Khinite

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Khinite
Khinite.jpg
Dark green Khinite crystals from the type locality (Bird Nest Drift, San Bernardino County, California, United States of America).
General
Category Tellurate minerals
Formula
(repeating unit)		PbCu3TeO6(OH)2
IMA symbol Khn [1]
Strunz classification 4.FD.30
Dana classification 33.1.3.1
Crystal system Orthorhombic
Unit cell Khinite-4O:
a = 5.740 Å,
b = 9.983 Å,
c = 23.960 Å, Z = 8
Khinite-3T (parakhinite):
a = 5.753 Å,
c = 17.958 Å, Z = 3
Identification
ColorDark green – Bottle green
Crystal habit Dipyramidal or curved crystals
Cleavage {001} fair
Tenacity Brittle
Mohs scale hardness3.5
Luster Vitreous
Streak Green
Diaphaneity Semitransparent
Specific gravity 6.5–7.0 (measured) 6.69 (calculated)
Optical propertiesBiaxial (+) (khinite) Uniaxial (−) (parakhinite)
Birefringence δ = 0.055
Pleochroism Yellow green – emerald green
2V angle 20o
Ultraviolet fluorescence None
Fusibility Fuses readily to a brown slag
Solubility Soluble in cold acids
Common impuritiesCa
References

Khinite is a rare orthotellurate mineral with the formula Pb 2+ Cu 2+3 Te O 6(O H)2. [2] [3] [4] It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system and has a bottle-green colour. It is often found as dipyramidal, curved or corroded crystals no more than 0.15 mm in size. [5] The tetragonal dimorph of khinite is called parakhinite.

Contents

Occurrence and name

Both khinite and parakhinite were first identified in 1978 in the Old Guard Mine (Royal Guard Mine), Tombstone District, Cochise County, Arizona, US They were named after Ba-Saw Khin, a Burmese-American mineralogist. [2] They are often found together with tenorite, quetzalcoatlite, quartz, gold, dugganite, chrysocolla, chlorargyrite, bromargyrite, xocomecatlite, and tlapallite. [2] [5] Khinite and parakhinite are found in multiple mines across Mexico and the USA.

Parakhinite

Parakhinite crystallizes in the tetragonal system. Khinite and parakhinite are also called khinite-4O and khinite-3T, respectively. Khinite and parakhinite are identical in colour and many other properties, like reactivity. They do differ in optical properties: Khinite is biaxial (+), while parakhinite is uniaxial (−). They also have different unit cells. [2] [4] [6] [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kernite</span>

Kernite, also known as rasorite, is a hydrated sodium borate hydroxide mineral with formula Na
2B
4O
6(OH)
2·3H
2O. It is a colorless to white mineral crystallizing in the monoclinic crystal system typically occurring as prismatic to acicular crystals or granular masses. It is relatively soft with Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3 and light with a specific gravity of 1.91. It exhibits perfect cleavage and a brittle fracture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cesbronite</span>

Cesbronite is a copper-meteatellurate oxysalt mineral with the chemical formula Cu3Te6+O4(OH)4 (IMA 17-C). It is colored green and its crystals are orthorhombic dipyramidal. Cesbronite is rated 3 on the Mohs Scale. It is named after Fabien Cesbron (born 1938), a French mineralogist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frank Hawthorne</span> Canadian mineralogist and crystallographer (born 1946)

Frank Christopher Hawthorne is an English-born Canadian mineralogist, crystallographer and spectroscopist. He works at the University of Manitoba and is currently distinguished professor emeritus. By combining graph theory, bond-valence theory and the moments approach to the electronic energy density of solids he has developed bond topology as a rigorous approach to understanding the atomic arrangements, chemical compositions and paragenesis of complex oxide and oxysalt minerals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baotite</span> Rare mineral

Baotite Ba4Ti4(Ti, Nb, Fe)4(Si4O12)O16Cl is a rare mineral recognized as having a unique four-fold silicate ring. Crystals are tetragonal, though commonly deformed to the extent of appearing monoclinic. Named for the locality of first discovery, Baotou, China, baotite has been found in hydrothermal veins and alkalic rocks in various locations around the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xocomecatlite</span> Rare tellurate mineral

Xocomecatlite is a rare tellurate mineral with formula: Cu3(TeO4)(OH)4. It is an orthorhombic mineral which occurs as aggregates or spherules of green needlelike crystals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boleite</span> Complex halide mineral

Boleite is a complex halide mineral with formula: KPb26Ag9Cu24(OH)48Cl62. It was first described in 1891 as an oxychloride mineral. It is an isometric mineral which forms in deep-blue cubes. There are numerous minerals related to boleite, such as pseudoboleite, cumengite, and diaboleite, and these all have the same complex crystal structure. They all contain bright-blue cubic forms and are formed in altered zones of lead and copper deposits, produced during the reaction of chloride bearing solutions with primary sulfide minerals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyrilovite</span> Hydrous sodium iron phosphate mineral

Cyrilovite (NaFe33+(PO4)2(OH)4·2(H2O)) is a hydrous sodium iron phosphate mineral. It is isomorphous and isostructural with wardite, the sodium aluminium counterpart.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Povondraite</span>

Povondraite is a rare silicate mineral from the tourmaline group with formula: NaFe3+3(Fe3+4,Mg2)(BO3)3Si6O18(OH)3O. It is a dark brown to black nearly opaque mineral with a resinous to splendent luster. It crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system as equant, distorted prisms with trigonal pyramid terminations.

