Lake Farmingdale (1919 ship)

Last updated
Soviet freighter Kamchatka, launched as design 1099 ship Lake Filson.jpg
Soviet freighter Kamchatka, launched as Lake Filson, a sister ship of Lake Farmingdale
History
United States
Name
  • Lake Farmingdale (1919–1925)
  • Florence D (1925–1942)
Owner
  • United States Shipping Board (1919–1925)
  • Cadwallader-Gibson Lumber Company (1925–1942)
BuilderSuperior Shipbuilding Company
Launched30 April 1919
Identification
  • Official number: 218471
  • Radio call sign: KIPZ (1920)
FateSunk by Japanese aircraft bombs, 19 February 1942
General characteristics
TypeDesign 1099 cargo ship
Tonnage
Length251 ft (77 m)
Beam43 ft 6 in (13.26 m)
Draft24 ft 2 in (7.37 m)
Installed power1,500 ihp (1,100 kW)
PropulsionOil-fired triple-expansion steam engine
Speed9.5 knots

The steamship Lake Farmingdale was steel-hulled freighter built for the United States Shipping Board in 1919. She spent most of her career in Southeast Asia as a passenger-cargo ship for the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, and, renamed Florence D., hauling timber for the Cadwallader-Gibson Lumber Company in the Philippines. She was sunk on 19 February 1942 by Japanese carrier aircraft while attempting to deliver arms and supplies to General Douglas MacArthur's forces in the Philippines.

Contents

Construction and characteristics

When the United States entered World War I in April 1917, neither it nor any Allied power had shipping capacity to carry the two million Americans who sailed for Europe, much less all their accompanying armament and supplies. What shipping did exist in the Atlantic was pared back by Germany's U-boats, which sank almost 5,000 ships during the war. The United States Shipping Board and its wholly-owned Emergency Fleet Corporation mass produced ships to a few standard designs to "build a bridge across the ocean." [1] Lake Farmingdale was one of those ships.

Lake Farmingdale was built to the Shipping Board's standard Design 1099. [2] She was built of welded steel plates. She was 251 feet (77 m) long between perpendiculars, with a beam of 43 feet 6 inches (13.26 m), and a depth of hold of 28 feet 2 inches (8.59 m). Her fully loaded draft was just over 24 feet (7.3 m). Deadweight tonnage, the weight of cargo which could be carried, was 4,155 tons. Gross register tonnage was 2,643, while her net register tonnage was 1,634. [3] [4]

Lake Farmingdale had a single propeller which was driven by a single triple-expansion steam engine with 1,500 indicated horsepower (1,100 kW). This engine had high, medium, and low pressure cylinders with diameters of 21 inches, 35 inches, and 59 inches respectively, with a stroke of 42 inches. [5] Steam was provided by two boilers, which were oil-fired. The ship was capable of reaching 9.5 knots (17.6 km/h; 10.9 mph). Her fuel tanks could hold 708 tons of oil, giving her a steaming range of just over 8,000 miles. [3]

She had two cargo holds, each of which had two hatches. Each hold was serviced by four cargo booms, each of which had its own winch. The heaviest load that could be winched aboard was 4 tons. Lake Farmingdale had an effective cargo capacity of 166,806 cubic feet (4,723.4 m3) for baled cargo and 180,033 cu ft (5,098.0 m3) for grain. [3] [4]

Lake Farmingdale was built by the Superior Shipbuilding Company, a unit of the American Shipbuilding Company, at its Superior, Wisconsin shipyard. She was launched on 30 April 1919 [6] and delivered to the Shipping Board in July 1919. Her original cost was $783,923.45. [3]

Service history

United States Shipping Board (1919–1925)

Newspaper announcement of Lake Farmingdale's 1919 arrival in Manila Barber Steamship Lines newspaper advertisement.png
Newspaper announcement of Lake Farmingdale's 1919 arrival in Manila

Lake Farmingdale left Duluth on 26 July 1919, headed for Cleveland. [7] She sailed briefly on the east coast in 1919. The lowlight of this period was her collision with the steamship Grantley in the Miramichi River in New Brunswick. On 10 September 1919, she left her dock in the river with a cargo of wood pulp, bound for Portland. She overtook and then collided with the Grantley, also headed out to sea. [8] The damage did not prevent her from continuing her travels, and she left Portland for New York on 16 September 1919. [9]

