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References
- 1 2 Hawk, David. "The Hidden Gulag" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
- 1 2 3 "A Survivor: Soon Ok Lee". NBC News. 15 January 2003. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
- 1 2 Lee Soon Ok (June 2002). "Testimony before the United States Congress". Archived from the original on 2012-12-20. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
- ↑ Martin, Bradley K. (2004). Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty. New York, New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 613. ISBN 0-312-32322-0.
- 1 2 Hawk, David. "The Hidden GULAG: Exposing North Korea's Prison Camps" (PDF). U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
- ↑ "Three N. Koreans Named Winner of NED's Democracy Award", Yonhap News, 2003-07-16, retrieved 2010-02-26
- ↑ Robert Windrem, "Death, terror in N. Korea gulag", NBC News, October 24, 2003, archived June 6, 2021, at archive.today.
- ↑ Yi, Joseph; Phillips, Joe; Lee, Wondong (1 October 2019). "Manufacturing Contempt: State-Linked Populism in South Korea". Society . 56 (5): 494–501. doi:10.1007/s12115-019-00404-2. ISSN 1936-4725. S2CID 203069756.
Mainstream media and academics, based in South Korea and other countries, have actively investigated and sometimes debunked the claims of defector-activists. Lee Soon-ok was 'later found not to be a political prisoner but a petty economic criminal, a fact of which other North Korean defectors [testified].'
- ↑ Bregman, Sarah (2021). "Celebrity Defectors: Representations of North Korea in Euro-American and South Korean Intimate Publics". In Cathcart, Adam; Green, Christopher; Denney, Steven (eds.). Decoding the Sino-North Korean Borderlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 537. ISBN 9789462987562.
It is worth noting that Lee and her son were granted political asylum in the United States after providing key witness testimony. Both Lee Soon Ok and Kang Chol-Hwan's testimonies have been called into question by South Korean researchers. The work of Jiyoung Song (2015) is noteworthy.
- ↑ Ku, Yangmo; Lee, Inyeop; Woo, Jongseok (2018). "North Korean human rights". Politics in North and South Korea : political development, economy, and foreign relations. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781138647503.
Many of the defectors are associated with conservative political forces and NGOs in South Korea and the United States. They usually prefer more hostile approaches toward North Korea and tend to dramatize and even exaggerate their experiences to generate global attention and put pressure on North Korea so that the regime might collapse or be replaced. For example, Lee Soon-ok, who defected from North Korea in 1994, claimed that she was in a prison camp for political prisoners. She testified before the US Senate on her experiences and published her story...Later, some defectors claimed that many of her testimonies were exaggerated or fabricated, and that she had been in prison for economic and social offenses rather than political offenses.
