Lawmaking procedure in India

Last updated

This is a brief description of the lawmaking procedure in India.

Contents

Lawmaking bodies

As per provisions made in the Constitution of India (Articles 245 and 368), the laws of India are made by the Parliament for the whole country or partly and by the state legislative assembly for their respective states.

Constituent power of Parliament

The process of addition, variation or repeal of any part of the Constitution by the Parliament under its constituent powers, is called amendment of the Constitution. [1] The procedure is laid out in Article 368. An amendment bill must be passed by each House of the Parliament by a majority of the total membership of that House when at least two-thirds of the members are present and voting. In addition to this, certain amendments which pertain to the federal and judicial aspects of the Constitution must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. There is no provision for joint sitting of the two houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) of the Parliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill. The basic structure of the Indian Constitution cannot be altered or destroyed through constitutional amendments under the constituent powers of the Parliament without undergoing judicial review by the Supreme Court. After the 24th Amendment, Parliament in its constituent capacity can not delegate its function of amending the Constitution to another legislature or to itself in its ordinary legislative capacity. [2]

Proclamation of emergency per Article 352 (6) shall be ratified by the Parliament similar to its constituent power. When president's rule is invoked in a state using Article 356 (c) and its proclamation contains such incidental and consequential provisions suspending in whole or in part the operation of any provisions of the Constitution relating to any body or authority in the state for giving effect to the objects of the proclamation, the proclamation needs to be approved post facto by the Parliament under its constituent power (i.e. not by simple majority) after the 24th Amendment [1] [2]

Legislative powers

The legislative power of the states and the center are defined in the Constitution and these powers are divided into three lists. The subjects that are not mentioned in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects. Subject to the provisions in the Constitution elsewhere, the power to legislate on residuary subjects, rests with Parliament or state legislative assembly as the case may be per Article 245. Deemed amendments to the Constitution which could be passed under legislative powers of Parliament, are no more valid after the addition of Article 368 (1) by 24th Amendment. [1]

Union List

The Union List consists of 97 items on which the Parliament has exclusive power to legislate.

State List

The State List consists of 61 items (previously 66 items) where a state legislative assembly can make laws applicable in that state. But in certain circumstances, the Parliament can also legislate temporarily on subjects mentioned in the State List, when the Rajya Sabha has passed a resolution with two-thirds majority that it is expedient to legislate in the national interest per Articles 249 to 252 of the Constitution.

Concurrent List

The Concurrent List consists of 52 (earlier 47) items where both Parliament and a state legislative assembly can make laws in their domains subject to Articles 254 of the Constitution .

Nature of people's mandate

The powers of a ruling party or co-alliance of the union is depending on the extent of the mandate it receives from the elections at central and state levels. These are:

At the state level, a simple majority in the legislative assembly (Vidhan Sabha) is enough to exercise all its constitutional powers except for deciding to have or abolish the legislative council per Article 169. Per Article 252, approval of state legislative council, if existing, is also required to permit the Parliament in making laws which are exclusively reserved to state legislative assembly.

Difference between a Bill and an Act

Legislative proposals are brought before either house of the Parliament of India in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the President, becomes an act of Parliament. As soon as the bill has been framed, it has to be published in the newspapers and the general public is asked to comment in a democratic manner. The bill may then be amended to incorporate the public opinion in a constructive manner and then may be introduced in the Parliament by ministers or private members. The former are called government bills and the latter, private member's bill. Bills may also be classified as public bills and private bills. A public bill is one referring to a matter applying to the public in general, whereas a private bill relates to a particular person or corporation or institution. The Orphanages and Charitable Homes Bill or the Muslim Waqfs Bills are examples of private bills. A bill introduced in Lok Sabha pending for any reason lapses when the Lok Sabha is dissolved. [5] However, bills in the Rajya Sabha never lapse, and can remain pending for decades. [6]