She was consigned to the Barber Lines by the Shipping Board. She sailed for her new company from New York bound for Yokohama, Japan on 5 October 1919. [10] She reached Japan via the Panama Canal, San Francisco, and Honolulu. She had a full cargo of general merchandise, [11] but lost a portion of her deck cargo, carboys of acid, in heavy seas off San Francisco. [12] After stopping in Japan, she reached Manila, Philippines on 21 December 1919. Once her cargo was unloaded, the ship was turned over to the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. [13]

1920 Pacific Mail Steamship Company advertisement. Lake Farmingdale is shown as part of the Hong Kong-Calcutta service. Pacific Mail Steamship Company advertisement from 1920 Philippine Yearbook.png
1920 Pacific Mail Steamship Company advertisement. Lake Farmingdale is shown as part of the Hong Kong-Calcutta service.

Lake Farmingdale sailed continuously in Southeast Asia for the Pacific Mail Steamship Company until 1922, calling at Hong Kong, [14] Manila, [15] Singapore, [16] Calcutta, [17] Saigon, [18] Rangoon, [19] Haiphong, [20] Foochow, [21] and Penang. [22] Her last reported trip, in January 1922, had her sailing from Saigon to Calcutta. [23] [24]

It is not clear what the ship did in 1923, but given the global shipping glut at the end of World War I, it is possible that she was idle. In any case, on 16 June 1924, the Shipping Board entered into a six-month bare-boat charter of Lake Farmingdale with Captain Juan Gisbert. The ship was delivered to him at Olongapo, Philippines. Gisbert never paid for the insurance required under the charter agreement and it was terminated in August 1924. The ship was returned to Olongapo. [25]

Cadwallader-Gibson Lumber Company (1925–1942)

In 1925, the Shipping Board sold Lake Farmingdale to Cadwallader-Gibson Lumber Company for $60,000 [26] This was the American subsidiary of Cadwallader-Gibson, a large Philippine lumber company which had several sawmills and logging rights in hardwood forests on Luzon. [27] [28] Lake Farmingdale, now renamed Florence D., could carry nearly 2 million board feet of lumber. [29] Florence D. was registered in the Philippines with her home port Manila. [30] [31] It may be that Florence D. was named after Florence D. Cadwallader, who was prominent in the woman's suffrage movement in the Philippines. [32]

From 1929 to 1931 Florence D. sailed for the Philippine Steam Navigation Company, presumably under a charter from Cadwallader-Gibson, since Lloyd's Register shows no change in ownership. She was used as an inter-islander steamer, advertising "Excellent first and third class accommodations for passengers. Both Spanish and American Cooking." [33] During this period she is recorded as calling at Bais, Cagayan, [34] Cebu, Iloilo, [35] Lamit Bay, [36] Legaspi, Liguan, Sumagui, [37] Tabaco, and Zamboanga. [38]

Loss of Florence D. (February 1942)

The Japanese assault on the Philippines began on 8 December 1941. General Douglas MacArthur's forces were in urgent need of additional supplies to defend the territory. The supply situation was so concerning that, on 18 January 1942, General George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff of the United States Army, cabled Major General Julian F. Barnes, the top Army officer in Australia, to commission blockade runners. [39] Barnes, in turn, entrusted this mission to Colonel John D. Robenson, who flew to Java to find ships willing to attempt the mission. [40] [41]

When Robenson reached Soerabaja he was able to acquire supplies that MacArthur could use from the recently arrived President Polk. Finding ships willing to run the Japanese blockade was more difficult. In Soerabaja Harbor was Florence D., then chartered by the Naval Transport Service. The Navy did not want to release any of its ships, fearing that they would be destroyed. After repeated requests from Robenson, Rear Admiral William A. Glassford agreed to release Florence D. to the Army. [42] Robenson signed a charter contract for Florence D. on 9 February 1942. [43] She was to carry arms and supplies from Soerabaja to Gingoog, Mindanao. The thinking at the time was that once the supplies were in Mindanao, the abundant small craft in the area could shuttle them to MacArthur's forces in Bataan and Corregidor. The ship was loaded with 3-inch artillery shells, .30 and .50-caliber ammunition, 3,000 reels of barbed wire, 51,900 pounds (23,500 kg) of telephone wire, 250,000 pounds (110,000 kg) of sole leather, 16 cases of airplane parts, 300,000 pounds (140,000 kg) of sugar, and some sheet steel. [44] [45] Florence D. sailed from Soerabaja on 14 February 1942 and headed east toward the Timor Sea.

