Kielmeyera coriacea

Last updated

Kielmeyera coriacea
Kielmeyera coriacea.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Calophyllaceae
Genus: Kielmeyera
Species:
K. coriacea
Binomial name
Kielmeyera coriacea

Kielmeyera coriacea (pau santo or boizinho) is a medicinal plant [1] native to Cerrado and Pantanal vegetation in Brazil. [2] It is also used as a honey plant and is one of the most characteristic and peculiar species of the Brazilian Cerrado. [3] The species is notable for its conspicuous cork bark and has been suggested as a potential commercial substitute for traditional cork. [4]

Contents

Description

Kielmeyera coriacea is a small deciduous tree or shrub, typically reaching heights of 1-4 meters. [5] [6] It is described as a small, evergreen tree with a cylindrical but contorted trunk. The stem is covered by a conspicuous cork bark that can be several centimeters thick, with a periderm containing 1.1–1.8 cm of cork and only a few inclusions of phloem. [7] The species belongs to the botanical family Calophyllaceae and is a plant of arboreal size that loses its leaves during a period of the year. [8] Curiously, it is a plant quite common in cemeteries of the Federal District and its flowering coincides with the date of All Souls' Day, as if it also paid homage to those who rest there. [9] The bark is approximately 3cm thick and yields a yellow resin that is described as emollient and tonic. [10]

Distribution and habitat

The native range of this species extends from eastern Bolivia to Brazil and Paraguay. [11] It grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. In Brazil, it is native to multiple states including Goiás, São Paulo, Rondônia, Pará, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Paraná, Tocantins, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Piauí. [12] Kielmeyera coriacea is natural to the savannah-type ecosystems of the Brazilian Cerrado. [13] The species has been described as one of the most peculiar species of the Cerrado, a savanna-like vegetation of Central Brazil. [14]

Chemical composition

Kielmeyera coriacea is rich in bioactive compounds, particularly xanthones, which contribute to its medicinal properties. [15]

Xanthones and phenolic compounds

Phytochemical investigation of dichloromethane extracts from the leaves and stems has revealed the presence of several xanthones, including ten xanthones, one biphenyl and two triterpenes. One xanthone and two triterpenes are new compounds. [16] Recent studies have identified five 4-phenylcoumarins and three xanthones from K. coriacea, with some compounds being reported for the first time in the Calophyllaceae family and the genus Kielmeyera. [17] The inner bark contains well-known potent antioxidants including protocatechuic acid, epicatechin and procyanidins A, B and C. [18]

Essential oils

Essential oil analysis has shown that different parts of the plant contain varying chemical profiles. [19] The leaf essential oil is rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes, with major compounds being germacrene-D (24.2%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.5%), and bicyclogermacrene (11.6%). The inner bark essential oil contains mainly alpha-copaene (14.9%) and alpha-(E)-bergamotene (13.0%). [20]

Other compounds

The hexane root bark extract contains δ-tocotrienol and its dimer, which have shown cytotoxic activity against various human tumor cell lines. [21]

Traditional and medicinal uses

Kielmeyera coriacea is traditionally used by the native population of Brazil in the treatment of several tropical diseases including malaria, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and fungal or bacterial infections. [22] [23] The plant is used in the treatment of toothache and was at one time much sought after for use in fomentations. [24] It is added to bath water, and a yellow resin obtained from the plant is said to be emollient and tonic. [25] The hydroethanolic extract of Kielmeyera coriacea also appears to act on the central nervous system in rats, showing anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. [26]

Pharmacological research

Antimicrobial activity

Studies have demonstrated that compounds isolated from K. coriacea, including the biphenyl aucuparin and various xanthones, show antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria. [27] Aucuparin and 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-xanthone showed antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis with MIC values of 3.12µg/ml and 12.5µg/ml, respectively. [28]

Anticancer potential

Research has shown that K. coriacea exhibits antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo against different tumor cell lines, indicating it is a promising medicinal plant in cancer therapy. [29] δ-tocotrienols isolated from the species displayed cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines including melanoma, colon, leukemia, and glioblastoma. [30]

Other bioactivities

The inner bark has demonstrated antioxidant properties and inhibitory activities against α-amylase and lipase, suggesting potential applications in managing oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. [31]