Every bill to be taken up by the Rajya Sabha shall be examined for its constitutional validity by the vice president for not violating the constitutional stipulations/procedures. Vice president should not permit constitutional amendments to be passed under ordinary legislation. Article 71(1) of the constitution permits Supreme Court to inquire and decide on constitutional violation committed by the vice president. Any citizen of India who has violated constitution shall not be eligible to continue as a parliament member or eligible to be elected as parliament member. Supreme court can remove the vice president for the electoral malpractices or upon being not eligible to be a Rajya Sabha member under the Representation of the People Act, 1951. [7]

How a bill becomes an act in Parliament

A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal. It has to pass through various stages before it becomes an act of Parliament. [8] [9] There are three stages through which a bill has to pass in one house of Parliament. The procedure is similar for the legislative assemblies of states.

First reading

The legislative process begins with the introduction of a bill in either house of Parliament, i.e. the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. A bill can be introduced either by a minister or by a private member. In the former case it is known as a government bill and in the latter case it is known as a private member's bill. It is necessary for a member-in-charge of the bill to ask for the leave of the house to introduce the bill. If leave is granted by the house, the bill is introduced. This stage is known as the first reading of the bill. If the motion for leave to introduce a bill is opposed, the speaker may, in his discretion, allow a brief explanatory statement to be made by the member who opposes the motion and the member-in-charge who moved the motion. Where a motion for leave to introduce a bill is opposed on the ground that the bill initiates legislation outside the legislative competence of the house, the speaker may permit a full discussion thereon. Thereafter, the question is put to the vote of the house. However, the motion for leave to introduce a finance bill or an appropriation bill is forthwith put to the vote of the house. [10] Money/appropriation bills and financial bills can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha per Articles 109, 110 and 117. The Speaker of Lok Sabha decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. The vice-president of India, who is ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, decides whether a bill is a money bill or not when the bill is introduced in the Rajya Sabha. [11]

Publication in the official gazette

After a bill has been introduced, it is published in The Gazette of India . Even before introduction, a bill might, be published in the Gazette on the permission of the speaker. In such cases, leave to introduce the bill the house is not asked for and the bill is straight away introduced. [10]

Reference of bill to the standing committee

After a bill has been introduced, the presiding officer of the concerned house (speaker of the Lok Sabha or the chairman of the Rajya Sabha or anyone acting on their behalf) can refer the bill to the concerned standing committee for examination and to prepare a report thereon. If a bill is referred to a standing committee, the committee shall consider the general principles and clauses of the bill referred to them and make a report thereon. The committee can also seek expert opinion or the public opinion of those interested in the measure. After the bill has thus been considered, the committee submits its report to the house. The report of the committee, being of persuasive value, shall be treated as considered advice. [10]

Second reading

The second reading consists of consideration of the bill which occurs in two stages.

First stage

The first stage consists of general discussion on the bill as a whole when the principle underlying the bill is discussed. At this stage it is open to the house to refer the bill to a select committee of the house or a joint committee of the two houses or to circulate it for the purpose of eliciting opinion thereon or to straight away take it into consideration. [10]

If a bill is referred to a select or joint committee, the committee considers the bill clause-by-clause just as the house does. Amendments can be moved to the various clauses by members of the committee. The committee can also take evidence of associations, public bodies or experts who are interested in the measure. After the bill has thus been considered, the committee submits its report to the house which considers the bill again as reported by the committee. If a bill is circulated for the purpose of eliciting public opinion thereon, such opinions are obtained through the governments of the states and union territories. Opinions so received are laid on the table of the house and the next motion in regard to the bill must be for its reference to a select/joint committee. It is not ordinarily permissible at this stage to move the motion for consideration of the bill. [10]

