acs is an American economist. He is Professor of Management at The London School of Economics (LSE),and a professor at George Mason University,where he teaches in the Schar School of Policy and Government and is the Director of the Center for Entrepreneurship and Public Policy. He is also a visiting professor at Imperial College Business School in London and affiliated with the University of Pecs in Hungary. He is co-editor and founder of Small Business Economics.
The phrase women in business refers to female businesspeople who hold positions,particularly leadership in the fields of commerce,business,and entrepreneurship. It advocates for their increased participation in business.
In international trade,foreign market entry modes are the ways in which a company can expand its services into a non-domestic market.
Inderjit Singh Dhaliwal is a serial entrepreneur and former politician in Singapore's parliament representing the Ang Mo Kio GRC from 1996 to 2015.
Value chain management capability refers to an organisation's capacity to manage the internationally dispersed activities and partners that are part of its value chain. It is found to consist of an international orientation,network capability,market orientation,technological capability and teamwork management capability. Value chain management capability is a higher level capability that draws together a variety of lower level capabilities.
Gabriel Robertstad Garcia Benito is a Norwegian economist,Professor of Strategy and International Business and a previous Dean of Doctoral Studies at BI Norwegian Business School,in Oslo,Norway. He is known for his work on foreign direct investments.
Shaker A. Zahra is the Robert E. Buuck Chair of Entrepreneurship and professor of strategy and entrepreneurship,Carlson School of Management,University of Minnesota. He is also the academic director of the Gary S. Holmes Entrepreneurship Center.
Lawrence S. Welch is an Australian organisational theorist,Professor of International Business at the Melbourne Business School,known for his work on internationalization and international business operations.
The springboard theory or springboard perspective is an international business theory that elucidates the unique motives,processes and behaviors of international expansion of emerging market multinational enterprises. Springboard theory was developed by Luo and Tung (2007),and has since been used to examine EM MNEs. At the core of this theory is the argument that EM MNEs systematically and recursively use international expansion as a springboard to acquire critical resources needed to compete more effectively against their global rivals at home and abroad and to reduce their vulnerability to institutional and market constraints at home. These efforts are systematic in the sense that “springboard”steps are deliberately designed as a grand plan to facilitate firm growth and as a long-range strategy to establish more solidly their competitive positions in the global marketplace. They are also recursive because such “springboard”activities are recurrent and revolving.
Professor Xiaolan Fu is a British-based Chinese economist,and Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences. She is the Founding Director of the Technology and Management Centre for Development (TMCD). She is a Professor of Technology and International Development and Fellow of Green Templeton College at the University of Oxford.
Co-opetition or coopetition –simultaneous competition and cooperation –is an important philosophy or strategy that goes beyond the conventional rules of competition and cooperation to achieve advantages of both. Global co-opetition,an application of co-opetition in a global context,is first systematically addressed in Luo’s (2004) book “Coopetition in international business”. According to this book,global co-opetition refers to the simultaneous competition and cooperation between multinational enterprises (MNEs) and their geographically dispersed business stakeholders such as global rivals,global suppliers,global distributors,global alliance partners,and foreign governments as well as among foreign subsidiaries within an MNE.
Nicole Coviello is a Canadian marketing professor. She is the inaugural Lazaridis Chair of International Entrepreneurship and Innovation at Wilfrid Laurier University’s Lazaridis School of Business and Economics. She is also Professor of Marketing at Laurier and Visiting Research Professor at LUT University.
Christina Lubinski is a German historian and a full professor at Copenhagen Business School. She is the author and editor of numerous academic books and journals articles. Her work is published in leading international and peer-reviewed journals in the fields of business history,entrepreneurship,management,and organizational studies.
References
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- ↑ "Internationalization's effect on marketing learning: A study of Syrian firms".
- ↑ "The network perspective and the internationalization of small and medium sized software firms from Syria".
- ↑ "Internationalising from the European Periphery: Triggers, Processes, and Trajectories".
- ↑ "Consolidating and advancing knowledge on the post-entry performance of international new ventures".
- ↑ "Toward a Contingency Framework of Export Entrepreneurship: Conceptualisations and Empirical Evidence".
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- ↑ "Micromultinationals: Some Preliminary Evidence on an Emergent 'Star' of the International Entrepreneurship Field".
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- ↑ "Core rigidities of micromultinationals: the Scottish experience".
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- ↑ "Nascent multinationals from West Africa: Are their foreign direct investment motivations any different?".
- ↑ "Why do African multinationals invest outside their home region? Should they?" (PDF).
- ↑ "Journal of Business Ethics".
- ↑ "EXPANDING OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN BUSINESS" (PDF).
- ↑ "Female talent development and African business schools".