Cork properties and economic uses

Kielmeyera coriacea is mentioned in the literature as the main tree species which produces cork in the Brazilian Cerrado. [32] The species has been studied as a potential source for industrial cork, as all commercial cork currently comes from a single species, the cork-oak (Quercus suber), which is limited to the western Mediterranean region. [33] The cork cells have a distribution similar to Quercus suber, with 4 to 8 sides and a predominance of hexagonal cells. The cell walls have an average height of 40 to 70 µm and thickness of 1.5 to 2.0 µm. [34] The cork tissue may be detached from the stem and the tree has a high regeneration capacity of the periderm and its cork; this has led to suggestions of exploitation with successive cork removals at 5- to 6-year rotations. [35] The species has economic interest for the production of wood, cellulose, and tannin for the leather industry. [36]

Taxonomy

The species has several accepted infraspecific varieties including K. coriacea var. coriacea, var. glabripes Saddi, var. guiaensis Saddi, var. intermedia Saddi, var. pseudocoriacea Saddi, and var. pseudotomentosa Saddi. [37] Kielmeyera coriacea is part of what is known as the "K. coriacea complex," a group of morphologically variable and closely related taxa that have been the subject of taxonomic confusion. [38] Molecular studies using microsatellite markers have helped clarify species boundaries within this complex and detected introgressive hybridization processes. [39]

Conservation status

According to recent assessments, the predicted extinction risk for Kielmeyera coriacea is "not threatened" with confident certainty. [40] However, like other Cerrado plants, this species suffers strong anthropogenic pressure. [41]