Second stage

The second stage of the second reading consists of clause-by-clause consideration of the bill as introduced or as reported by select or joint committee. Discussion takes place on each clause of the bill and amendments to clauses can be moved at this stage. Amendments to a clause have been moved but not withdrawn are put to the vote of the house before the relevant clause is disposed of by the house. The amendments become part of the bill if they are accepted by a majority of members present and voting. After the clauses, the schedules if any, clause 1, the enacting formula and the long title of the bill have been adopted by the house, the second reading is deemed to be over. [10]

Third and the last reading

Thereafter, the member-in-charge can move that the bill be passed. This stage is known as the third reading of the bill. At this stage the debate is confined to arguments either in support or rejection of the bill without referring to the details thereof further than that are absolutely necessary. Only formal, verbal or consequential amendments are allowed to be moved at this stage. In passing an ordinary bill, a simple majority of members present and voting is necessary. But in the case of a bill to amend the Constitution, a majority of the total membership of the house and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting is required in each house of Parliament. [10] If the number of votes in favor and against the bill are tied, then the presiding officer of the concerned house can cast his/her vote, referred to as a casting vote right. [10]

Passing a bill

If at any time during a meeting of a house there is no quorum, which is a minimum of one-tenth of the total strength of a house, it is the duty of the chairman or speaker, or person acting as such, either to adjourn the house or to suspend the meeting until the quorum is met. [12] The bills taken up under legislative power of Parliament are treated as passed provided majority of members present at that time approved the bill either by voting or voice voteIt is also right of a member to demand voting instead of voice vote. [13] In case of passing a constitutional amendment bill, two-thirds of the total members present and voted in favor of the bill with more than half of the total membership of a house present and voting in all, is required according to Article 368 of the Constitution.

Bill in the other house

After the bill is passed by one house of Parliament, it is sent to the other house for concurrence with a message to that effect, and there also it goes through the stages described above, except the introduction stage. [10] If a bill passed by one house is amended by the other house, it is sent back to the originating house for approval. If the originating house does not agree with the amendments, it will be that the two houses have disagreed. The other house may keep a money bill for 14 days and an ordinary bill for six months without passing (or rejecting) it. If it fails to return the bill within the fixed time, the bill is deemed to be passed by both the houses and is sent for the approval of the President.

At the state level, it is not mandatory that a bill shall be passed by the legislative council (if existing) per Articles 196 to 199. There is no provision of conducting joint session of both houses to pass a bill.

Joint session of both houses

In case of a deadlock between the two houses or in a case where more than six months lapse in the other house, the President may summon, though is not bound to, a joint session of the two houses which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the deadlock is resolved by simple majority. To date, only three bills - the Dowry Prohibition Act (1961), the Banking Service Commission Repeal Bill (1978) and the Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act (2002) have been passed at joint sessions. [14]

President's approval

When a bill has been passed by both houses following the described process, it is sent to the President for his approval per Article 111. The President can assent or withhold his assent to a bill or he can return a bill, other than a money bill which is recommended by the President himself to the houses. However Article 255 says that prior recommendation of the President or the Governor of a state wherever stipulated is not compulsory for an act of Parliament or of the legislature of a state but the final consent of the President or Governor is mandatory. If the President is of the view that a particular bill passed under the legislative powers of Parliament violates the Constitution, he can return the bill with his recommendations to pass the bill under the constituent powers of Parliament following the Article 368 procedure. The President shall not withhold constitutional amendment bill duly passed by Parliament per Article 368. If the President gives his assent, the bill is published in The Gazette of India [15] and becomes an act from the date of his assent. If he withholds his assent, the bill is dropped, which is known as absolute veto. The President can exercise absolute veto on aid and advice of the Council of Ministers per Article 111 and Article 74. [16] The President may also effectively withhold his assent as per his own discretion, which is known as pocket veto. The pocket veto has only been exercised once by President Zail Singh in 1986, over the Postal Act which allowed the government to open postal letters without warrant by amending the Indian Post Office Act, 1898. If the President returns it for reconsideration, the Parliament must discuss once again, but if it is passed again and returned to the President, he must give his assent to it. If Parliament is not happy with the President for not assenting a bill passed by it under its legislative powers, the bill can be modified as a constitutional amendment bill and passed under its constituent powers for compelling the president to give assent. In case a constitutional amendment act is violating the basic structure of the Constitution, the constitutional bench of the Supreme Court would quash the act. When Parliament is of the view that the actions of the President are violating the Constitution, impeachment proceedings against the president could be taken up to remove him under Article 61 where at least two-thirds of the total membership of each house of Parliament should vote in favor of the impeachment when charges against the president are found valid in an investigation.