At 0730 on 19 February 1942, lookouts spotted Japanese carrier aircraft which were on their way to bomb Darwin, Australia. One of them shot down an American Navy PBY-5 from Patrol Squadron 22 which landed near the ship. Florence D rescued the eight crew members, which included the pilot, Lt. Thomas H. Moorer, who later in his career became Chief of Naval Operations, and co-pilot Ensign Walter H. Mosley, whose valor later in the war was honored in the naming of the destroyer escort USS Mosley. [46] [47]

At one in the afternoon, on 19 February 1942, a Japanese twin-float seaplane dropped two bombs on Florence D, and missed. It strafed the ship before leaving. Val dive bombers launched from the carrier Hiryū found Florence D. about an hour later. A bomb hit the bow and set off some of the ammunition the ship was carrying. Three more bombs were near misses. The ship sank bow first, but remained afloat long enough for the survivors to cut loose two lifeboats. Three of the Filipino crew were killed, as was one of the American flyers rescued from the PBY. [48] There were forty men aboard the two lifeboats. [49]

After about nine hours the two boats landed on Bathurst Island, north of Darwin. The survivors were picked up on 22 February 1942 by HMAS Warrnambool. She was attacked by a Japanese flying boat, but used a smoke screen to avoid damage and returned safely to Darwin. [49]

Related Research Articles

SS <i>Eurana</i> American steam cargo ship, active 1916-1942

Eurana was a steam cargo ship built on speculation in 1915 by Union Iron Works of San Francisco. While under construction, the ship was acquired by Frank Duncan McPherson Strachan to operate in the Atlantic trade for his family's Strachan Shipping Company. The vessel made several trips between the Southeast of the United States and Europe before being sold to the Nafra Steamship Company in 1917. The freighter then entered the Mediterranean trade where she remained until September 1918 when she was requisitioned by the Emergency Fleet Corporation and transferred to the United States Navy to transport military supplies prior to the end of World War I, and as a troop transport after the war's end. In October 1919, the ship was returned to Nafra, which was then being reorganized to become the Green Star Steamship Company. In 1923, Eurana and twelve other ships passed to the Planet Steamship Company, newly formed to receive them from Green Star's bankruptcy. The ship remained principally engaged in the West Coast to East Coast trade for the next seven years. In 1930, together with several other vessels, Eurana was purchased by the Calmar Steamship Corporation, and renamed Alamar. The ship continued carrying various cargo between the East and West Coasts of the United States through 1941. On 27 May 1942, while en route from Hvalfjord to Murmansk carrying lend-lease war materiel to the Soviet Union during World War II as part of Arctic convoy PQ-16, she was fatally damaged by German aircraft bombs and was consequently scuttled by a British submarine to prevent her from becoming a menace to navigation.

SS <i>Pan Kraft</i>

Pan Kraft was a cargo ship built in 1919 by the Western Pipe and Steel Company of California. She was one of eighteen ships built by the company for the U.S. Shipping Board. After merchant service between the wars, she was to become one of the victims of Great Britain's disastrous Convoy PQ 17 to Russia during World War II.

USS <i>Majaba</i> Cargo ship of the United States Navy

USS Majaba (AG-43/IX-102) was the Design 1049 cargo ship Meriden built in 1919 by the Albina Engine & Machine Works, Portland, Oregon. All the ships were requisitioned by the United States Shipping Board (USSB) for World War I service. The ship was bought by the E. K. Wood Lumber Co., of San Francisco, California in 1923 and renamed El Capitan. The ship was chartered by the U.S. Navy through the War Shipping Administration (WSA) in April 1942 and commissioned as Majaba.

SS <i>Ancon</i> American cargo and passenger ship; first to officially transit the Panama Canal (1914)

SS Ancon was an American cargo and passenger ship that became the first ship to officially transit the Panama Canal in 1914 although the French crane boat Alexandre La Valley completed the first trip in stages during construction prior to the official opening. The ship was built as Shawmut for the Boston Steamship Company by the Maryland Steel Company, Sparrows Point, Maryland and put into Pacific service operating out of Puget Sound ports for Japan, China and the Philippine Islands. Shawmut and sister ship Tremont were two of the largest United States commercial ships in service at the time and the company eventually found them too expensive to operate.

Portmar was a United States-flagged merchant vessel that was constructed in response to World War I, operated by a succession of companies in the interwar period, then taken up for wartime shipping in World War II.