Georgerobinsonite, named for George Willard Robinson, is a lead chromate mineral with formula Pb4(CrO4)2(OH)2FCl. It exhibits very small, transparent crystals with a bright orange-red color. It was obtained from the Mammoth–St. Anthony Mine in Arizona in the 1940s and identified in 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shigaite</span> Mineral

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paramelaconite</span> Oxide mineral

Paramelaconite is a rare, black-colored copper(I,II) oxide mineral with formula CuI
2CuII
2O3 (or Cu4O3). It was discovered in the Copper Queen Mine in Bisbee, Arizona, about 1890. It was described in 1892 and more fully in 1941. Its name is derived from the Greek word for "near" and the similar mineral melaconite, now known as tenorite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruizite</span> Sorosilicate mineral

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Junitoite</span> Sorosilicate mineral

Junitoite is a mineral with formula CaZn2Si2O7·H2O. It was discovered at the Christmas mine in Christmas, Arizona, and described in 1976. The mineral is named for mineral chemist Jun Ito (1926–1978).

Daubréeite is a rare bismuth oxohalide mineral with formula BiO(OH,Cl). It is a creamy-white to yellow-brown, soft, earthy clay–like mineral which crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system. It is a member of the matlockite group.

Chatkalite is a copper, iron, tin sulfide mineral with formula Cu6Fe2+Sn2S8. It crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system and forms as rounded disseminations within tetrahedrite in quartz veins.

Arakiite (IMA symbol: Ark) is a rare mineral with the formula (Zn,Mn2+)(Mn2+,Mg)12(Fe3+,Al)2(As3+O3)(As5+O4)2(OH)23. It is both arsenate and arsenite mineral, a combination that is rare in the world of minerals. Arakiite is stoichiometrically similar to hematolite. It is one of many rare minerals coming from the famous Långban manganese skarn deposit in Sweden. Other minerals bearing both arsenite and zinc include kraisslite and mcgovernite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quetzalcoatlite</span> Rare tellurium oxysalt mineral

Quetzalcoatlite is a rare tellurium oxysalt mineral with the formula Zn6Cu3(TeO6)2(OH)6 · AgxPbyClx+2y. It also contains large amounts of silver- and lead(II)chloride with the formula AgxPbyClx+2y (x+y≤2). It has a Mohs hardness of 3 and it crystallizes in the trigonal system. It has a deep blue color. It was named after Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec and Toltec god of the sea, alluding to its color. It is not to be confused with tlalocite, which has a similar color and habit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trogtalite</span> Sulfide mineral

Trogtalite is a rare selenide mineral with the formula CoSe2. It crystallizes in the cubic system and is part of the pyrite group, consisting of Co2+ and Se22− ions. It has a rose-violet colour and its crystals are opaque. It often occurs as grains. It was thought to be dimorphous with hastite, but this was discredited in 2009. Hastite turned out to be the iron selenide mineral ferroselite. It forms a solid solution series with kruťaite.

Eskebornite is a selenide mineral with the formula CuFeSe2. It crystallizes in the tetragonal system and it has a brassy colour. Eskebornite is sometimes found as thick tabular crystals, but is more often found intergrown with other selenides. It is part of the chalcopyrite group and forms a series with chalcopyrite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sturmanite</span> Rare sulfate mineral

Sturmanite is a rare sulfate mineral with the chemical formula Ca6Fe3+2(SO4)2.5(B(OH)4)(OH)12 · 25 H2O. It crystallises in the tetragonal system and it has a Moh's hardness of 2.5. Sturmanite has a bright yellow to amber colour and falls in the ettringite group. It was named after Bozidar Darko Sturman (born 1937), Croatian-Canadian mineralogist and Curator Emeritus of Mineralogy, Royal Ontario Museum.

References

  1. ↑ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2021.43 . S2CID   235729616.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Khinite: Khinite mineral information and data". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
  3. ↑ Barthelmy, Dave. "Khinite Mineral Data". www.webmineral.com. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
  4. 1 2 Williams, S.A. (1978). "Khinite, parakhinite, and dugganite, three new tellurates from Tombstone. Arizona" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 63: 1016–1019.
  5. 1 2 "Handbook of mineralogy, Khinite" (PDF).
  6. ↑ Cooper, M. A.; Hawthorne, F. C.; Back, M. E. (2008). "The crystal structure of khinite and polytypism in khinite and parakhinite". Mineralogical Magazine. 72 (3): 763–770. Bibcode:2008MinM...72..763C. doi:10.1180/minmag.2008.072.3.763. S2CID   140537204.
  7. ↑ Hawthorne, F. C.; Cooper, M. A.; Back, M. E. (2009). "Khinite-4O [= Khinite] and Khinite-3T [= Parakhinite]". The Canadian Mineralogist. 47 (2): 473–476. Bibcode:2009CaMin..47..473H. doi:10.3749/canmin.47.2.473.
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