In case of a bill passed by the legislative assembly of a state, the consent of that state's governor has to be obtained. [17] Some times the governor may refer the bill to the president anticipating clash between other central laws or constitution and decision of the president is final per Articles 200 and 201.

All decisions of the Union Cabinet are to be assented by the President for issuing gazette order. In case the Cabinet decisions are not in the purview of the established law, the President shall not give assent to the Cabinet decisions. He may indicate that the Union Cabinet has to pass the necessary legislation by the Parliament to clear the Cabinet decision. A minister is not supposed to take any decision without being considered by the Union Council of Ministers per Article 78(c).

The purpose of framing the Indian Constitution is to serve with honesty, efficiency and impartiality for the betterment of its citizens by the people who are heading or representing the independent institutions created by the Constitution such as judiciary, legislature, executive, President of India, etc. When one or more institutions are failing in their duty, the remaining shall normally take the lead in correcting the situation by using checks and balances as per the provisions available in the Constitution.

Coming into force

Generally, most acts will come into force, or become legally enforceable in a manner as mentioned in the act itself. Either it would come into effect from the date of assent by the President (mostly in case of ordinances which are later approved by the Parliament), or a specific date as mentioned in the act itself (mostly in the case of finance bills) or on a date as per the wish of the central or the state government as the case may be. In case the commencement of the act is as per the wish of the government, a separate Gazette notification is published, which is mostly accompanied by the rules or subordinate legislation in another Gazette notification.

Money bill

Bills which exclusively contain provisions for imposition and abolition of taxes, for appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund, etc., are certified as money bills by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. Money bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha on the recommendation of the President per Articles 109, 110 and 117. For every fiscal year, the annual budget or annual financial statement with demand for grants on the recommendation of the President per Articles 112 to 116 shall be passed by the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha cannot make amendments to a money bill passed by the Lok Sabha and sent to it. It can, however, recommend amendments in a money bill, but must return all money bills to Lok Sabha within fourteen days from the date of their receipt. The Lok Sabha can choose to accept or reject any or all of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha with regard to a money bill. If the Lok Sabha accepts any of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha, the money bill is deemed to have been passed by both houses with amendments recommended by Rajya Sabha and accepted by Lok Sabha. If the Lok Sabha does not accept any of the recommendations of Rajya Sabha, the money bill is deemed to have been passed by both houses in the form in which it was passed by Lok Sabha without any of the amendments recommended by Rajya Sabha. If a money bill passed by the Lok Sabha and transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendations is not returned to the Lok Sabha within fourteen days, it is deemed to have been passed by both houses at the expiration of the period in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. [10] When a money bill introduced in the Lok Sabha by the government fails to get its approval, the ruling party is treated as not commanding the majority support in the Lok Sabha or shall be dismissed by the President to pave way for new government / fresh elections or opposition would move no confidence motion.

At state level also money bills shall be introduced in the legislative assembly only per Articles 198, 199 and 207 on the recommendation of the Governor. When a money bill introduced in the legislative assembly by the state government fails to get its approval, the ruling party is treated as not commanding the majority support in the legislative assembly or shall be dismissed by the governor to pave way for new government / fresh elections or opposition would move no confidence motion.