SS <i>Corvus</i> (1919)

Corvus was a steam cargo ship built in 1919 by Columbia River Shipbuilding Company of Portland for the United States Shipping Board as part of the wartime shipbuilding program of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) to restore the nation's Merchant Marine. The freighter was operated on international and domestic routes through 1944. Early in 1945 she was transferred to Soviet Union as part of lend-lease program and renamed Uzbekistan. After several months of operation, the freighter was rammed by another vessel on 31 May 1945 and was beached to avoid sinking. She was subsequently raised and towed to Portland where she was scrapped in 1946.

SS <i>Cardina</i>

Cardina was a cargo ship built in 1919 by the J. F. Duthie & Company of Seattle. She was one of the many ships built by the company for the United States Shipping Board.

SS <i>West Kasson</i>

West Kasson was a steam cargo ship built in 1918–1919 by Long Beach Shipbuilding Company of Long Beach for the United States Shipping Board (USSB) as part of the wartime shipbuilding program of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) to restore the nation's Merchant Marine. The vessel initially operated on the round-the-world route from the West Coast of the United States via East Asia and Spain before being shifted to serve the Gulf to Europe and South America trade in 1922. In 1926 she was sold to the W. R. Grace and Company and renamed Cuzco. In her new role the ship operated chiefly between the ports of the Pacific Northwest and various Chilean and Peruvian ports. In 1940 the ship was again sold and transferred into Panamanian registry and renamed Carmona. The vessel continued sailing between South America and the United States and was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-160 on one of her regular trips in July 1942.

West Montop was a Design 1013 cargo ship built in 1919 by the Los Angeles Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co of Los Angeles. She was one of many ships built by the company for the United States Shipping Board.

West Mingo was a Design 1013 cargo ship built in 1919 by the Los Angeles Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co of Los Angeles. She was one of many ships built by the company for the United States Shipping Board.

SS <i>West Cajoot</i>

West Cajoot was a Design 1013 cargo ship built in 1919 by the Los Angeles Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co of Los Angeles. She was one of many ships built by the company for the United States Shipping Board.

West Niger was a steam cargo ship built in 1919–1920 by Southwestern Shipbuilding Company of San Pedro for the United States Shipping Board (USSB) as part of the wartime shipbuilding program of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) to restore the nation's Merchant Marine. The freighter spent her entire career in the Pacific connecting the West Coast of the United States with the Chinese and Japanese ports in the Far East. Early in 1928, the ship, together with ten other vessels, was sold by the Shipping Board to the States Steamship Co. and subsequently renamed Nevada. In September 1932, the vessel, while on her regular trip to Japan, ran aground in foggy weather on Amatignak Island and subsequently broke into three parts and sank with the loss of thirty four out of thirty seven men.

SS <i>Wheatland Montana</i>

Wheatland Montana was a steam cargo ship built in 1919 by Skinner & Eddy of Seattle for the United States Shipping Board as part of the wartime shipbuilding program of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) to restore the nation's Merchant Marine. The freighter spent the majority of her career in the Pacific connecting the West Coast of the United States with the Chinese and Japanese ports in the Far East. Early in 1928 the ship together with six other vessels was sold by the Shipping Board to the Tacoma Oriental Steamship Co. and subsequently renamed Seattle. After her owner declared bankruptcy early in 1937, the freighter was sold to Matson Navigation Company and renamed Lihue. She was then mainly employed to transport sugar and canned fruit from the Hawaiian Islands to the ports on the East Coast of the United States. In February 1942 she was chartered to transport general cargo and war supplies to the Middle East but was torpedoed by U-161 in the Caribbean Sea on February 23, and eventually sank three days later while in tow without loss of life.

Olockson was a steam cargo ship built in 1918–1919 by Guy M. Standifer Construction Company of Vancouver for the United States Shipping Board as part of the wartime shipbuilding program of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) to restore the nation's Merchant Marine. In March 1920, only on her second voyage, the vessel caught fire and had to be abandoned by the crew. The ship was subsequently towed to Baltimore where she was broken up in 1924.

Antinous was a Design 1015 ship steam cargo ship built in 1919–1920 by Guy M. Standifer Construction Company of Vancouver for the United States Shipping Board as part of the wartime shipbuilding program of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) to restore the nation's Merchant Marine. The vessel was chiefly employed on the Gulf to Europe routes throughout her career. In September 1942, while on a passage to British Guiana to load her cargo, she was torpedoed and sunk by German submarines operating at the time in the Caribbean.