Notes

  1. ↑ Audi EA, Otobone F, Martins JV, Cortez DA (October 2002). "Preliminary evaluation of Kielmeyera coriacea leaves extract on the central nervous system". Fitoterapia. 73 (6): 517–9. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00183-1. PMID   12385878.
  2. ↑ "Pau-santo (Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc.)". A planta da vez. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  3. ↑ Caddah, Mayara Krasinski; Mayer, Juliana Lischka Sampaio; Bittrich, Volker; Amaral, Maria DO Carmo Estanislau DO (2012). "Species limits in the Kielmeyera coriacea complex (Calophyllaceae) – a multidisciplinary approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 168 (1): 101–115. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01192.x.
  4. ↑ Rios, P.; Cabral, V.; Santos, S.; Mori, F.; Graça, J. (2014). "The chemistry of Kielmeyera coriacea outer bark: a potential source for cork". European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. 72 (4): 509–519. doi:10.1007/s00107-014-0811-y.
  5. ↑ "Kielmeyera coriacea tree in the Brazilian cerrado". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  6. ↑ "Kielmeyera coriacea". Useful Tropical Plants. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  7. ↑ Leite, Carla; Pereira, Helena (2016). "Cork-Containing Barks—A Review". Frontiers in Materials. 3: 63. Bibcode:2016FrMat...3...63L. doi: 10.3389/fmats.2016.00063 .
  8. ↑ "Pau-santo (Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc.)". A planta da vez. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  9. ↑ "Pau-santo (Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc.)". A planta da vez. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  10. ↑ "Kielmeyera coriacea". Useful Tropical Plants. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  11. ↑ "Kielmeyera coriacea Mart". Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  12. ↑ "Kielmeyera coriacea Mart". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  13. ↑ "Kielmeyera coriacea tree in the Brazilian cerrado". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  14. ↑ Caddah, Mayara Krasinski; Mayer, Juliana Lischka Sampaio; Bittrich, Volker; Amaral, Maria DO Carmo Estanislau DO (2012). "Species limits in the Kielmeyera coriacea complex (Calophyllaceae) – a multidisciplinary approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 168 (1): 101–115. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01192.x.
  15. ↑ Garcia Cortez, D. A.; Young, M. C. M.; Marston, A.; Wolfender, J. -L.; Hostettmann, K. (1998). "Xanthones, triterpenes and a biphenyl from Kielmeyera coriacea". Phytochemistry. 47 (7): 1367–1374. Bibcode:1998PChem..47.1367G. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00731-0 . Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  16. ↑ Garcia Cortez, D. A.; Young, M. C. M.; Marston, A.; Wolfender, J. -L.; Hostettmann, K. (1998). "Xanthones, triterpenes and a biphenyl from Kielmeyera coriacea". Phytochemistry. 47 (7): 1367–1374. Bibcode:1998PChem..47.1367G. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00731-0 . Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  17. ↑ Reis, Tâmara V.; Dos Reis, Laís L.; Santana, Aiane N.; Ferraz, Caline G.; Araújo, Floricea M.; Guedes, Maria L. S.; Ribeiro, Paulo R.; Cruz, Frederico G. (2025). "4-Phenylcoumarins and xanthones from Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. And their chemophenetic significance". Phytochemistry. 121 105017. Bibcode:2025BioSE.12105017R. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2025.105017 . Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  18. ↑ Justino, A. B.; Santana, E. C.; Franco, R. R.; Queiroz, J. S.; Silva HCG; Saraiva, A. L.; Martins, M. M.; Lemos De Morais, S. A.; De Oliveira, A.; Filho LRG; Aquino FJT; Espindola, F. S.; Espindola, Foued Salmen (2021). "Antioxidant compounds of Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. with α-amylase, lipase and advanced glycation end-product inhibitory activities". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 206 114387. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114387. PMID   34583125.
  19. ↑ Martins, C. D.; Do Nascimento, E. A.; De Morais, S. A.; De Oliveira, A.; Chang, R.; Cunha, L. C.; Martins, M. M.; Martins, C. H.; Moraes, T. D.; Rodrigues, P. V.; Da Silva, C. V.; De Aquino, F. J. (2015). "Chemical Constituents and Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc. Essential Oils". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: 1–9. doi: 10.1155/2015/842047 . PMC   4415738 . PMID   25960759.
  20. ↑ Martins, C. D.; Do Nascimento, E. A.; De Morais, S. A.; De Oliveira, A.; Chang, R.; Cunha, L. C.; Martins, M. M.; Martins, C. H.; Moraes, T. D.; Rodrigues, P. V.; Da Silva, C. V.; De Aquino, F. J. (2015). "Chemical Constituents and Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc. Essential Oils". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: 1–9. doi: 10.1155/2015/842047 . PMC   4415738 . PMID   25960759.
  21. ↑ De Mesquita, M. L.; Araújo, R. M.; Bezerra, D. P.; Filho, R. B.; De Paula, J. E.; Silveira, E. R.; Pessoa, C.; De Moraes, M. O.; Costa Lotufo, L. V.; Espindola, L. S. (2011). "Cytotoxicity of δ-tocotrienols from Kielmeyera coriacea against cancer cell lines". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (1): 623–630. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.044. PMID   21094611.
  22. ↑ Zagoto, J. N.; Bracht, A.; Pagadigorria, C. L.; Ishii-Iwamoto, E. L.; Cortez, D. A.; Yamamoto, N. S. (2006). "Effects of the Kielmeyera coriacea extract on energy metabolism in the rat liver". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 105 (1–2): 47–54. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.09.036. PMID   16249061 . Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  23. ↑ Zagoto, J. N.; Bracht, A.; Pagadigorria, C. L.; Ishii-Iwamoto, E. L.; Cortez, D. A.; Yamamoto, N. S. (2006). "Effects of the Kielmeyera coriacea extract on energy metabolism in the rat liver". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 105 (1–2): 47–54. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.09.036. PMID   16249061.