Ordinances

When both houses of Parliament are not in session, extant provisions of law are felt inadequate, under compelling circumstances and the President is satisfied for the need of immediate action, he/she may promulgate such required ordinances under Article 123 of the Constitution. [18] An ordinance has same force and effect as an act of Parliament. Every ordinance shall cease to operate if not passed by the Parliament before the expiration of six weeks from its reassembly. The President shall not issue any ordinance which needs an amendment to the Constitution or which violates the Constitution. When the state assembly is not in session, the Governor of a state can issue ordinances per Article 213 subject to the approval of the President.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">President of India</span> Head of state of India

The president of India is the head of state of the Republic of India. The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces. Droupadi Murmu is the 15th and current president, having taken office from 25 July 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rajya Sabha</span> Upper house of the Parliament of India

The Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. As of 2023, it has a maximum membership of 245, of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using single transferable votes through open ballots, while the president can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social service. The total allowed capacity is 250 according to article 80 of the Indian Constitution. The current potential seating capacity of the Rajya Sabha is 245, after the Jammu and Kashmir (Reorganisation) Act. The maximum seats of 250 members can be filled up at the discretion and requirements of the house of Rajya Sabha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lok Sabha</span> Lower house of the Parliament of India

The Lok Sabha, also known as the House of the People, is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their respective constituencies, and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Parliament House, New Delhi.

A member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) is a representative elected by the voters of an electoral district (constituency) to the legislature of State government in the Indian system of government. From each constituency, the people elect one representative who then becomes a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Each state has between seven and nine MLAs for every Member of Parliament (MP) that it has in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's bicameral parliament. There are also members in three unicameral legislatures in Union Territories: the Delhi Legislative Assembly, Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly and the Puducherry Legislative Assembly. Only a Member of the Legislative Assembly can work as a minister for more than 6 months. If a non-Member of the Legislative Assembly becomes a Chief Minister or a minister, he must become an MLA within 6 months to continue in the job. Only a Member of the Legislative Assembly can become the Speaker of the Legislature.

In the Westminster system, a money bill or supply bill is a bill that solely concerns taxation or government spending, as opposed to changes in public law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India</span> Permits eminent domain

The Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution Act, 1971, curtailed the fundamental right to property, and permitted the acquisition of private property by the government for public use, on the payment of compensation which would be determined by the Parliament and not the courts. The amendment also exempted any law giving effect to the article 39(b) and (c) of Directive Principles of State Policy from judicial review, even if it violated the Fundamental Rights.

Amending the Constitution of India is the process of making changes to the nation's fundamental law or supreme law. The procedure of amendment in the constitution is laid down in Part XX of the Constitution of India. This procedure ensures the sanctity of the Constitution of India and keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament of India.

The Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution Act, 1988, lowered the voting age of elections to the Lok Sabha and to the Legislative Assemblies of States from 21 years to 18 years. This was done by amending Article 326 of the Constitution, which concerns elections to the Lok Sabha and the Assemblies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Amendment of the Constitution of India</span>

The Second Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution Act, 1952, removed the upper population limit for a parliamentary constituency by amending Article 81(1)(b) of the Constitution. Article 81(1)(b) had stipulated that the number of members to be allotted to each parliamentary constituency should be determined so as to ensure that there would be not less than one member for every 750,000 of the population and not more than one member for every 500,000 of the population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India</span>

The Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution Act, 1959, amended article 334 of the Constitution in order to extend the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and representation of the Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies for ten years, i.e. up to 26 January 1970. Article 334 had stipulated that the reservation of seats should expire within a period of ten years from the commencement of the Constitution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India</span> Indian Constitutional Act

The Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution Act, 1989, extended the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and representation of the Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to 26 January 2000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of India</span>

The Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution Act, 1961, provided that the vice-president shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament, thereby dispensing with the earlier requirement of a joint meeting of members of both Houses of Parliament assembled for the said purpose. The 11th Amendment inserted a new clause (4) in article 71 of the Constitution to clarify that the election of the president or vice-president cannot be challenged on the ground of the existence of any vacancy for whatever reason in the appropriate electoral college.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India</span>

The Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution Act, 1962, incorporated Pondicherry as the ninth Union territory of India, and also gave Parliament the authority to create by law, Legislatures and Councils of Ministers for the Union territories of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Goa, Daman and Diu and Puducherry.