William O'Brien was a steam cargo ship built in 1914–1915 by New York Shipbuilding Company of Camden for the Carpenter–O'Brien Lumber Company of Delaware. The vessel was extensively employed on East Coast to Europe routes during her career and foundered on one of her regular trips in April 1920.

SS <i>Cynthia Olson</i>

SS Cynthia Olson was a cargo ship originally built in Wisconsin in 1918 as the SS Coquina. Renamed in 1940, in August 1941 she was chartered by the US Army to transport supplies to Hawaii. While in passage between Tacoma, Washington and Honolulu on December 7, she was intercepted by the Japanese submarine I-26, which sank her with gunfire. Although the commander of the submarine ensured that all of the crew had escaped into boats, none of them were ever found. Cynthia Olson was the first United States Merchant Marine vessel to be sunk after the entry of the United States into World War II.

Lake Frampton was a steam cargo ship built in 1918 by American Shipbuilding Company of Lorain for the United States Shipping Board (USSB) as part of the wartime shipbuilding program of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) to restore the nation's Merchant Marine. The vessel was employed in coastal trade during her career and collided with another steamer, SS Comus, and sank in July 1920 on one of her regular trips with a loss of two men.

Milwaukee Bridge was a steam cargo ship built in 1918–1919 by Submarine Boat Company of Newark for the United States Shipping Board (USSB) as part of the wartime shipbuilding program of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) to restore the nation's Merchant Marine. The vessel was first briefly employed on the East Coast to United Kingdom route in the first two years of her career before being laid up at the end of 1921. In 1927 she was acquired by Matson Navigation Company to operate between California and Hawaii and renamed Malama. On New Year's Day 1942 while en route to New Zealand under U.S. Army operation with cargo of military supplies she was discovered by Japanese merchant raiders and was scuttled by her crew to prevent capture.

Haleakala was a steam cargo ship built in 1919 by Long Beach Shipbuilding Company of Long Beach for the United States Shipping Board (USSB) as part of the wartime shipbuilding program of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) to restore the nation's Merchant Marine. The vessel was first employed in the Pacific trade before being briefly laid up. She was reactivated in 1922 and entered the South American trade connecting the ports of Argentina and Brazil with a variety of ports in the Northeastern United States. In September 1926 while on one of her regular trips, she disappeared without a trace, possibly foundering in the hurricane with the loss of all hands.