  24. ↑ "Kielmeyera coriacea". Useful Tropical Plants. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  25. ↑ "Kielmeyera coriacea". Useful Tropical Plants. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  26. ↑ Zagoto, J. N.; Bracht, A.; Pagadigorria, C. L.; Ishii-Iwamoto, E. L.; Cortez, D. A.; Yamamoto, N. S. (2006). "Effects of the Kielmeyera coriacea extract on energy metabolism in the rat liver". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 105 (1–2): 47–54. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.09.036. PMID   16249061 . Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  27. ↑ Cortez, Diógenes Aparício Garcia; Filho, Benício Alves Abreu; Nakamura, Celso Vataru; Filho, Benedito Prado Dias; Marston, Andrew; Hostettmann, Kurt (2002). "Antibacterial Activity of a Biphenyl and Xanthones from Kielmeyera coriacea". Pharmaceutical Biology. 40 (7): 485–489. doi:10.1076/phbi.40.7.485.14687 . Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  28. ↑ Cortez, Diógenes Aparício Garcia; Filho, Benício Alves Abreu; Nakamura, Celso Vataru; Filho, Benedito Prado Dias; Marston, Andrew; Hostettmann, Kurt (2002). "Antibacterial Activity of a Biphenyl and Xanthones from Kielmeyera coriacea". Pharmaceutical Biology. 40 (7): 485–489. doi:10.1076/phbi.40.7.485.14687 . Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  29. ↑ Figueiredo, C. R.; Matsuo, A. L.; Massaoka, M. H.; Girola, N.; Azevedo, R. A.; Rabaça, A. N.; Farias, C. F.; Pereira, F. V.; Matias, N. S.; Silva, L. P.; Rodrigues, E. G.; Lago, J. H.; Travassos, L. R.; Silva, R. M. (2014). "Antitumor activity of kielmeyera coriacea leaf constituents in experimental melanoma, tested in vitro and in vivo in syngeneic mice". Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 4 (Suppl 1): 429–436. doi:10.5681/apb.2014.063. PMC   4213781 . PMID   25364658.
  30. ↑ De Mesquita, M. L.; Araújo, R. M.; Bezerra, D. P.; Filho, R. B.; De Paula, J. E.; Silveira, E. R.; Pessoa, C.; De Moraes, M. O.; Costa Lotufo, L. V.; Espindola, L. S. (2011). "Cytotoxicity of δ-tocotrienols from Kielmeyera coriacea against cancer cell lines". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (1): 623–630. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.044. PMID   21094611.
  31. ↑ Justino, A. B.; Santana, E. C.; Franco, R. R.; Queiroz, J. S.; Silva HCG; Saraiva, A. L.; Martins, M. M.; Lemos De Morais, S. A.; De Oliveira, A.; Filho LRG; Aquino FJT; Espindola, F. S.; Espindola, Foued Salmen (2021). "Antioxidant compounds of Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. with α-amylase, lipase and advanced glycation end-product inhibitory activities". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 206 114387. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114387. PMID   34583125.
  32. ↑ "Morphological characterization of Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. Cork from brazilian Cerrado". Cerne. 2011. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  33. ↑ Rios, P.; Cabral, V.; Santos, S.; Mori, F.; Graça, J. (2014). "The chemistry of Kielmeyera coriacea outer bark: a potential source for cork". European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. 72 (4): 509–519. doi:10.1007/s00107-014-0811-y . Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  34. ↑ "Morphological characterization of Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. Cork from brazilian Cerrado". Cerne. 2011. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  35. ↑ Leite, Carla; Pereira, Helena (2016). "Cork-Containing Barks—A Review". Frontiers in Materials. 3: 63. Bibcode:2016FrMat...3...63L. doi: 10.3389/fmats.2016.00063 .
  36. ↑ Martins, C. D.; Do Nascimento, E. A.; De Morais, S. A.; De Oliveira, A.; Chang, R.; Cunha, L. C.; Martins, M. M.; Martins, C. H.; Moraes, T. D.; Rodrigues, P. V.; Da Silva, C. V.; De Aquino, F. J. (2015). "Chemical Constituents and Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc. Essential Oils". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: 1–9. doi: 10.1155/2015/842047 . PMC   4415738 . PMID   25960759.
  37. ↑ "Kielmeyera coriacea Mart". Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  38. ↑ Caddah, Mayara Krasinski; Mayer, Juliana Lischka Sampaio; Bittrich, Volker; Amaral, Maria DO Carmo Estanislau DO (2012). "Species limits in the Kielmeyera coriacea complex (Calophyllaceae) – a multidisciplinary approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 168 (1): 101–115. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01192.x.
  39. ↑ Caddah, Mayara Krasinski; Campos, Tatiana; Zucchi, Maria Imaculada; De Souza, Anete Pereira; Bittrich, Volker; Do Amaral, Maria do Carmo Estanislau (2013). "Species boundaries inferred from microsatellite markers in the Kielmeyera coriacea complex (Calophyllaceae) and evidence of asymmetric hybridization". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 299 (4): 731–741. Bibcode:2013PSyEv.299..731C. doi:10.1007/s00606-012-0755-9 . Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  40. ↑ "Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. - General Information". Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  41. ↑ Caddah, Mayara K.; Campos, Tatiana; Sforça, Danilo A.; De Sousa, Adna C. B.; Do Carmo e. Do Amaral, Maria; Bittrich, Volker; De Souza, Anete P. (2009). "Microsatellite markers isolated from polyploid Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc. (Clusiaceae) from an enriched genomic library". Conservation Genetics. 10 (5): 1533–1535. Bibcode:2009ConG...10.1533C. doi:10.1007/s10592-008-9786-8 . Retrieved 2025-01-07.

References

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.