The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act of 2014, commonly known as the Telangana Act, is an Act of Indian Parliament that split the state of Andhra Pradesh into Telangana and the residuary Andhra Pradesh state, as an outcome of the Telangana movement. The Act defined the boundaries of the two states, determined how the assets and liabilities were to be divided, and laid out the status of Hyderabad as the permanent capital of new Telangana state and temporary capital of the Andhra Pradesh state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India</span>

The Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution Act, 1969, inserted new article 244A in the Constitution to empower Parliament to enact a law for constituting an autonomous State within the State of Assam and also to provide the autonomous State with Legislature or a Council of Ministers or both with such powers and functions as may be defined by that law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India</span> Constitutional amendment

The Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution Act, 1971, enables Parliament to dilute Fundamental Rights through Amendments of the Constitution. It also amended article 368 to provide expressly that Parliament has power to amend any provision of the Constitution. The amendment further made it obligatory for the President to give his assent, when a Constitution Amendment Bill was presented to him.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India</span>

The Forty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution Act, 1984, inserted a new proviso in clause (5) of article 356 of the Constitution in order to provide that in the case of the Proclamation issued by the President on 6 October 1983 with respect to the State of Punjab, Parliament may pass any resolution with respect to the continuance in force of the Proclamation for a period up to two years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">One Hundred and Second Amendment of the Constitution of India</span>

The One Hundred and Second Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as the Constitution Act, 2018, granted constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India</span> Constitutional amendment of 2019

The One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India, extends the deadline for the cessation of the reservation of seats for members from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies by a period of 10 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">One Hundred and Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India</span> Amendment of 2021

The One Hundred and Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of India- officially known as The Constitution Act, 2021- restored the power of State governments to recognise socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs). SEBCs, which includes the groups commonly known as Other Backward Classes (OBCs), are communities for which the State can provide "special provisions" or affirmative action in India.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement: A. K. Roy, Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December, 1981" . Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  2. 1 2 "Para 506e of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (AIR 1973 SC 1461)". 1973. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  3. ↑ "Repeated promulgation of ordinances because a bill is held up in the Rajya Sabha is a violation of constitutional principles" . Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  4. ↑ "The judges (inquiry) act,1968" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  5. ↑ "Citizenship amendment, triple talaq bills lapse". The Economic Times . 27 May 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  6. ↑ Ghosh, Abantika (22 June 2019). "Lapsing of Bills waste of Lok Sabha time, rethink provision: Venkaiah to Rajya Sabha". The Indian Express. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  7. ↑ "Sections 7 & 8k, The representation of the people act,1951" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  8. ↑ "Parliamentary procedure" . Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  9. ↑ "Rules of procedure and conduct of business in Rajya Sabha" (PDF). Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "How a bill becomes an Act". Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  11. ↑ "Andhra Pradesh Bill A Financial Bill, Says Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman" . Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  12. ↑ "Rajya sabha handbook" . Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  13. ↑ "Voting and division in Lok Sabha" (PDF). Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  14. ↑ "Is any deadlock between the two houses possible?". rajyasabha.nic.in. rajyasabha. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  15. ↑ "Amendments to Sebi Act gets Presidential assent". Press Trust of India. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013. It has now been published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part-II, Section-1, dated the 13th September 2013 as Act No. 22 of 2013
  16. ↑ "The president's power of withholding assent" . Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  17. ↑ Gupta, V. P. (26 August 2002). "The President's role". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  18. ↑ "Re-promulgation of ordinances fraud on Constitution: SC" . Retrieved 3 January 2017.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.