References

  1. ↑ Shipping Board Operations: Hearings Before Select Committee on U.S. Shipping Board Operations, House of Representatives, Sixty-sixth Congress, Second -[third] Session. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1920. p. 2352.
  2. ↑ McKellar, N. L. (September 1963). "Steel Shipbuilding Under the U.S. Shipping Board, 1917-1921" (PDF). The Belgian Shiplover (95–96): 400a–499a.
  3. 1 2 3 4 United States Shipping Board and Emergency Fleet Corporation: Hearings Before the Select Committee to Inquire Into the Operations, Policies, and Affairs of the United States Shipping Board and the United States Emergency Fleet Corporation, House of Representatives, Sixty-eighth Congress, First Session, Pursuant to House Resolution 186. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1925. pp. 1996–1997.
  4. 1 2 Register of Ships Owned by the United States Shipping Board. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1 August 1920. p. 57.
  5. ↑ Lloyd Register of Shipping 1929 Steamers. Lloyd's Register. 1929.
  6. ↑ "1919 Construction Record of U.S. Yards". Marine Review. February 1920. p. 116.
  7. ↑ "Oil Burner On Way". Buffalo Courier. 27 July 1919. p. 50.
  8. ↑ Edwards, J. A. (ed.). Lloyds List Law Reports (PDF). Vol. 15. London: 1923. pp. 116–119. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25073140.
  9. ↑ "Shipping Briefs". Lewiston Daily Sun. 17 September 1919. p. 10.
  10. ↑ "Two Freighters Here Tomorrow". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 10 November 1919. p. 8.
  11. ↑ "Captain Of Annie E. Back In Port". Honolulu Advertiser. 12 November 1919. p. 10.
  12. ↑ "Battle Big Sea". San Francisco Examiner. 1 November 1919. p. 23.
  13. ↑ "Vessels To Arrive From The United States". The Cablenews-American. 21 December 1919. pp. 11, 12.
  14. ↑ "Ocean Steamship Movements". Chicago Tribune. 13 January 1920. p. 2.
  15. ↑ "Foreign Ports". 1 January 1920. p. 22.
  16. ↑ "Eastern And Foreign Ports". Tacoma Daily Ledger. 24 February 1920. p. 7.
  17. ↑ "Eastern And Foreign Ports". Tacoma Daily Ledger. p. 9.
  18. ↑ "Canal Ports". Tacoma Daily Ledger. 30 October 1920. p. 8.
  19. ↑ "Eastern And Foreign Ports". Tacoma Daily Ledger. 11 November 1920. p. 7.
  20. ↑ "Foreign And Eastern Ports". Tacoma Daily Ledger. 23 December 1920. p. 8.
  21. ↑ "Foreign Arrivals". North Mail, Newcastle Daily Chronicle. 17 January 1921. p. 9.
  22. ↑ "Eastern And Foreign Ports". Tacoma Daily Ledger. 7 April 1921. p. 7.
  23. ↑ "Foreign Ports". New York Herald. 9 February 1922. p. 21.
  24. ↑ "Shipping Trade" (PDF). Commerce: 69. 8 January 1920. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25073140.
  25. ↑ "G.R. No. L-25954 - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA vs. JUAN GISBERT, ET AL". chanrobles.com. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
  26. ↑ Ninth Annual Report Of The United States Shipping Board (PDF). Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. 1925. p. 164.
  27. ↑ "New San Francisco Yard of the Cadwallader-Gibson Co". The California Lumber Merchant. May 1923.
  28. ↑ "Important Philippine Timber Concession Awarded to Cadwallader-Gibson Lumber Company". The California Lumber Merchant: 83. November 1924.
  29. ↑ "To Increase Philippine Imports". The Timberman. XXVI (10): 94. August 1925.
  30. ↑ Customs, Philippines Bureau of (1928). Annual Report of the Insular Collector of Customs. p. 280.
  31. ↑ Merchant Vessels of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1937. p. 624.
  32. ↑ "Image 28 of National American Woman Suffrage Association Records: Subject File, 1851-1953; Philippines suffrage associations; 3 of 6". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
  33. ↑ "Philippine Steam Navigation Company". The Tribune. 1 April 1930. p. 35.
  34. ↑ "Vessels To Sail". The Tribune. 23 September 1930. p. 11.
  35. ↑ "De Cabotaje Esta Dia". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 1 August 1930. p. 8.
  36. ↑ "Passengers Arrived". The Tribune. 2 December 1930. p. 11.
  37. ↑ "De Cabotaje Esta Dia". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 27 June 1931. p. 23.
  38. ↑ "Shipping". The Tribune. 5 November 1930. p. 11.
  39. ↑ Edmonds, Walter Dumaux (1951). They Fought With What They Had: The Story of the Army Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific, 1941-1942. DIANE Publishing. ISBN   978-1-4289-1541-1.
  40. ↑ Clark, Paul (2017). "A Short History of "Don Isidro": A United States Army Transport (usat) Wwii Blockade-Runner". The Great Circle. 39 (1): 1–28. ISSN   0156-8698. JSTOR   26381235.
  41. ↑ Gibson, Charles Dana; Gibson, E. Kay (July–October 2008). "Attempts to Supply The Philippines by Sea: 1942" (PDF). The Northern Mariner. 18 (3–4): 163–172. doi:10.25071/2561-5467.342.
  42. ↑ Staufer, Alvin P. (1990). THE QUARTERMASTER CORPS: OPERATIONS IN THE WAR AGAINST JAPAN (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Army. p. 24.
  43. ↑ "B-132259, AUG. 16, 1957 | U.S. Government Accountability Office". www.gao.gov. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
  44. ↑ "Tribute to Filipinos and Filipino-Australians who died in the Bombing of Darwin (19 February 1942)". Philippine Embassy in Australia.
  45. ↑ "LAKE FARMINGDALE - Historical Collections of the Great Lakes - BGSU University Libraries". greatlakes.bgsu.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
  46. ↑ Browning Jr, Robert M. (2017-02-10). United States Merchant Marine Casualties of World War II, rev ed. McFarland. p. 37. ISBN   978-0-7864-8497-3.
  47. ↑ "Mosley (DE-321)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
  48. ↑ Rosenzweig, Paul A. THE SACRIFICE OF FILIPINO MERCHANT MARINERS ON 19 FEBRUARY 1942 (PDF).
  49. 1 2 Alford, Bob (2017-02-23). Darwin 1942: The Japanese attack on Australia. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 71–72. ISBN   978-1-4728-1689-4.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.